A Review on The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence

Raj Jaiwal1, Soni Nicc2, Dr. Archana3, Miss. Heera Patwal4

1.Student (UG), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Geeta
Engineering College, Delhi NCR, Panipat
2.Student (UG), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Geeta
Engineering College, Delhi NCR, Panipat
3.Associate professor, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Geeta
University,
Delhi NCR, Panipat
4.Associate professor, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Geeta
University,
Delhi NCR, Panipat
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract:
In the distant history, humans had to perform all types of work manually, as there
were no machines or advanced technologies available. Science hadn't yet been
developed, and numerous ultramodern technologies hadn't yet been constructed.
So, the working was completely dependent on the people and humans have
recognised that “moment’s wisdom is the hereafter’s technology. Artificial
intelligence (AI) has experienced a significant elaboration since its commencement
in the 1950s. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the history, present,
and unborn developments of AI. We begin by tracing the early days of AI,
including the development of expert systems, emblematic logic, and machine
literacy. We also move to the present day, where we examine deep literacy, natural
language processing, and the use of AI in colorful diligence. Eventually, we bandy
the future of AI, including its eventuality to revise healthcare, education, and
transportation. Throughout the review, we bandy the challenges that AI faces,
similar as bias, ethics, and explain capability. We conclude that AI has made
significant progress in recent times, and that it holds tremendous pledge for the
future, but that there's still important work to be done to completely realize
itspotential.AI is being extensively spread in all over the world. Digitalization is
extensively spread over far and wide with it we can do colorful effects with
robotization. In moment’s period everything is going to be digital day by day.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Science,
Machine Learning.
Anveshan, Special Issue, ICCSM, April-May, 2023 Page 1
 I. Introduction:
According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, “Artificial intelligence is a branch
of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviour in
computers.” When a machine can make intelligent decisions, Artificial
intelligence can be considered as a form of intelligence that is produced by
machines. [1]The terms machine learning, deep learning, and AI are often used
interchangeably, but it is important to note that deep learning is a type of machine
learning, and machine learning is a type of AI.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly advancing field that has the potential
to revolutionize many aspects of society, including healthcare, transportation, and
finance. Over the years, AI has evolved significantly, from simple rule-based
systems to complex machine learning algorithms that can learn from large datasets.
This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of
AI, from its inception to the present day, and into the future. The paper will
examine the key milestones in AI research, including the development of early AI
systems, such as expert systems and decision trees, to the emergence of modern
deep learning techniques and neural networks.
The paper will also explore the current state of AI, including the challenges
and opportunities facing the field, such as ethical considerations, algorithm bias,
and the potential for AI to disrupt employment markets. [1] Furthermore, the paper
will consider future developments in AI, including advancements in natural
language processing, reinforcement learning, and the potential for AI to develop
consciousness. Overall, this review paper aims to provide readers with a thorough
understanding of the evolution of AI, its current state, and the potential future
developments that may shape the field in the coming years. [3]By examining the
past, present, and future of AI, this paper will provide insights into how this field
may impact our lives and shape the future of society.

Jaiwal, et.al. Page 2

 (Image Reference: spiceworks.com)
II. Working:
AI (Artificial Intelligence) is a field of computer science that aims to create
intelligent machines that can perform tasks that would typically require human
intelligence, such as problem-solving, learning, decision-making, and
understanding natural language.
The working of AI can be explained in the following steps:
1. Data Collection: AI requires a large amount of data to learn from. The data
can be in the form of images, text, videos, or any other format.
2. Data Pre-processing: Once the data is collected, it needs to be pre-processed
to remove any noise, errors, or inconsistencies. This step involves cleaning,
formatting, and transforming the data to make it ready for analysis.
3. Training: The pre-processed data is used to train AI models using machine
learning algorithms. The models learn patterns and relationships in the data
and use them to make predictions or decisions.
4. Testing: After the training phase, the models are tested on a separate set of
data to evaluate their performance. This step helps identify any weaknesses
or errors in the models and fine-tune them accordingly.
5. Deployment: Once the models are trained and tested, they can be deployed
for real-world applications. The models can be integrated into software
systems, devices, or platforms to automate tasks or provide intelligent
services.

Anveshan, Special Issue, ICCSM, April-May, 2023 Page 3

Overall, the working of AI involves collecting data, pre-processing it, training
models using machine learning algorithms, testing the models, and deploying them
for real-world applications. The process is iterative, and the models can be
continually refined and improved with more data and feedback.

(Image Reference: spiceworks.com)

III. Historic Perspective:
Back in the 1800s, AI was limited in myths, fiction, and speculation. Classical
philosophers envisioned machines integrated into human beings. However, they
were just portrayed in fiction work like Mary Shelly’s “Frankenstein” then. The
real initiation in AI began in 1956. The seed that led towards an AI future was a
workshop in Darthmod College, attendees of which were claimed as AI leaders for
decades to come.
Here’s a brief timeline of the past six decades of how AI evolved from its
inception.

1956 - John McCarthy coined the term ‘artificial intelligence’ and had the first AI
conference.

Jaiwal, et.al. Page 4

1969 - Shakey was the first general-purpose mobile robot built. It is now able to do
things with a purpose vs. just a list of instructions.

1997 - Supercomputer ‘Deep Blue’ was designed, and it defeated the world
champion chess player in a match. It was a massive milestone by IBM to create
this large computer.

2002 - The first commercially successful robotic vacuum cleaner was created.

2005 - 2019 - Today, we have speech recognition, robotic process automation

(RPA), a dancing robot, smart homes, and other innovations make their debut.

2020 - Baidu releases the LinearFold AI algorithm to medical and scientific and
medical teams developing a vaccine during the early stages of the SARS-CoV-2
(COVID-19) pandemic. The algorithm can predict the RNA sequence of the virus
in only 27 seconds, which is 120 times faster than other methods.

IV. Techniques and Applications of AI:

AI encompasses a broad range of techniques and applications, which can be
categorized into the following areas:Machine learning: This involves training an
AI model to learn patterns and insights from data. There are various techniques
employed in AI, such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and
reinforcement learning. These techniques have diverse applications, ranging from
image and speech recognition, natural language processing to fraud detection and
recommendation systems..
1. Natural language processing (NLP): This involves teaching computers to
understand and interpret human language. Some of the applications of AI
include chatbots, virtual assistants, sentiment analysis, and language
translation..
2. Robotics: This involves using AI to control robots and automate tasks that
would otherwise require human intervention. Applications include
manufacturing, logistics, healthcare, and home automation. [5]
3. Computer vision: This involves using AI to analyze and interpret visual data,
such as images and videos. Maxime Comptier. ”LesRessourcesHumaines
plus humaines grâce à l’IntelligenceArtificielle”. Octopeek. 2018.

Anveshan, Special Issue, ICCSM, April-May, 2023 Page 5

 [6]Applications encompass facial recognition, object detection, as well as
self-driving vehicles.
4. Expert systems: This involves creating AI systems that can mimic the
decision-making processes of human experts. Applications include medical
diagnosis, financial analysis, and legal decision making.
5. Cognitive computing: This involves creating AI systems that can simulate
human thought processes, including perception, reasoning, and decision
making. Applications include personalized medicine, fraud detection, and
risk analysis.
Deep learning: This is a subset of machine learning that uses neural networks with
multiple layers to learn and extract complex features from data. Applications
include speech recognition, image classification, and natural language processing.
[7]
Overall, AI has a wide range of applications across various industries and domains,
and its potential uses are only limited by our imagination and creativity

V. Future Directions:
AI is a rapidly evolving field with many promising future directions. Here are
some potential areas of focus for future AI research and development:
1. Explainable AI: One major challenge with current AI systems is their lack of
transparency and interpretability. Explainable AI seeks to address this by
developing AI models and algorithms that can provide clear explanations for
their decisions and actions.
2. Human-AI collaboration: As AI becomes more integrated into various
aspects of society, it is important to explore how humans can effectively
collaborate with AI systems. Ashok K. Gupta & Arvind Singhal. [8]This
may involve developing new interfaces and interaction models that enable
seamless human-AI cooperation.
3. Ethical and social considerations: With the increasing use of AI, it is
important to consider the ethical and social implications of AI development
and deployment. Future research may focus on developing frameworks for
ethical AI design and use, as well as exploring the societal impacts of
widespread AI adoption.
4. Continual learning: Current AI systems typically require large amounts of
data to train and improve their performance. Continual learning seeks to

Jaiwal, et.al. Page 6

 develop AI models that can learn and adapt over time, without requiring
massive amounts of new data.
5. Quantum computing: The development of quantum computing may enable
new forms of AI that are more powerful and efficient than current
approaches. Future research may focus on exploring the intersection of
quantum computing and AI.
6. Multi-agent systems: multi-agent systems involve multiple AI agents that
interact and collaborate with one another to achieve shared goals. Future
research may explore the potential of these systems in areas such as robotics,
transportation, and supply chain management.
Overall, there are many exciting future directions for AI research and development,
and the field is likely to continue to evolve rapidly in the coming years.
Conclusion:
The entire world is on the way of Digitalization and for that purpose the artificial
intelligence and machine learning concepts plays an important role Our research
paper focuses on the development of intelligent machines and the impact of
emerging technologies on our daily lives. [9]Modern machines are capable of
providing knowledge-based education and contribute to the enhancement of human
intelligence. In future, we don’t think and imagine about the progress of world due
to only Artificial Intelligence and Innovative Machines. We can’t imagine about
what happening in surrounding and in all over world because of scientists and
engineers. Scientist developed the Robots who is working like a Human Being and
also the research is going on to create the best world in future. Youth generation
support is one of the most important parts to develop the new technologies. [10]
Combination of Science and Engineering and the quality machine learning will
surely take the world at its highest fit.

References:
[1] Peter Norvig; Stuart Russell, “Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach".

[2] Sally Goldman; Yan Zhou, "Enhancing Supervised Learning with Unlabelled
Data", Department of Computer Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
63130 USA.

Anveshan, Special Issue, ICCSM, April-May, 2023 Page 7

[3] NiklasLavesson, "Evaluation and Analysis of Supervised Learning Algorithms
and Classifiers", Blekinge Institute of Technology Licentiate Dissertation Series
No 2006:04, ISSN 1650-2140, ISBN 91-7295-083-8

[4] NorhaslindaKamaruddin, Abdul Wahab Abdul Rahman, Ramizah Amirah

Mohd Lawi. ”Jobseeker-industry matching system using automated keyword
selection and visualization approach”. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science (IJEECS). 2018.

[5] John Bratton, “Jeff Gold. Human Resource Management”, 6th Edition: Theory
and Practice, 1 Mar. 2017.

[6] Maxime Comptier. ”LesRessourcesHumaines plus humaines grâce à

l’IntelligenceArtificielle”. Octopeek. 2018.

[7] Bernard Gauvignon. ”Logiciel De Gestion Des Talents Et Intelligence

Artificielle”. Focus RH. Logiciels RH.

[8] Shoko Haneda &Keiko Ito. ”Organizational and human resource management
and innovation: Which management practices are linked to product and/or process
innovation? ”, February 2018.

[9] Ashok K. Gupta & Arvind Singhal. ”Managing Human Resources for
Innovation and Creativity”, 27 Jan 2016.

[10] Romain Giry. ”IntelligenceArtificielle : Quelles Applications Pour Les Rh ? ”,

Focus Rh. Erp/Sirh. May 2017.

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