Marathon_Carbon and Its Compounds

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Chemistry | Class 10 | Marathon | Carbon and its Compounds
Carbon and its

compounds
ARE YOU
READY FOR
THE
MARATHON?
OCCURRENCE ● Earth
Chemistry crust
| Class → 0.02%
10 | Marathon carbon
| Carbon and itsinCompounds
the form of minerals (like
carbonates, hydrogencarbonates, coal and petroleum)
OF CARBON ● Atmosphere → 0.03% carbon dioxide
Chemistry | Class 10 | Marathon | Carbon and its compounds
Q
Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of
A carbon monoxide only
carbon monoxide in traces

B and carbon dioxide
C carbon dioxide only
D coal
Q
Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of
A carbon monoxide only
carbon monoxide in traces

B and carbon dioxide
C carbon dioxide only
D coal
BONDING
IN
CARBON
Carbon
Mass number 12
Atomic number 6
C
Carbon
K L
Electronic configuration 2 4 Valence electrons

Why carbon neither gain nor lose electrons ?
● It could gain four

electrons forming C4–
anion.
● But it would be difficult for
the nucleus with six
protons to hold on to ten
electrons, that is, four
extra electrons.
Why carbon neither gain nor lose electrons ?
● It could lose four electrons

forming C4+ cation.
● But it would require a large
amount of energy to remove
four electrons leaving behind
a carbon cation with six
protons in its nucleus holding
on to just two electrons.
Carbon
Is carbon
unreactive ?
Carbon shares electron with other atoms of

carbon or with atoms of other elements to
achieve stability.
Then how does

carbon
achieve
stability?
Covalent Bonds
Bonds which are formed by the sharing of an

electron pair between two atoms are known as
covalent bonds.
Compounds
having covalent
bonds are called
covalent
compounds
Can you tell me the

difference between
ionic bond and
covalent bond?
Example of ionic bond
Ionic bond is formed by the transfer of electrons

Example of covalent bond
Covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons

Covalent Bonds
Electron dot structures of some single bonded compounds:
But what is
electron dot
structure?
Represents only the valence electrons of

atoms/molecules using dots or crosses
Covalent Bonds
Electron dot structures of some double bonded compounds:

Covalent Bonds
Electron dot structures of some triple bonded compounds:

Q
A molecule of ammonia NH3 has
A only single bonds
B only double bonds
C only triple bonds
two double bonds and

D one single bond
Q
A molecule of ammonia NH3 has
A only single bonds
B only double bonds
C only triple bonds
two double bonds and

D one single bond
Properties
of covalent
compounds
Properties of Covalent Compounds
Weak intermolecular
1. forces of attraction b/w the molecules
Inter: between two
molecules.
Intra: inside the
Low melting and
molecule
2. boiling points
Poor conductors of electricity as they

3. do not form ions
Insoluble in water but soluble in

4. organic solvents
Q
Carbon compounds have low melting and boiling points. Why?
CBSE 2022
Q
Carbon compounds have low melting and boiling points. Why?
CBSE 2022
Solution
The force of attraction between the molecule of carbon compounds is

not very strong and therefore, carbon compounds have a low melting
and boiling point.
Q
State the reason why carbon can neither form C4+ cations nor C4- anions,
but forms covalent bonds. Also state reasons to explain why covalent
compounds are bad conductors of electricity
CBSE 2019
Q
State the reason why carbon can neither form C4+ cations nor C4- anions,
but forms covalent bonds. Also state reasons to explain why covalent
compounds are bad conductors of electricity
CBSE 2019
Solution
● Carbon cannot form C4+ ions as very high energy is required to remove 4
electrons.
Carbon cannot gain 4 electrons to form C4- ions as 6 protons cannot hold 10
electrons
● Covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity as they do not have free
electrons.
Versatile nature of carbon
Tetravalency Catenation
C
Tetravalency C
The characteristic of the carbon atom by virtue of which it forms four
covalent bonds by sharing it's four valence electrons with other atoms is
called tetravalency of the carbon.
Catenation
But why only

The self linking property of an element carbon shows
mainly carbon atom through covalent this property?
bonds to form long straight, branched and
rings of different sizes is called
catenation.
This property is due to

● The small size of the carbon atom.
● The great strength of the
carbon-carbon bond
Catenation
The self linking property of an element

mainly carbon atom through covalent
bonds to form long straight, branched and
rings of different sizes is called
catenation.
| shimon_joseph Carbon and its compounds | Class 10 | Part 1
Allotropes of carbon
Allotropes are different structural form of the same element
Allotropes have different physical property
Different arrangement of same element
Allotropes have same chemical property
Made from atoms of same element

Allotropes of carbon
Graphite Diamond
Can you tell third
allotrope of
carbon ?
C-60 Buckminsterfullerene
S
Now can you tell, why
graphite is a good
conductor of
electricity and
diamond is not.
Why graphite is a good conductor of electricity and diamond is not ?
Graphite Diamond
Each carbon is Each carbon is

bonded to bonded to four
three other other carbon
carbon atoms atoms
Presence of No free
free electrons electrons
Conducts Do not conduct

electricity electricity
HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons
12 1
6
C 1
H
The organic compounds which consist of only
carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons
Saturated Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons having single Hydrocarbons having more

bond between carbon atoms than one bond between
are called saturated carbon atoms are called
hydrocarbons unsaturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
Ethane Ethene Ethyne

Formulae and structures of saturated compounds of C and H

Hydrocarbons
How they are

same but different ?
Structural Isomers
Straight chain Branched chain

C4H10 C4H10
This
phenomenon
● Isomers have same formula but different structures. is known as
● Isomers have different chemical and physical structural
properties as well. isomerism.
How to draw structural isomers of C5H12
Step 1 : Form the carbon skeleton with 5 carbon atoms.
Skeleton 1 C C C C C
C
C
C C C
C C C C
C
Skeleton 2 Skeleton 3
Skeleton 1 C C C C C
Isomer 1
Step 2 :
Draw
isomer 1 of
skeleton 1
Straight Chain
C
Skeleton 2
C C C C
Step 3 : Isomer 2
Draw
isomer 2 of
skeleton 2
Branched Chain

C
Skeleton 3 C C C
Step 4 :
Draw
isomer 3 of
skeleton 3
Isomer 3
Branched Chain
Isomer 1 Isomer 2 Isomer 3

Q
Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?
A (i) and (iii)
B (ii) and (iv)
C (i) and (ii)
D (iii) and (iv)

Q
Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?
A (i) and (iii)
B (ii) and (iv)
C (i) and (ii)
D (iii) and (iv)

Cyclic carbon compounds
Cyclohexane: C6H12 Benzene: C6H6

Q
Structural formula of benzene is
A B
C D
Q
Structural formula of benzene is
A B
C D
Does carbon form

bonds only with
hydrogen atoms?
Heteroatoms
O Br
oxygen bromine
C
Cl S N
chlorine sulphur nitrogen
Alkyl Group
Functional Groups
These heteroatoms or a group of heteroatoms confer specific

properties to the compound, regardless of the length and nature
of the carbon chain and hence are called functional groups.
Hydrocarbons chain is represented by R and is known as alkyl group

Types of Functional Groups
Halogens R-F, R-Cl, R-Br, R-l
Alcohol R-OH
Aldehyde R-CHO
Ketone R-CO-R’
Carboxylic acid R-COOH

Let’s take example of alcohols
Methanol: CH3OH Ethanol: C2H5OH Propanol: C3H7OH
Same functional group
The presence of a functional group such as alcohol decides the

properties of the carbon compound, regardless of the length of the
carbon chain.
Homologous series
Series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes

for hydrogen in a carbon chain is called a homologous series.

Characteristics of Homologous series
1 ● Adjacent members differ by -CH2- group. For example - alkanes
Methane: CH4 Ethane: C2H6 Propane: C3H8
Differ by -CH2 - unit

Methane: CH4 Ethane: C2H6 Propane: C3H8
Differ by - CH2 - unit
2 Difference in molecular mass of any two adjacent members is 14u.
Atomic mass of C = 12u Atomic mass of H = 1 u
Molecular mass of CH2 = 14 u

3 Homologous series can be represented by a general formula
Alkanes General formula: CnH2n+2 Where, n = 1, 2….
Alkenes General formula: CnH2n Where n = 2, 3….
General formula Where n = 2, 3….

Alkynes
CnH2n-2
4 Members show a gradual increase in physical properties with

increase in molecular mass.
Let’s consider alcohols
Increase in molecular mass
Increase in physical properties such as melting point and boiling point

Q
Write the molecular formula of the following carbon compounds:
(i) Methane (ii) Propane
CBSE 2022
Q
Write the molecular formula of the following carbon compounds:
(i) Methane (ii) Propane
CBSE 2022
Solution
(i) CH4 (ii) C3H8

Q
Consider the carbon compounds CBSE 2022
(i) C3H6 (ii) C3H8 (iii) C4H6 (iv) C6H6 (v) C6H12
(a) State the number of double covalent bonds present in C3H6
(b) Write the formula of first member of the homologous series to which carbon
compound C4H6 belongs
(c) Which compounds forms ring structures of carbon atoms?
(d) Identify which compound is a member of alkane series
Q
Consider the carbon compounds CBSE 2022
(i) C3H6 (ii) C3H8 (iii) C4H6 (iv) C6H6 (v) C6H12
(a) State the number of double covalent bonds present in C3H6
(b) Write the formula of first member of the homologous series to which carbon
compound C4H6 belongs.
(c) Which compounds forms ring structures of carbon atoms?
(d) Identify which compound is a member of alkane series.
Solution
(a) One double bond (C3H6 is propene , CH3-CH=CH2)

(b) C4H6 is an alkyne, hence the first member of alkyne homologous series is C2H2
(c) C6H6 , benzene
(d) C3H8 (CnH2n+2)
Q
(a) Define the term ‘isomer’.
(b) Two compounds have same molecular formula C3H6O. Write the name of
these compounds and their structural formula.
CBSE 2019
Q
(a) Define the term ‘isomer’.
(b) Two compounds have same molecular formula C3H6O. Write the name of
these compounds and their structural formula.
CBSE 2019
Solution
(a) Isomers are those compounds which have the same molecular formula but
different structural formula.
(b) ● Propanal CH3CH2CHO
● Propanone CH3COCH3
Chemical Properties of
Carbon compounds
1 Combustion
C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light
CH3CH2OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light
1 Combustion
● Saturated hydrocarbons - give a clean flame.

● Unsaturated hydrocarbons
○ Give a yellow flame with lots of black smoke.
Sooty flame
○ This results in a sooty deposit on the metal plate.
● However, limiting the supply of air results in incomplete
combustion of even saturated hydrocarbons giving a sooty
flame.
Combustion
The gas/kerosene
stove used at home
has inlets for air so that
a sufficiently
oxygen-rich mixture is
burnt to give a clean
blue flame.
If you observe the
bottoms of cooking
vessels getting
blackened, it means
that the air holes are
blocked and fuel is
getting wasted.
2 Oxidation Reaction
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
Alkaline KMnO4 and acidified K2Cr2O7 act as oxidising agents.
3 Addition reaction
Alkene Alkane
This reaction is used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils

Q
The formulae of four organic compounds are shown below. Choose the
correct option
CBSE Sample paper
A and B are unsaturated C and D are saturated

a hydrocarbons
b hydrocarbons
Addition of hydrogen in presence Addition of potassium

c of catalyst changes A to C
d permanganate changes B to D
Q
The formulae of four organic compounds are shown below. Choose the
correct option
CBSE Sample paper
A and B are unsaturated C and D are saturated

a hydrocarbons
b hydrocarbons
Addition of hydrogen in presence Addition of potassium

c of catalyst changes A to C
d permanganate changes B to D
4 Substitution reaction
● In the presence of sunlight, chlorine is added to

hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction.
● Chlorine can replace the hydrogen atoms one by one.
● It is called a substitution reaction because one type of
atom or a group of atoms takes the place of another.
Some imp. compounds

(Ethanol and Ethanoic acid)
Properties of Ethanol
● Liquid at room temperature.

● Commonly called alcohol.
● Because it is a good solvent,
it is also used in medicines
such as tincture iodine,
cough syrups, and many
tonics.
● Soluble in water.
Reactions of ethanol with Na
2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2O-Na+ + H2

Sodium ethoxide Why H2SO4 is
called as
dehydrating
Reactions of ethanol with conc. H2SO4 agent?
Conc. H2SO4
CH3CH2OH CH2 = CH2 + H2O
443 K
Ethene
The concentrated sulphuric acid can be

regarded as a dehydrating agent as it
removes water from ethanol.
Q
Ethanol reacts with sodium and forms two products. These are
A sodium ethanoate and hydrogen
B sodium ethanoate and oxygen
C sodium ethoxide and hydrogen
D sodium ethoxide and oxygen

Q
Ethanol reacts with sodium and forms two products. These are
A sodium ethanoate and hydrogen
B sodium ethanoate and oxygen
C sodium ethoxide and hydrogen
D sodium ethoxide and oxygen

How do alcohols ● Slow metabolic processes.
Depress the central nervous system.
affect living beings? ●
● Unlike ethanol, intake of methanol in
very small quantities can cause
death.
● Oxidised to methanal in the liver.
● Affects the optic nerve, causing
blindness.
| shimon_joseph Carbon and its compounds | Class Sugarcane
● 10 | Part 1 juice can be used to
Alcohol as a fuel prepare molasses which is

fermented to give alcohol
(ethanol).
● Some countries now use
alcohol as an additive in petrol
since it is a cleaner fuel which
gives rise to only carbon
dioxide and water on burning in
sufficient air (oxygen).
Properties of Ethanoic acid
● Ethanoic acid is commonly called

acetic acid.
● 5-8% solution of acetic acid in
water is called vinegar.
● Melting point of pure ethanoic acid
is 290 K and hence it often freezes
during winter in cold climates. This
gave rise to its name glacial acetic
acid.
1 Reactions of ethanoic acid
Esterification reaction
● Esters are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an
alcohol.
● Ethanoic acid reacts with absolute ethanol in the presence of an
acid catalyst to give an ester.
Acid
CH3COOH + CH3-CH2OH ⇋ CH3 - C-O-CH2-CH3 + H2O
||
O
(Ethanoic acid) (Ethanol) (Ester)
Esters are sweet-smelling substances.
Used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents.

Esters
● On treating with sodium hydroxide, which is an alkali, the ester is
converted back to alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid.
● This reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the
preparation of soap.
● Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acid.
Reactions of ethanoic acid with a base
Sodium ethanoate/
sodium acetate
Reactions with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates:
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

Q
How would you bring the following conversions:
(i) Ethanol to ethene
(ii) Propanol to propanoic acid
CBSE 2019
Q
How would you bring the following conversions:
(i) Ethanol to ethene
(ii) Propanol to propanoic acid
CBSE 2019
Solution
443 K
(i) CH3CH2OH H2C=CH2 + H2O
Conc. H2SO4
Alkaline KMnO4
(ii) CH3CH2OH CH3CH2COOH + H2O
Heat
Q
When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4, a
substance with fruity smell is produced. Answer the following:
(i) State the class of compounds to which the fruity smelling compounds
belong. Write the chemical equation for the reaction and write the chemical
name of the product formed.
(ii) State the role of conc. H2SO4 in this reaction.
CBSE 2016
Q
When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4, a
substance with fruity smell is produced. Answer the following:
(i) State the class of compounds to which the fruity smelling compounds
belong. Write the chemical equation for the reaction and write the chemical
name of the product formed.
(ii) State the role of conc. H2SO4 in this reaction.
CBSE 2016
Solution
(i) Esters
Chemical equation-
Product’s chemical name-Ethyl ethanoate/ethyl acetate (ester)

(ii) Conc. H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent
(Helps in the removal of water formed in the reaction)
Q
Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions with
the help of the chemical equations for each.
State one use of each (i) esters, and (ii) saponification process
Q
Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions with
the help of the chemical equations for each.
State one use of each (i) esters, and (ii) saponification process
Solution
● Esterification - A process in which an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react in the

presence of conc. H2SO4 to form an ester
Conc. H2SO4
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
● Saponification - A process in which an ester reacts with sodium hydroxide to
form sodium salt of an acid and alcohol
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH 🠆 C2H5OH + CH3COONa
● Esters are used in ice creams/perfumes
● Saponification process is used in preparation of soap.
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

Formation of Micelles
● Most dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in

Formation of micelle
water.
● The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of
long-chain carboxylic acids.
● The ionic-end of soap interacts with water while the
carbon chain interacts with oil.
● The soap molecules form structures called micelles
where one end of the molecules is towards the oil
droplet while the ionic-end faces outside.
● This forms an emulsion in water.
● The soap micelle thus helps in pulling out the dirt in
water
Effect of soap in cleaning
1 2
3
● This is caused by the reaction of Have you ever observed

soap with the calcium and while bathing that foam is
magnesium salts, which cause formed with difficulty and
the hardness of water. an insoluble substance
● This problem is overcome by (scum) remains after
using detergents. washing with water?
● Detergents are sodium salts of
sulphonic acids or ammonium
salts with chlorides or
bromides ions, etc. Both have
long hydrocarbon chain.
● The charged ends of these
compounds do not form
insoluble precipitates with the
calcium and magnesium ions in
hard water.
● Thus, they remain effective in
hard water.
Q
The soap molecule has a
hydrophilic head and a

A hydrophobic tail
hydrophobic head and a

B hydrophilic tail

C hydrophobic tail

D hydrophilic tail
Q
The soap molecule has a

A hydrophobic tail

B hydrophilic tail

C hydrophobic tail

D hydrophilic tail
| shimon_joseph Periodic Table | Class 11 | Mega Marathon
Chemistry | Class 10 | Marathon | Carbon and its Compounds
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Chemistry | Class 10 | Marathon | Carbon and its Compounds

Carbon and its

A carbon monoxide only

carbon monoxide in traces

C carbon dioxide only

A carbon monoxide only

carbon monoxide in traces

C carbon dioxide only

Electronic configuration 2 4 Valence electrons

Why carbon neither gain nor lose electrons ?

● It could gain four

Why carbon neither gain nor lose electrons ?

● It could lose four electrons

Carbon shares electron with other atoms of

Then how does

Bonds which are formed by the sharing of an

Can you tell me the

Example of ionic bond

Ionic bond is formed by the transfer of electrons

Example of covalent bond

Covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons

Electron dot structures of some single bonded compounds:

Represents only the valence electrons of

Electron dot structures of some double bonded compounds:

Electron dot structures of some triple bonded compounds:

A only single bonds

B only double bonds

C only triple bonds

two double bonds and

A only single bonds

B only double bonds

C only triple bonds

two double bonds and

Properties of Covalent Compounds

Poor conductors of electricity as they

Insoluble in water but soluble in

The force of attraction between the molecule of carbon compounds is

Versatile nature of carbon

But why only

This property is due to

The self linking property of an element

Allotropes have different physical property

Different arrangement of same element

Allotropes have same chemical property

Made from atoms of same element

Why graphite is a good conductor of electricity and diamond is not ?

Each carbon is Each carbon is

Conducts Do not conduct

Hydrocarbons having single Hydrocarbons having more

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes

Ethane Ethene Ethyne

Formulae and structures of saturated compounds of C and H

How they are

Straight chain Branched chain

How to draw structural isomers of C5H12

Step 1 : Form the carbon skeleton with 5 carbon atoms.

How to draw structural isomers of C5H12

How to draw structural isomers of C5H12

How to draw structural isomers of C5H12