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    MṜ ΛßßΛS

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    MṜ ΛßßΛS
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    Discussion

    Name: Ali Saddam Saber

    1. What is wettability?
    Wettability is the tendency of a liquid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in the presence
    of another immiscible fluid.

    2. What are the types of wettability?


    The types include water-wet, oil-wet, and neutral-wet surfaces.

    3. Why is the contact angle important in wettability studies?


    The contact angle determines if a surface is water-wet or oil-wet and helps understand liquid-
    solid interactions, also provides a quantitative measure of the degree of wettability.

    4. What are the types of contact angles?


    • Acute (< 90°) for water-wet surfaces.
    • Obtuse (> 90°) for oil-wet surfaces.
    • Moderate (~ 90°) for neutral-wet surfaces.

    5. Which is better: oil-wet or water-wet surface? Why?


    Water-wet :
    • Water sticks to the surface of the rock.
    • Oil stays in the center of the pores.
    This makes it easier for water to push oil out during production.

    6. What is the difference between surface tension and interfacial tension?


    Surface tension occurs at the liquid-gas interface, while interfacial tension occurs between
    two immiscible liquids.

    7. What is adhesion tension, and why is it important?


    Adhesion tension is the difference between surface and interfacial tensions, determining
    liquid adhesion strength to surfaces
    Adhesion tension determines the wettability of a system and impacts the behavior of fluids in
    porous media.

    8. Why is calibration important in scientific measurements?


    To ensure accuracy, reliability, and minimal error in results.

    9. Why minimize syringe height in experiments?


    To avoid pressure or flow changes that could affect measurement accuracy.
    10. Why are glass surfaces used in experiments?
    because it’s smooth, clear, and easy to clean, making it perfect for accurate liquid
    measurements like contact angles

    11 What are Common methods used to measure wettability?


    The most common methods for measuring wettability on core samples are
    -Displacement test with two different fluids
    - Capillary pressure measurements
    - Measurements of nuclear magnetic relaxation rate
    - Measurement of dye absorption
    - Imbibition measurements
    - Imbibition and displacement (Amott method).

    12. On what contact angle between oil, water and a solid surface depend?
    • Composition of crude oil.
    • Electric properties of the surface (e.g., pH and salinity).
    • Surface roughness and heterogeneity.
    • Dynamic effects.
    • Reservoir pressure and temperature

    13. On what the wettability of a reservoir rock system depend?


    The wettability of a reservoir rock system depends on:
    • Reservoir rock material and pore structure.
    • Geological processes (e.g., accumulation and migration).
    • Composition and volumes of oil and brine.
    • Physical conditions such as pressure and temperature.
    • Changes during production, including saturation, pressure, and fluid composition.

    14. What are the limitations of the contact angle/imaging method in measuring
    wettability?
    Limitations: Affected by skill, surface roughness, heterogeneity, and environmental
    conditions.

    15. Why is it important to ensure proper cleaning and preparation of the surface before
    contact angle measurements?
    Cleaning prevents contamination (like oils or dust) and ensures accuracy.

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