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Kinetic Theory of Gases

Kinetic Theory of Gases:

Introduction:
Boyle, Newton other tried to explain behavior of gases based upon three main assumption.
(i) Matter consist of tiny particles called molecule.
(ii) Molecules are always in a state of random motion.
(iii) There exist force of interaction between molecules.
This intermolecular forces are short range force. They are important in case of solids and liquids for gases they are
negligible.
Kinetic theory of gases was developed in nineteenth century by Maxwell. Boltzmann and other scientist.
Heat is define as flow of thermal energy from one point to another. This flow is due to difference in temperature between
two points.
Heat transfer is possible in three different modes.
(1) Conduction, (2) Convection, (3) Radiation.
Conduction :
Conduction is the process in which heat is transfer through material median, without the actual migration of particles of
the medium. It requires material medium. It occurs mostly in solid. It is slow process.
Convection:
Convection is the process in which heat is transferred through a material medium due to actual migration of particles of
the medium from one place to other. It occurs in liquid and gases. Compared to conduction, convection is a faster mode
of heat transfer.
Radiation :
Radiation is the process in which heat is transfer in the form of electromagnetic wave. In the process heat transfer can
occur in the absence of any form of medium. Radiation is the fastest mode of heat transfer. Radiation takes place at all
the temperature except absolute zero temperature.
This radiation is known as thermal radiation or heat radiation. Thermal radiations are radiations mostly laying in feared
region of electromagnetic spectrum. The wave length of thermal radiation is from 7700 A0 to 4  106A. Thermal
radiation depends on the nature of source, surface area and time in addition to temperature of body.

 Concept of an Ideal Gas:

Properties of gases are easier to understand than those of solids and liquids, because in a gas, molecules are far
from each other and their mutual interactions are negligible except when two molecules collide.
Gases at low pressures and high temperatures much above that at which they liquefy (or solidify) approximately
satisfy a simple relation between their pressure, temperature and volume as
PV = KT
where k is a constant for a given sample but varies with the volume of the gas.
If N is number of molecules in a sample, then
k = NkB
kB is same for all gases. It is called Boltzmann constant
kB = PV
1 1 PV
 2 2 = constant
N1T1 N 2T2
If P, V and T are same, then N is also same for all gases.
This is Avogadro’s hypothesis, that the number of molecules per unit volume is same for all gases at a fixed
temperature and pressure.
The number in 22.4 litres of any gas is 6.02  1023 at NTP. This is known as Avogadro number and denoted as NA.
The perfect gas equation is
PV = nRT
Where n is the number of moles and R = NAkB, called as a universal gas constant.
R = 8.314 J mol–1 K–1
n= M  N
M0 NA
Where M is the mass of the gas containing N molecules. M0 is the molar mass and NA is Avogadro’s number.
The value of Boltzmann constant (kB) in SI units is 1.38 1023 JK–1.
A gas that satisfies equation exactly at all pressures and temperatures is defined as an ideal gas.

 Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases:

Following are the assumption of kinetic theory of gases
1. Nature of gas molecules.
(a) A gas consists of a large number of tiny particles called molecules.
(b) The molecules are rigid and perfectly elastic spheres of very small diameters.
(c) All the molecules of the same gas are identical in shape, size and mass.
(d) Actual volume occupied by gas molecules is very small compared to the total
volume occupied by the gas.
2.Random motion of gas molecule
(a) The molecules are always in a state of random motion i.e. they are moving in all
possible directions with all possible velocities. This state is also called as
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molecular chaos.
(b) Due to their random motion the molecules constantly collide with each other and
also with the walls of the container. Such collisions are perfectly elastic i.e. there
is no loss of kinetic energy during the collisions.
(c) Between two successive collisions, a molecule travels in a straight line with
constant velocity. It is called the free path.
(d) The time taken for collision is very small as compared to the time required to
cover free path between two successive collisions.

 Mean Free Path ():

E
Due to random motion, the gas molecules collide with each other
B C
and with the walls of container. When a molecule collides with some other
molecule, there is a change in magnitude and direction of the velocity.
Between two successive collisions, a molecule travels in a D
A
straight line with constant velocity as shown in figure.
The distance travelled by the molecule between two successive collisions is called the free path. The
average distance travelled by a gas molecule between two successive collisions is known as the mean free path.
Mean free path is measured in Angstrom unit or meter.
Let 1, 2, .......N be the free paths, then mean free path
    .........  N
 1 2
N
where ‘N’ is the number of collisions.

(a) Mean Velocity (Average velocity) (𝑪 ̅ ):

Consider ‘N’ molecules of an ideal gas enclosed in a container. Let C1, C2, ......, CN be their velocities, then their
mean velocity is defined as the arithmetic mean of all these velocities.
C  C2 .......  CN
C 1
N

(b) Mean square velocity C 2 :

The average value of the square of the velocities of all molecules is known as mean square velocity.
Let C1, C2,....... CN be velocities of first second ...... and Nth molecule of an ideal gas enclosed in a container of
volume ‘V’, then the mean of the square velocity.
C 2  C22  .......  C N2
C2  1
N
(c) Root mean square velocity  C 2  :
 
It is defined as the square root of the mean square velocity, if ‘N’ molecules of an ideal gas are enclosed in a
container of volume V1 and C1, C2, ......, CN be their velocities then
CRMS = C2
C12  C22  ......  CN2
=
N

 Derivation for the Pressure of a Gas:

Consider a fixed mass of a perfect gas enclosed in a cubical
vessel of each side l and with perfectly elastic walls. The gas molecule
are constantly moving in all directions with all possible velocities.
Therefore the gas molecule possess momentum, hence momentum is
imparted to wall of vessel. Thus pressure is exerted by gas molecules
on the walls of vessel. Z
Let N = total number of molecules of the gas Y
Q Q
m = mass of each molecule
M = Nm = total mass of the gas
P –v1
A = l2 = area of each face of cubical vessel w1 –u1
3 –w1
V = l = volume of the cubical vessel. m u1
M Nm v1 R R
9   3 = density of the gas S S
X
V l O
l
Let C1, C2 ,......., CN be the velocities of the molecules
Each velocity can be resolved into components parallel to the three co-ordinate axes which are along the
edges of the container.
Let u1 , v1 , w1 be the components of the velocity ' C1 ' along positive x, y and z axes respectively.
Also u2 , v2 , w2 be the components of the velocity C2 ...... and u N , vN , wN be the components of the
velocity C N , then

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C12  u12  v12  w12

C22  u22  v22  w22

C N2  u N2  vN2  wN2 ........(i )

Consider a molecule of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity C1 moving towards the wall PQRS. It moves
with velocity ‘u1’ along X-axis.
Initial momentum of the molecule = mu1
If molecule collides with surface PQRS, it will rebound, with its
x-component of velocity reversed. There will be no effect on v1 or w1.
The molecule collides with the wall PQRS and will move in opposite direction with velocity –u1.
Momentum after collision = –mu1
Change in momentum of the molecule in one collision = –mu1 – mu1 = – 2mu1
Negative sign shows that molecule has lost the momentum during collision. Since momentum is conserved, the
change in momentum per collisions of the surface
PQRS = + 2mu1 ........(ii)
After collision, the molecule travels to the opposite wall making collision and again returns to the wall ‘PQRS’
with same speed without striking any other molecule on the way. The distance travelled by this molecule,
between two successive collisions with the wall PQRS is equal to ‘2l’.
Therefore time interval (t) between two successive collisions with the wall ‘PQRS’ is given by
Distance 2l 2l
Time (t) = Speed  u t  u
1 1
The force ‘f1’ exerted on the wall by this molecule is given by Newton’s second law. f1 = rate of change of
momentum of the wall PQRS.
Change in momentum of the wall PQRS
f1 
time
2mu1 2mu1 2mu12 mu12
f1     ........ iii 
t  2l  2l l
 
 u1 
This is the force exerted by the molecule of mass ‘m’ moving with speed u1, on the wall. Similarly the forces
exerted by the molecules moving along the x-axis with velocities u2, u3, ...., uN are given by
mu22 mu32 mu N2
f2  , f3  ,......., f N 
l l l
Resultant force fx on the wall PQRS perpendicular to X-axis is
fx = f1 + f2 + ...... + fN
2
mu1 mu22 mu N2
fx    ..... 
l l l
fx  
m 2 2
l
u1  u2  .....  uN2  ........(iv)
Similarly the resultant force fy and fz perpendicular to Y-axis and Z-axis respectively on the walls are given by
fy  
m 2 2
l
v1  v2  .....  vN2  ........(v)

fz  
m 2
l
w1  w22  .....  wN2  ........(vi)

Now pressure exerted by gas molecule on the walls of the cubical vessel is given by
Force
Pressure (P) = Area
Pressure Px acting on the wall perpendicular to x-axis is given by,
f f
Px  x  2x
A l
m
Px  3 u12  u22  ....  u N2  using eq. (iv)
l
Similarly pressure Py and Pz acting on the walls perpendicular to Y axis and Z axis respectively are given by,
fy fy
Py   2
A l
m
= 3 v12  v22  .....  vN2  , using eq. (v)
l
f f
Pz  z  2z
A l
m
= 3  w12  w22  .....  wN2  , using eq. (vi)
l

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As pressure exerted by the gas molecules is the same in all direction,
Px = Py = Pz = P
Px + Py + Pz = 3P
Px  Py  Pz
P
3
m
l 

P  3  u12  u22  ...  u N
2
   
 v12  v22  ...  vN
2

2 
 w12  w22  ...  wN


P
1m 2
3V 

u1  u22  ...  uN
2
 
 v12  v22  ...  vN
2
  2 
 w12  w22  ...  wN
  P
1m 2
3V 

C1  C22  ...  CN
2 

.......... (vii)
But by definition, root mean square velocity is given by
C12  C22  ....  C N2
CRMS 
N
2
CRMS N  C12  C22  ....  C N2
Using this, in equation we get
1m 2
P CRMS N 
3V  .......... (viii)
1m 2
P CRMS
3V
But M = m. N and 9 = M
V
1m 2
P CRMS
3V
1 2
P  9 CRMS .......... (ix)
3

Translational Kinetic Energy of a Gas:

1
K  mC2
2
1 C2
K  mN
2 N
1
K  M Crms 2
2

The average kinetic energy of molecule:

K 1M 2
 Crms
N 2N
K 1
 mCrms 2
N 2
Relation between Kinetic Energy of gas and pressure.
1M 2
P Crms
3V
2 1 1
P    MCrms 2
3 V 2
2
P K .E.
3V
3PV
K .E. 
2
K.E. per unit volume
K .E. 3P

V 2
K.E per unit mole
3
K .E.  nRT
2
K .E. 3
 RT
n 2
K.E. per unit molecule
K .E. 3RT

N 2N A

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K.E. per unit mass
K .E. 3
 RT
n 2
K .E. 3RT

m 2M
Note: For different kind of gases or mixture of gases for same temperature kinetic energy of molecules is same
not rms speed.

For same temperature

1 1
2
m1Crms  m2Crms
2
2 1
2 2

Q. : 1 If rms speed of nitrogen molecules is 490 m/s at 273 K. Find rms speed of hydrogen molecule at same
temperature.
Relation between Temperature and Crms:
We know that higher temperature of body means higher internal energy and
low temperature means low internal, energy. According to kinetic theory of gases
internal energy of an ideal gas is same as the total translational kinetic energy of its
molecules.
1 2
K.E. = mCrms
2

For given gas higher temperature means higher value of Vrms

1
 PV  MCrms
2
3
P  Crms
2

According to definition of absolute temperature scale.

P T

Ptr 273.16
2
T Crms
 
273.16  Crms at triped po int 2

T  Crms
2
........ as Crms at triple point is constant

1
And K .E.  mCrms
2
2

T  K .E.

Derivation of Boyle’s Law from kinetic theory of gases :

Statement : At gives temperature the pressure of given mass of gas is inversely

proportional to volume

1
PV  mNCrms 2
3
At constant temperature K.E. of molecule is constant

PV = constant
1
P
V
Charles’s Law:

At a given pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to its absolute

temperature.

1
PV  mNCrms
2
3
V  Crms
2

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And T  Crms
2

V  T

Avogadro’s Law:

At same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all the gases contain equal number of molecules.
For two different gases at same pressure and temperature

1
PV = N1m1C 12
3
1
PV = N2m2C 22
3
N1m1C 12 = N2m2C 22
At same temperature K.E. of gases are same
 N1 = N2

Dutton’s Law of partial pressure:

It states that pressure exerted by mixture of several gases equals to sum of pressure exerted by each gas
occupying same volume as that of mixture.

Ideal gas equation is

PV = nRT

For different gases

PV = (n1 + n2 + n3 + ......) RT
n RT n2 RT
P 1   .....
V V
P = P1 + P2 + .......

Q. : 2 Two tanks of equal volume contain equal masses of hydrogen (molecular mass = 2) and helium
(molecular mass = 4) at a temperature of 300 K. The pressure in the tank containing hydrogen is 4 atm.
(i) What is the pressure in the helium tank?

(ii) What are the relative number of molecules in the two tanks?

(iii) If the temperature of tank, containing helium is kept constant, at what

temperature of hydrogen tank would be the two pressure be equal.

Q. : 2 Use the gas law to determine the mass of air contained in 50 cm3 flask at
9.33  104 Pa pressure and 20C. Air consist of approximately 80% N2 and
20% of O2 by mass (Given: R = 8314 J/k mol K)

Q. : 3 An oxygen cylinder of volume 30 litre has an initial guage pressure of 15 atmosphere and a temperature of
270 C. After some time oxygen is withdrawn from cylinder, the gauge pressure drops to 11 atm and its
temperature drops to 170C estimate the mass of the oxygen taken out of the cylinder (R = 8.31 J/mol K, M =
32)

Q. : 4 The speeds of five molecules are 5 m/s, 3 m/s, 4 m/s, 7 m/s and 6 m/s. Fid the average speed and R.M.S.
speed.

Q. : 5 Find the pressure exerted by 4.748  1020 molecules of gas in 10cc if the mass of each molecule is 4  10–26
kg and R.M.S. velocity is 400 m/sec.

Q. : 6 Find the mass of 10 cc of a gas at N.T.P. if R.M.S. velocity of gas molecule is 400 m/s. (1 atm. Pressure = 1
 105 N/m2)

Q. : 7 Find the density of nitrogen at N.T.P. (Given : M.W. of nitrogen = 28)

P = 1.013  105 N/m2 , R = 8.314 J/mole K

Q. : 8 Determine the pressure of 4 gm of hydrogen occupying 16 litre of volume at 100C (R = 8.315 J/mole K,
molecular weight of H2 = 2)

Q. : 9 Calculate the number of molecular in one litre of a gas at N.T.P. if mass of each molecule is 4.55  1025 kg
and its R.M.S. velocity at N.T.P. is 350 m/s

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(Atmospheric pressure P = 105 N/m2)

Q. : 10 The R.M.S. speed of the molecules of a gas at N.T.P. is 420 m/s. If the mass of each molecule is 6.8  10–26
kg. Calculate the number of molecules per cubic meter of the gas. (Atmospheric pressure P = 105 N/m2)

RMS speed in terms of temperature:

1
P   Crms 2
3
nRT 1 M
 Crms 2
V 3V

3nRT 3nN A K BT 3 NK BT
Crms   
M M M

3K BT

m
3RT
 .........M 0 is molecular mass
M0

Q. : 12 Find RMS speed of nitrogen molecule in gas at 300K?

Q. : 13 Calculate the R.M.S. speed of oxygen molecules at 2270C. (Density of oxygen at

N.T.P. = 1.429 kg/m3 and one atmosphere = 1.013  105 N/m2)
Q. :14 At what temperatures will oxygen molecules have the same R.M.S. speed as Helium molecules at
N.T.P.? (M.W. of oxygen = 32 and M.W. of Helium = 4)
Q. : 15 Compare the R.M.S. velocity of hydrogen molecules at 400 K with R.M.S. velocity of oxygen
molecules at 900 K. M.W. of hydrogen = 2, M.W. of oxygen = 32.
Q. : 16 If R.M.S. velocity of hydrogen molecules at N.T.P. is 1840 m/s. Determine the R.M.S. velocity of
oxygen molecules at N.T.P.
(Given: M.W. of hydrogen = 2, M.W. of oxygen = 32)
Q. : 17 Find the R.M.S. speed of oxygen molecules at NTP, if 1 mole of oxygen occupies a volume of 22.4 litre
at NTP. (Given : M.W. of oxygen = 32, P = 1.013  105 N/m2)
Q. : 18 Find the K.E. (1) per cm3 (2) per mole (3) per gram and (4) per molecule of Nitrogen at N.T.P.
(Molecular weight of N2 = 28, normal pressure = 76 cm of mercury, density of Hg = 13.6 gm/cm3, g =
980 cm/s2, Avogadro’s number =
6.023  1023 molecules/mole and R = 8.314  107 erg/mole K)
Q. : 19 Find the K.E. of 2 litre of gas at N.T.P. Given normal pressure = 1.013  105 N/m2.
Q. : 20 Find the average of K.E. of molecule of nitrogen at 270 C. (Boltzman constant
K = 1.38  1023 S.I. unit)
Q. : 21 K.E. of hydrogen per unit mass at 300 K is 1.871  106 J/Kg. Find the K.E. of 2 kg of oxygen at 400 K

Home Work - 1
1. A flexible container of oxygen (O2) has a volume of
10 m3. What is the mass of the gas enclosed?
(Ans: 14.3 kg)
2. An automobile tyre is filled to a gauge pressure of 200 k Pa at 100C. After driving 100 km, the temperature within
the tyre rises to 400C. What is the pressure within the tyre now?
(Ans: 232 Pa)
3. How many molecules you breathe in 1 litre breath of air?
(Ans: 2.7  1022 molecules)
4. Air is filled at 600C in a vessel of open mouth. Upto what temperature should the vessel be heated so that one-
fourth of the air may escape?
(Ans: 1710C)
5. Molecular weight of oxygen is 32. At S.T.P., volume of 11 g of oxygen is 700 cm3. Find the value of gas
constant R.
(Ans: 8.31 J mol–1 K–1)
6. Nine particles have speeds of 5, 8, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 17 and 20 ms–1. Find (i) the average speed (ii) the r.m.s
speed (iii) the most probable speed of the particle.
(Ans: (i) 12.7 ms–1(ii) 13.3 ms–1 (iii)12 ms–1

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7. What is the average kinetic energy of a molecule of a gas at a temperature of 270C? Given k = 1.38  10–23 JK–1.
(Ans: 6.21  10–21 J)
8. What is the root mean square speed of a hydrogen molecule at 270C? Given k = 1.38  10–23 JK–1.
(Ans: 1926 ms–1)
9. Find the number of molecules in one cubic metre of air at atmospheric pressure and 00C.
(Ans: 2.69  1025)
10. At what temperature will the r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen molecules be doubled of its value at N.T.P.?
(Ans: 8190C)
11. Calculate the total random kinetic energy of 1 g of nitrogen at 300 K.
(Ans: 133.4 J)
12. Calculate the root mean square speed of an air molecule at a temperature of 270C. One mole of air has a mass of
29 g. How does vr.m.s. of air molecules compare to the speed of sound in air (340 ms–1)?
(Ans: 509 ms–1)
13. Helium gas occupies a volume of 0.04 m3 at a pressure of 2  105 Pa and temperature 300 K. Calculate (i) the
mass of helium (ii) the r.m.s. speed of its molecules (iii) the r.m.s. speed at 432 K when the gas is heated at
constant pressure to this temperature (iv) r.m.s. speed of hydrogen molecules at 432 K. Relative molecular masses
of helium and hydrogen are 4 and 2 respectively and molar gas constant = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1.
(Ans: (i) 12.8 g (ii) 1369 ms–1 (iii) 1643 ms–1 (iv) 2324 ms–1)
14. The kinetic energy of a molecule of oxygen at 0 C is 5.64  10–21 J. Calculate Avogadro’s number. Given R =
0

8.31 J mol–1 K–1.

(Ans: 6.035  1023)
15. Calculate (i) the r.m.s. speed and (ii) the mean kinetic energy of one gram molecule of hydrogen at S.T.P. Given
density of hydrogen at S.T.P. is 0.09 kg/m3 and R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1. (Ans: (i)1837.5 ms–1(ii) 3376.4 J)
16. Estimate the total number of air molecules in a room of capacity 25.0 m3 at a temperature of 270C and 1 atm
pressure. Given k = 1.38  10–23 JK–1.
(Ans: 6.1 1026)
17. Calculate the kinetic energy of one gm-molecule of a gas at normal temperature and pressure. What will be its
value at 2730C? R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1.
(Ans: 3.40  103 J; 6.80  103 J)
18. What is the mean kinetic energy of a molecule of a gas as 300 K temperature? What will be the root-mean-square-
speed of a molecule of H2 gas at this temperature? Given that R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1;
NA = 6.02  1023 per mole; mass of hydrogen molecule = 2  1.67  10–27 kg.
(Ans: 6.21  10–21 J; 1.93  103 ms–1)
19. A vessel is filled with a gas at a pressure of 76 cm of mercury at a certain temperature. The mass of the gas is
increased by 50% by introducing more gas in the vessel at that same temperature. Find out the resultant pressure
of the gas. (Ans: 114 cm of Hg)
20. Calculate the r.m.s. velocity of oxygen molecules at S.T.P., the molecular weight of oxygen being 32.
(Ans: 461.2 ms–1)
21. The temperature of an ideal gas is T K and the mean kinetic energy K .E. of its molecules is given by ;
K.E.  2.07 1023 J/molecule
Calculate the number of molecules in one litre of the
gas at N.T.P. What will be the average distance between the molecules? 1 atmospheric pressure =
1.01  105 N/m2.
(Ans: 2.68  1022; 3.34  10–9 m)
22. Calculate temperature at which the r.m.s. velocity of O2 gas molecules will be km s–1.
Given R = 8.311 J mol–1 K–1.
(Ans: 1010.40C)
23. At what temperature will the average velocity of oxygen molecules be sufficient so as to escape from the earth?
Escape velocity from earth is 11.0 km s–1 and mass of one molecule of oxygen is 5.34  10–26 kg. Boltzmann’s
constant = 1.38  10–23 JK–1.
(Ans: 1.56  105 K)
24. (a) Calculate : (i) the root mean square speed and (ii)
the mean kinetic energy of one gram molecule of hydrogen at S.T.P. Given that the density of hydrogen at
S.T.P. is 0.09 kg m3 and R = 8.311 J mol–1 K–1.
(b) Given that the mass of a molecule of hydrogen is 3.34  10–27 kg, calculate Avogadro’s number.
(c) Calculate Boltzmann’s constant.
(Ans: (a) 1.8375 km s–1; 3376.4 J (b) 5.99  1023
(c) 1.87  10–23 JK–1)
25. The density of carbon dioxide gas at 00C and at a pressure of 1.0  105 N/m2 is 1.98 kg m–3. Find the root-mean –
square velocity of its molecules at 00C and 300C. Pressure is constant.
(Ans: 389 ms–1; 410 ms–1)

Maxwell Distribution:

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KTG and Radiation

For given mass of gas, the velocities of all molecules are not same, even when bulk parameters like pressure,
volume and temperature are fixed. Collisions change the direction and the speed of molecules, but in a state of
equilibrium, the distribution of speed is constant.
Distributions are very important when systems containing large number of objects.

nv

0.5 1 dv 1.5 2 2.5

v

Molecular speed distribution gives the number of molecules dN(v) between the speeds v and v + dv, which is
proportional to dv. This is called Maxwell distribution. The graph of v (interval between v and v + dv) against v is
shown in the figure.
The fraction of the molecules with speed v and v + dv is equal to the area of the strip shown.

Degrees of Freedom And Law of Equipartition of Energy:

Degree of Freedom: It is minimum numbers of variables required to specify the state

of the system. For thermodynamic system (moving particles) there are total numbers of
independent terms of energy.

A molecule free to move in space needs three co-ordinates to specify its location. If
molecule is constrained to move along a line, it requires one coordinate to locate it, i.e. it has one degree of freedom
for motion in a line.
If molecule is constrained to move in a plane, it requires two co-ordinates to locate it i.e.
it has two degrees of freedom for a motion in a plane. Similarly three degrees of freedom for a motion in a space.

Monotomic gas: Molecules of monotomic gas can move in three indepenent translations
along x-,y- and z- axis
1 1 1
hence degree of freedom are mvx2 , mv2y and mvz2
2 2 2

The kinetic energy of a single molecule is given as

1 1 1
Et  mvx2  mv 2y  mvz2 ........( I )
2 2 2

For a gas in thermal equilibrium at temperature T. The average value of energy

 Et avg  
1 2 1  1 
mvx    mv 2y    mvz2 
2 avg  2  avg  2  avg

avg K .E is given by

K .E 3RT

N 2N A

3K BT

2
3 1 2 1  1 
K BT   mvx    mv 2y    mvz2  ...........( II )
2 2 avg  2  avg  2  avg
Since there is no preferred direction, equation (II) implies
1 2 1
 mvx   K BT .
2  AV 2
1 2 1
 mv y   K BT .
2  AV 2
1 2 1
 mvz   K BT .
 2  AV 2
Motion of a body as a whole from one point to another point is translation.
Therefore, a molecule free to move in space has three degrees of freedom.
Molecules of monotomic gas have only translational degrees of freedom.

Diatomic gas:

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KTG and Radiation

For diatomic gas molecules such as oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2) can translate as well as rotate about there
COM hence molecules has degree of freedom as rotation as well as translational
1 1 1 1 1
hence degree of freedom are mvx2 , mv 2y , mvz2 , I112 and I 222
2 2 2 2 2
Figure shows the two independent axes of rotation 1 and 2, normal to the axes joining the two oxygen atoms
about which the molecule can rotate.

1 2

In 1 and 2 are the angular speeds about the axis 1 and 2 and I1 and I2 are the corresponding moment of
inertia then the molecule has two rotational degrees of freedom.
 Total energy = Etr + Erot ..... (III)
1 1
 Total energy = Etr +  I112  I 222 ........( IV )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
Etr + Ero = mvx2  mv 2y  mvz2  I112  I 222 ........(V )
2 2 2 2 2
Molecules like CO, even at moderate temperatures have a mode vibration.
Therefore it contributes a vibrational energy Evr to the total energy.
Finally, the total energy,
E = Etr + Ero + Evr ........ (VI)
2
1  dy  1 2
Evr is equal to m    ky
2  dt  2
Where k is the force constant of the oscillator and y the vibrational co-ordinate.

Law of equipartition of energy:

In equilibrium the total energy is equally distributed in all possible energy modes, with each mode having an
1
average energy equal to kBT. This is known as law of equipartition of energy.
2
In equation (VI) each translational and rotational degree of freedom has contributed only one squared term,
but one vibrational mode contributes two squared terms, i.e. kinetic and potential degree of freedom of a molecule
3
contributes to the energy while each vibrational frequency contributes 2  KBT = KBT.
2

Specific heat capacity for gases:

Q
Specific heat capacity is given by c  this is true for any form solid, liquid or gases. But for gases
mT
when heat is supplied temperature as well as pressure and volume of gas changes hence specific heat for gases is
define at constant pressure (cp) or constant volume (cv)

 Q   Q 
cp    , cv   
 mT constat pressure  mT constat volume

And moler heat capacity is given by

 Q   Q 
Cp    , Cv   
 nT constat pressure  nT constat volume
NOTE: CpCv = R i.e. Cp  Cv

The average K.E. of one mole of any gas is given by

f
E RT ..........f is degree of freedom
2
f
Hence avegrage kinitic energy of molecule is E  K BT
2

Application of Specific heat capacities of gases:

(a) Monoatomic Gases:
The molecule of monatomic gas has only three translational degrees of freedom.
3
 The average energy of a molecule at temperature T is KBT
2
And the total internal energy of a mole of such a gas is
3 3
U= KBT  NA = RT
2 2

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If CV is the molar specific heat at constant volume, then
𝑑𝑈 3
CV (monoatomic gas) = = R ..........(VII)
𝑑𝑇 2
For an ideal gas, Cp – Cv = R
Where Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure.
3 5
Cp = CV + R = R+R= R ...........(VIII)
2 2
And the ratio of specific heats
C 5 / 2R 5
 P  .........( IX )
CV 3 / 2R 3
(b) Diatomic Gases:
A diatomic molecule is considered as a rigid rotator, has 5 degrees of freedom like dumbbell.
Using the law of equipartition of energy, the total internal energy of a mole of diatomic gas is
5 5
U= KBT  NA = RT
2 2
For molar specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume for rigid diatomic molecule are given as
7 5
CP = R and CV = R .........(X)
2 2
  (for rigid diatomic) = 7/5 ...........(XI)
If the diatomic molecule is not rigid, then it has additional vibrational mode.
5
 U = ( K B T + K B T) NA
2
U = 7/2 RT
7 9 9
And CV = R , CP = R and  = ..........(XI)
2 2 7
(c) Polyatomic Gases:
A polyatomic molecule has 3 translational, 3 rotational degrees of freedom and
a certain number (f) of vibrational modes.
By the law of equipartition of energy, one mole of such a gas has
i.e. CV = (3 + f) R .......(XII)
and CP = (4 + f) R ........(XIII)
4+𝑓
  = 3+𝑓 .........(XIV)
The relation CP – CV = R is true for any ideal gas, whether mono, di or
polyatomic.

Specific heat capacity of solids

Using the law of equipartition of energy, we can easily determine specific heat of solids.
Consider a solid of N atoms, each vibrating about its mean position.
1
An oscillation in one dimension has average energy of 2  KBT = KBT
2
For a mole of solid,
N = NA
 Total energy U = 3 KBT  NA
 U = 3RT
At constant pressure
Q = U + PV
Since for solid V is a negligible
𝑄 𝑈
 C= = = 3R ........(XV)
𝑇 𝑇
Specific heat capacity of water
If we treat water like a solid, then for each atom, average energy is 3 KBT. Water molecule has three
atoms. (Two hydrogen and one oxygen)
 U = 3  3 KBT  NA = 9 RT
𝑄 𝑈
And C= = = 9R ........(XVI)
𝑇 𝑇

Q. : 22 Find the values of CP and CV for diatomic gas. [ = 7/5, R = 8.3 J/ mole K]

Q. : 23 If 1 mole of diatomic gas with  = 7/5 is mixed with 1 mole of monoatomic gas with  = 5/3, then the
find the value of  for the resulting mixture.

Q. : 24 Calculate the total number of degrees of freedom for a mole of diatomic gas at N.T.P.

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Home Work - 2
1. Calculate the total number of degrees of freedom possessed by the molecules of 1 cm3 of H2 gas at N.T.P.
(Ans: 1.34375  1020)
2. How many degrees of freedom are associated with 2 g of He at N.T.P.? Calculate the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of this amount from 270C to 1270C. Given, Boltzmann’s constant =
1.38  10–23 J molecule–1 K–1 and Avogadro’s number = 6.02  1023.
(Ans: 9.03  1023; 623.1 J)
3. Estimate the mean free path of air molecules at S.T.P. The diameter of O2 and N2 molecules is about
3  10–10 m.
(Ans: 9  10–8 m)
4. Find (i) the mean free path and (ii) collision frequency for nitrogen molecules at a temperature of 200C and a
pressure of 1 atm. Assume a molecular diameter of
2  10–10 m. Given that the average speed of a nitrogen molecule at 200C is 511 m/s.
(Ans:(i) 2.25  10–7 m (ii) 2.27  109 collisions/second)
5. How many copper atoms are there in a solid cube of copper which is 1 cm on each side? Copper has an atomic
mass of 63.6 g/mol and a density of 8.96 g/cm3.
(Ans: 8.49  1022 atoms)
6. Estimate the fraction of molecular volume to the actual volume occupied by oxygen gas at STP. Take the
diameter of an oxygen molecular to be 3Å.
(Ans: 3.8  10–4)
7. Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol of any (ideal) gas at standard temperature and pressure
(STP: 1 atmospheric pressure, 00C). show that it is 22.4 litres. (Ans:22.4 litres)
8. Figure shows plot of PV/T versus P for 1.00  10 kg of oxygen gas at two different temperatures.
–3

(a) What does the dotted plot signify?

(b) Which is true : T1 > T2 or T1 < T2?
(c) What is the value of PV/T where the curves meet on the y-axis?
(d) If we obtained similar plots for 1.00  10–3 kg of hydrogen, would we get the same value of PV/T at the point
where the curves meet on the y-axis? If not, what mass of hydrogen yields the same value of PV/T (for low
pressure, high temperature region of the plot)? (Molecular mass of H2 = 2.02 u, of
O2 = 32.0 u, R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1).
(Ans:
(a) The dotted plot shows that PV/T (= nR) = constant with the change in P. Therefore, this plot represents the
behaviour of an ideal gas.

(b) As the temperature of a gas is increased, its behaviours approaches that of an ideal gas. Since the plot of T1 is
closer to the dotted plot (ideal-gas behaviour), T1 > T2.
(c) 0.26 J K–1 (d) 6.32 10–2 gram
9. An oxygen cylinder of volume 30 litres has an initial gauge pressure of 15 atm and a temperature of 270C. After
some oxygen is withdrawn from the cylinder, the gauge pressure drops to 11 atm and its temperature drops to
170C. Estimate the mass of oxygen taken out of the cylinder (R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1, molecular mass of O2 = 32 u).
(Ans: 584.1 g/141.0 g)
10. An air bubble of volume 1.0 cm3 rises from the bottom of a lake 40 m deep at a temperature of 120C. To what
volume does it grow when it reaches the surface, which is at a temperature of 350C?
Given 1 atm = 1.01  105 Pa. (Ans: 5.275  10–6 m3)
11. Estimate the total number of air molecules (inclusive of oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour and other constituents) in
a room of capacity 25.0 m3 at a temperature of 270C and 1 atm pressure.
(Ans: 6.1  1026)
12. Estimate the average thermal energy of a helium atom at (i) room temperature (270C) (ii) the temperature on the
surface of Sun (6000 K) and (iii) the temperature of 10 million kelvin (the typical core temperature in the case of a
star). Given k = 1.38  10–23 JK–1.
(Ans:(i) 6.2110–21 J (ii) 1.2410–19 J(iii) 2.0710–16 J)
13. Three vessels of equal capacity have gases at the same temperature and pressure. The first vessel contains neon
(monoatomic), the second contains chlorine (diatomic) and the third contains uranium hexafluoride (polyatomic).
Do the vessels contain equal number of respective molecules? Is the root mean square speed of molecules the
same in the three cases? If not, in which case is vr.m.s. the largest. (Ans: )

14. At what temperature is the root mean square speed of an atom in an argon gas cylinder equal to the r.m.s. speed of

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KTG and Radiation

a helium gas atom at – 200C ? (atomic mass of Ar = 39.9 u, of He = 43.0 u). (Ans: 2523.7 K)
15. Estimate the mean free path and collision frequency of a nitrogen molecule in a cylinder containing nitrogen at 2.0
atm and temperature 170C. Take the radius of a nitrogen molecule to be roughly 1.0 Å. Compare the collision
time with the time the molecule moves freely between two successive collisions (Molecular mass of N2 = 28.0 u).

(Ans: 1.11  10–7 m; 4.58  109 collisions/second)

16. A metre long narrow bore held horizontally (and closed at one end) contains a 76 cm long mercury thread, which
thread, which traps a 15 cm column of air. What happens if the tube is held vertically with the open end at the
bottom?

(Ans: 23.8
cm)
17. From a certain apparatus, the diffusion rate of hydrogen has an average value of 28.7 cm3 s–1. The diffusion of
another gas under the same conditions is measured to have an average rate of 7.2 cm3 s–1. Identify the gas.

18. A gas in equilibrium has uniform density and pressure throughout its volume. This is strictly true only if there are
no external influences. A gas column under gravity, for example, does not have uniform density (and pressure).
As you might expect, its density decreases with height. The precise dependence is given by the so-called law of
atmosphere:
n2 = n1 exp [–mg(h2 – h1)/kBT]
where n2, n1 refer to number density at heights
h2 and h1 respectively. Use this relation to derive the equation for sedimentation equilibrium of a suspension in a
liquid column:
n2 = n1 exp [–mg NA(ρ – ρ) (h2 – h1)/(ρ RT)
where ρ is the density of the suspended particle and ρ that of surrounding medium. [NA is Avogadro’s number
and R the universal gas constant.]
(Ans: )
19. Given below are densities of some solids and liquids. Give rough estimates of the size of their atoms:
Atomic Density
Substance
Mass (u) (13 kg m–3)
Carbon
12.01 2.22
(diamond)
Gold 197.00 19.32
Nitrogen (liquid) 14.01 1.00
Lithium 6.94 0.53
Fluorine (liquid) 19.00 1.14
(Ans: For carbon, r = 1.29 Å; For gold, r = 1.59 Å; For nitrogen, r = 1.77 Å; For lithium, r = 1.73 Å; For fluorine,
r = 1.88 Å)

Radiation

Absorption, Reflection and Transmission of Heat Radiation:

When radiant energy is incident on the surface of any body, part of this energy is absorbed, part is reflected and the
remaining part is transmitted by the body. The ability of a body to absorb, reflect and transmit the radiant energy incident
upon the surface of a body is measured in terms of coefficient of absorption, reflection and transmission respectively. If
Q is the total radiant energy incident upon the surface of a body, some part of it (Qa) will be absorbed, some part (Qr) be
reflected and some part (Qt) be transmitted through the body.
Qa + Qr + Qt = Q ...... (I)
Coefficient of absorption (a) :
The coefficient of absorption of a body is defined as the ratio of the quantity of radiant energy absorbed by the body
in a given time to the quantity of radiant energy incident on the body in the same time.
𝑄𝑎
Coefficient of Absorption, a = .............(II)
𝑄

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Coefficient of absorption is also called as absorptivity or absorptance. It has no unit and dimensions. Black surfaces
are good absorbers of radiant heat.
For a perfectly black body a = 1 &
For ordinary bodies a < 1

Coefficient of reflection (r) :

The coefficient of reflection of a body is defined as the ratio of the quantity of radiant energy reflected by the body in
a given time to quantity of radiant energy incident on the body in the same time.
𝑄𝑟
Coefficient of reflection, r = 𝑄
.........(III)

Coefficient of reflection is also called as reflectivity or reflectance. It has no unit and dimensions. Polished surfaces
are good reflectors of radiant heat. Good reflector is a bad absorber.

Coefficient of Transmission (t):

The coefficient of transmission of a body is defined as the ratio of the quantity of radiant energy transmitted through
the body in a given time to the quantity of radiant energy incident on the body in the same time.
𝑄𝑡
Coefficient of transmission, t = 𝑄
........(IV)

Coefficient of transmission is also called transmissivity or transmittance. It has no unit and dimensions. By the law of
conservation of heat energy, total amount of radiant energy is equal to sum of energy absorbed, reflected and transmitted
from the body.
From eq. (I), Q = Qa + Qr + Qt
Dividing both sides by Q, we get
Q Qa Q r Q t
  
Q Q Q Q
 1 a  r  t ........(V)
From this relation it is clear that good absorbers are poor reflector and poor transmitter of radiant energy. Similarly
good reflector is bad absorber.

Athermanous Substances:
The substances which do not transmit any incident heat radiations (i.e. opaque to heat radiations) are called as
athermanous substances. Water, Wood, Iron, Copper, Lampblack. Water vapour are athermanous substances. For
athermanous substances a + r = 1 and coefficient of transmission t = 0

Diathermanous Substances:
The substances which are transparent to heat radiations (through which heat radiations can pass) are called as
diathermanous substances glass, quartz, sodium chloride, hydrogen, oxygen, dry air, rock salts are diathermanous
substances.
A diathermanous body is neither a good absorber nor a good reflector.

Perfectly Black Body:

Perfectly black body is a body which absorbs all the radiant energy incident on it. For perfectly black body coefficient
of absorption is one, coefficient of reflection and coefficient of transmission both are equal to zero.
A hot black body emits more energy per unit area than cold black body. Perfectly black body does not exist in nature.
However lampblack absorbs approximately 98% of the radiant heat incident upon it. For all practical purposes, lamp
black can be treated as a perfectly black body.
For practical purpose scientist Ferry constructed a body which can be considered to be perfectly black body.
Double walled hollow
Ferry’s Black Body: metal sphere

Ferry’s black body is an artificial black body. It consists Incident Radiation

of adouble walled hollow metal sphere having a small aperture. Aperture
The inner surface of the sphere is coated with lampblack, outer
surface is nickel polished and it has a conical projection Conical Lamp black
Projection Evacuated space
diametrically opposite to the aperture. The space between the
two walls is evacuated, to avoid loss of heat by conduction and convection. The radiant heat enters the sphere through
a small aperture. The radiant heat entering the sphere through a small aperture. The radiant heat entering the sphere

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suffers multiple internal reflections. Whenever the radiant heat falls on lampblack, about 98% of the incident of
reflections, almost all the radiant heat is absorbed by the sphere. Thus the aperture acts as a perfectly black body. The
effective area of perfectly body is equal to area of the aperture.
1650 K
1450 K
Spectrum of Black Body Radiation in Terms of Wavelength: E
1250 K
1000 K
The study of spectrum of black body radiation in terms of wavelength
was carried out by Lummer and Pringshein maintaining the black body at
different temperatures. They kept the source at different fixed temperatures
and measured the intensity of radiation corresponding tot he different 
wavelengths. The measurements were represented graphically in the form
of curves showing the variation of intensity of radiation (E) with the wavelength
() at different constant temperatures.
From the experimental curves it is observed that (i) Intensity of radiations emitted increases with increase of
wavelength (ii) For particular wavelength (max), the intensity of radiation emitted is maximum and then decreases
with further increase in wavelength. (iii) Area under the curve (E) versus () represents total energy emitted per
second per unit area by the black body including all the wavelengths.
When temperature of black body is increased
(i) energy distribution curve continuous to be non-uniform
(ii) peak of E versus  curve shifts towards the left, it means as temperature increases, value of
max decreases.
(iii) at higher temperature total energy emitted per second per unit area corresponding to all
wavelengths.

Wien’s Displacement Law:

As already stated, the wavelength (max) at which the intensity of radiation is maximum, decrease if the temperature
(T) is increased.
max  1/T
 max = b  1/T where b is called as Wien’s constant and its value is 2.898  103 mK

“Wien’s displacement law states that the wavelength for which emissive power of blackbody is maximum is inversely
proportional to the absolute temperature of the black body.” This law is called displacement law because as
temperature increases the maximum intensity of radiation emitted by it gets shifted or displaced towards the shorter
wavelength side.
This law is useful in determining very high temperature of distant stars, sun, moon or celestial bodies.

Emissive Power and Absorptive Power:

Emissive Power:
Emissive power of a body at a given temperature is defined as the quantity of radiant energy emitted by the body per
unit time per unit surface area of the body at that temperature. Every body radiates energy at all temperatures except
at the absolute zero temperature.

If Q = amount of radiant energy emitted.

A = surface area of body
t = time for which body radiates energy.
The emissive power of the body at given temperature is E = Q/At .........(VI)
SI unit of emissive power is J/m2s or W/m2
It has dimensions [M1 L0 T–3]

Emissive power of a body depends on :

(i) temperture of the body
(ii) nature of the body
(iii) surface area of the body
(iv) nature of the surroundings
Emissive power of a perfectly black body is always greater than any other body at same temperature. The emissive
power of some surfaces are, Lampblack-98%, Aluminium paint-33%, platinum-11%, copper-5%, silver-3%.
Coefficient of emission (emissivity):
Coefficient of emission of the body is the ratio of emissive power of the body at a given temperature to the emissive
power of a perfectly black body at the same temperature.
Coefficient of emission is also called as emissivity.
Coefficient of emission, e = E/Eb .......(VII)
Where, E = Emissive power of ordinary body at given temperature.
Eb = Emissive power of perfectly black body at same given temperature.
For perfectly black body, e = 1
For perfect reflector, e = 0
For ordinary bodies, e < 1
Good absorber is good emitter of heat.

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Absorptive Power:
Absorptive power of a body at a given temperature is defined as the amount of radiant energy absorbed per unit area
per unit time by a surface at that temperature. A body which absorbs all radiation of all wavelengths would be called
‘Perfectly black body’.

Kirchhoff’s Law of Radiation and Theoretical Proof:

Kirchhoff’s law of radiation states that the coefficient of absorption of a body is equal to its coefficient of emission at
any given temperature.
a=e ........ (VIII)
But coefficient of emission e = E/Eb
 or
Hence Kirchhoff’s law can be stated as “At any given temperature, the ratio of the emissive power (E) to the
coefficient of absorption (a) is constant for all bodies and this constant is equal to emissive power (Eb) of a perfectly
black body at the same temperature.”
Kirchhoff’s law can be theoretically proved by the following ‘Thought experiment’.
O - Ordinary body
B – Perfectly black body
Imagine a large enclosed space which is thermally isolated
From the surrounding. Such an enclosure is called a uniform
O B
temperature enclosure. Ordinary body O having emissive power E,
coefficient of emission e and coefficient of absorption a. Perfectly
black body B having emissive power Eb.
Ordinary body O and perfectly black body B will attain same temperature by thermal exchange (This is Zeroeth law
of thermodynamics) Suppose Q is the radiant energy incident per unit time per unit area of each body.
The total radiant energy incident per unit time on perfectly black body B is AQ, it absorbs all this radiant energy per
unit time. Energy emitted per unit time by perfectly black body B is AEb.
Energy emitted per unit time by perfectly black body B = Energy absorbed per unit time by perfectly black body B.
AEb = AQ hence Eb = Q
The total radiant energy incident per unit time on ordinary body O is AQ. Energy absorbed per unit time by
body O is aAQ. Energy emitted per unit time by body O is AE.
Energy emitted per unit time by body O = Energy absorbed per unit time by body O
AE = aAQ
 E = aQ
 E/a = Q .........(IX)
From equations (VIII and IX), we get
E/a = Eb
 E/Eb = a
But E/Eb = e = coefficient of emission
a=e
Coefficient of absorption = Coefficient of emission
Thus Kirchhoff’s law is consistent with ‘Zeroth law of thermodynamics.’
Q. : 41 The coefficient of absorption and coefficient of reflection of a thin uniform plate are 0.75 and 0.20
respectively. If 200 kcal of heat is incident on the surface of the plate. Find the quantity of heat transmitted.
Q. : 42 The coefficient of absorption of the surface of a body is 0.68. When 100 calories of heat are incident on the
body, 27 calories are reflected from its surface. Find the coefficient of transmission of the body.
Q. : 43 For T = 1000 K, m = 5  10-4cm for a black body spectrum. Calculate the corresponding values of
wavelengths for temperature, T = 2000K.
Q. : 44 If the body absorbs 80% of the incident radiations then find the coefficent of emission of the body.
Q. : 45 A metal cube of each side 10 cm radiates heat at the rate of 60 watt. Find its emissive power at that
temperature. If the emissivity of cube is 0.5, find the emissive power of perfectly black body at that
temperature.

Q. : 46 The rate of fall of temperature due to radiation of a metal sphere of thermal capacity 6.5 cal/ 0C is 0.50C/
min when its temperature is 50 C. The diameter of the sphere is 3 cm. Calculate the emissive power of
the surface of sphere.

Stefan’s Law of Radiation:

Stefan’s law of radiation states that the amount of radiant energy emitted per unit time per unit surface area of
perfectly black body is directly proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
Let,
Q = Amount of radiant energy emitted by perfectly black body.
A = Area of the perfectly black body
t = Time for which black body emits radiant energy
T = Absolute temperature of perfectly black body.
According to Stefan’s Law
Q/At  T4 or E0  T4
[As Eb = Q/At = Emissive power of black body]
 Eb = T4 .................(X)

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Where  is known as Stefan’s constant.

In SI system,  = 5.67  108 J/m2sK4
 = 5.67  108 watt/m2K4
In CGS system,  = 5.67  108 J/m2sK4
The dimensions of  are [M1L0T–3K–4]
For an ordinary body, E = eEb where e is coefficient of emission.
If Stefan’s law is applicable to ordinary body then it is modified as
E = eT4 ....................(XI)
If perfectly black body having absolute temperature T is placed in surroundings which
are at a lower absolute temperature T0 then the energy radiated per unit time per unit area = T4.
Energy absorbed from the surroundings per unit time per unit area = T40.
Therefore the net loss of energy by perfectly black body per unit time per unit area
= (T4 – T40) .....................(XII)
If the body is not a perfectly black body, then net loss of energy per unit time per unit area
= e(T4 – T40) .....................(XIII)

Newton’s Law of Cooling:

Newton’s Law of Cooling: Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of loss of heat by the body is directly
proportional to the excess of temperature of the body over the surroundings provided the excess is small.
Let  be the temperature of the body and 0 be the temperature of the surroundings.
The rate of loss of heat ( – 0)
dQ/dt = K( – 0) ......................(XIV)
Where K is the constant of proportionally.
If m is the mass of the body,
S be the specific heat of body and
d/dt is the rate of fall of temperature then
rate of loss of heat = mass  specific heat  rate of fall of temperature.
dQ  d 
 ms   ........................(XV)
dt  dt 
dQ
But  K   0 
dt
 d 
 ms    K   0 
 dt 
d K
    0 
dt ms
As K. m and s are constant
d
     0  .....................(XVI)
dt
Alternative statement of Newton’s law of cooling is, the rate of fall of temperature
of the body is directly to the excess of temperature of the body over surroundings, provided the excess is small.

Limitations of Newton’s Law of Cooling:

(i) It can be used only when the excess temperature of the body over surroundings is small.
(ii) This law is not a radiation law since energy is also lost by convection and conduction.

Greenhouse Effect:
Earth’s surface absorbs thermal energy from sun and becomes a source of thermal radiation lies in
infrared region. A large portion of this thermal radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, namely carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O); Chlorofluorocarbons and tropospheric ozone (O3), which
heats up the atmosphere and gives more energy to earth, resulting in warmer surface. Due to this, the intensity of
radiation increases, from the earth’s surface. The above process is repeated until no radiation is available for
absorption. This heating up of earth’s surface and atmosphere is known as Greenhouse effect. Without the
Greenhouse effect, the temperature of the earth would have been –180C.
Concentration of Greenhouse gases have enhanced due to human activities,
making the earth warmer. According to a an estimate, average temperature of earth
has increased by 0.3 to 0.60C, since the beginning of this century and by the middle
of the next century, the earth’s global temperature may be 10C to 30C higher than
today. This global warming may cause many problems for human life, plants and
animals. Due to global warming ice caps are melting faster, sea level is rising and
weather pattern is changing, common coastal cities are at the risk of getting
submerged. The increase in Greenhouse effect may result in expansion of deserts.
Efforts are being made to minimize the effect of global warming.

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Q. : 47 At What temperature will a black body radiate heat at the rate of 10 kilowatt/ m2? ( = 5.67  108S. I.
unit)
Q. : 48 A black body of surface area 200 cm2 maintained at 1270 C. How much time will it take to emit energy
of 3502J.
( = 5.7  108J/m2 K4
Q. : 49 A copper sphere has surface area 3.14  102 m2 and its emissivity is 0.018. Find the energy radiated
by the sphere per second when it is maintained at 1000 C.
( = 5.7  108 S.I.unit)
Q. : 50 A body having surface area 56 cm2 and temperature of 727 0C radiates 3000 J energy per minute, What
is its emissivity ( = 5.7  108 J/m2s K4))
Q. : 51 A 40 watt filament lamp loses all its power by radiation when it is heated to a temperature of 25000 K. If
the surface emissivity of the filament is 0.5 and its radius of cross-section is 0.1 mm. Find its length
( = 5.7  108 W/m2K4)
Q. : 52 Compare the rate of emission of heat by vlack body maintained at 727 0C and 2270C.
Q. : 53 Compare the rate of loss of heat from a metal sphere at 3270C with the rate of loss of heat from the same
sphere at 1270 C. The temperature of surrounding is 270C.
Q. : 54 Two spheres ‘x’ and ‘y’ have radii 2 cm and 5cm respectively. The emissivity of ‘x’ is 0.5 and that of ‘y’
is 0.3. The spheres are maintained at 227 0C and 27 0C respectively. Find the ratio of the energy
radiated by ‘x’ to that radiated by ‘y’ in same time.
Q. : 55 A metal sphere cools at rate of 1.60C/min when its temperature is 70 0C . At what rate will it cool when
its temperature is400C?
(The temperature of surrounding is 300C).
Q. : 56 A body cools at the rate of 0.5 0C/s when its is 500C above the surroundings. What is the rate of cooling
when it is 300C above the same surroundings

Home Work - 3
0
1. The temperature of a furnace is 2324 C and the intensity is maximum in its radiation spectrum nearly at 12000 Å.
If the intensity in the spectrum of a star is maximum nearly at 4800 Å, then calculate the surface temperature of
the star.
(Ans: 6219.50C)
2. The wavelength corresponding to Emax for the moon is 14 microns. Estimate the temperature of the moon if
b = 2.844  10–3 m K.
(Ans: 206 K)
3. Calculate the energy radiated in one minute by a black body of surface area 200 cm2 maintained at 1270C.
Stefan’s constant = 5.7  10–8 Wm–2 K–4.
(Ans: 1751 J)
4. A patient waiting to be seen by his physician is asked to remove all his clothes in an examination room that is at
160C. Calculate the rate of heat loss by radiation from the patient, given that his skin temperature is 340C and his
surface area is 1.6 m2. Assume emissivity = 0.80. Stefan’s constant = 5.67  10–8 Wm–2 K–4.
(Ans: 138 W)
5. The approximate surface temperature of the sun is 6000 K. Taking the sun to be a sphere of radius
7  108 m and assuming an emissivity of 0.93, calculate the energy radiated per second from its surface,  = 5.67
 10–8 Wm–2 K–4.
(Ans: 4  1026 W)
6. Estimate the temperature of the surface of the sun from the following data : average radius of earth’s orbit =
1.5  108 km; average radius of the sun = 7.0  105 km ; solar radiant power on earth at noon = 1400 Wm–2.
Assume the sun to be a perfectly black body. Stefan’s constant = 5.67  10–8 Wm–2 K–4.
(Ans: 5.8  103 K)
7. An indirectly heated filament is radiating maximum energy of wavelength 2.16  10–7 m. Find the net amount of
heat energy lost per second per unit area, the temperature of surrounding air is 130C. Given
b = 2.88  10–3 m K,  = 5.77  10–8 Js–1m–2 K–4.
(Ans: 18.24  108 Js–1m–2 )
8. A spherical black body of radius 12 cm radiates 450 W power at 500 K. If the radius were halved and the
temperature doubled, what would be the power radiated?
(Ans: 1800 W)
9. At what temperature will the filament of a 100 W lamp operate if it is supposed to be a perfectly black body of
area 1 cm2? Given  = 5.67  10–8 Wm–2 K–4.
(Ans: 2049 K)
10. The surface area of a black body is 5  10–4 m2 and its temperature is 7270C. Calculate the energy radiated by it
per minute. Stefan’s constant = 5.67  10–8 Wm–2 K–4.
(Ans: 1.7  103 J)

11. A 20 cm long and 0.01 mm diameter tungsten wire is kept in vacuum at 2500 K. The tungsten wire radiates only
36% heat as compared to a perfectly black body. Calculate the rate of radiation of the tungsten wire in watt.

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KTG and Radiation

Stefan’s constant = 5.67  10–8 Wm–2 K–4.

(Ans: 5 W)
12. Calculate the temperature in K at which a perfectly black body radiates at the rate of 5.67 10–8 Wm–2 K–4.
Stefan’s constant = 5.67  10–8 Wm–2 K–4.
(Ans: 1000 K)
13. Calculate the energy radiated per minute from the filament of an incandescent lamp at 2000 K if the surface area is
5  10–5 m2 and its relative emittance is 0.85. Stefan’s constant = 5.7  10–8 Wm–2 K–4.
(Ans: 2315 J)
14. The ratio of radiant energies radiated per unit surface by two bodies is 16 : 1. The temperature of the hotter body
is 1000 K. Calculate the temperature of the other body. (Ans: 500 K)
15. An indirectly heated filament is radiating maximum energy of wavelength 2.16  10–7 m. Find the net amount of
heat energy lost per second per unit area if the surrounding temperature is 130C. Given
b = 0.00288 m K,  = 5.77  10–8 Js–1m–2 K–4.
(Ans: 1.824  109 Js–1m–2 )
16. A piece of metal loses 255 J heat per second by radiation when its temperature is 1200 K and the temperature of
the surrounding is 300 K. What will be the rate of loss of heat when the temperature of the metal is 600 K?
(Ans: 15 J s–1)
17. A sphere of radius 6.0 cm at 12000C is suspended in vacuum in an enclosure at 5000C. Find the rate of loss of
heat, assuming that it is a black body. Stefan’s constant = 5.7  10–3 Wm–2 K–4.
(Ans: 5.186  103 W)
18. A body cools in 7 minutes from 600C to 400C. What will be its temperature after the next 7 minutes? The
temperature of the surroundings is 100C. Assume that Newton’s law of cooling holds good throughout the
process.
(Ans: 280C)
19. Two bodies A and B at temperatures 3270C and 1270C respectively are placed in an evacuated enclosure
maintained at a temperature of 270C. Compare their rates of cooling.
(Ans: 6.94)
20. A body at 800C cools to 640C in 5 minutes and to 520C in the next 5 minutes. What will be its temperature after
another 5 minutes? Also calculate the temperature of the surrounding.
(Ans: 430C ; 160C)

MCQ
1. If n moles of a gas of molar mass M contain N 5. Air at NTP has a density of 1.28kg/m3 . Treating air as
molecules each of mass m0 and N A dis the Avogadro an ideal gas of molar mass M, the equivalent molar
constant, then N and M are respectively equal to mass of air is (R=8.4 j/mol.K)
3
(a) nN A , m0 N A
N N
(b) A , A (a) 20.89×10 kg/mol (b) 29.28×103kg/mol
n m0 (c) 32.44×103kg/mol (d) 42.34×103kg/mol
M n 6. To decrease the volume of a given mass of gas by
(c) , m0 N (d) , m0 N A
m0 NA 10% at constant temperature, its pressure should be
2. A gas of mass m and mass M occupies a volume V at increased by about
m (a) 20% (b) 11.1%
temperature T. The ratio is (c) 9% (d) 5%
M 7. If two samples of gases characterized by P, V, T and
(a) the number of molecules of the gas
V
(b) the number of moles of the gas 2 P, , 2T respectively, then what will be the ratio of
(c) the Boltzmann constant 4
(d) the universal gas constant the number of molecules in the first to the second
3. If we have gas A with pressure, volume and absolute samples?
temperature P, V and T respectively and gas B with (a) 2:1 (b) 16:1
V (c) 8:1 (d) 4:1
the corresponding quantities 2 P, and 2T 8. Two ideal gases A and B having the same
2 temperature T, same pressure P and same volume V,
respectively, then the ratio of the number of moles of
are mixed together. If the temperature of the mixture
A to that of B is
is kept constant and the volume occupied by the
(a) 2 (b) 4
mixture is reduced to half of initial volume of either
(c) 8 (d) 16 of two gas, then the pressure of the mixture will
4. The number of moles of a gas in a vessel of volume become
2.1 litres at 27 o C and pressure 1 atm ( 105 Pa) is (a) 4 P (b)2 P
(R=8.4 J/mol.K) P
(a) 0.083 (b) 0.25 (c) P (d)
(c) 0.83 (d) 2.5 2
9. At 0o C the density of a fixed mass of a gas divided
by pressure is x. At 100o C , the ration will be

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100 373 19. The mean free path (  ) of a gas molecule varies with
(a) x (b) x absolute temperature (T) as
373 100
273 1 1
(c) x (d) x (a)   (b)  
373 T T
10. The average force applied on the walls of a closed (c)   T (d)   T
container depends as 'T x ' , where ‘T’ is the 20. A box contains N molecules of a gas each of mass m.
temperature of an ideal gas. The value of ‘x’ is Then, in the prediction of the kinetic theory of gases,
(a) 1 (b) Zero 1
(c) 2 (d) 3 viz., PV  Nmv 2 ,
3
11. Based on the assumptions of the kinetic theory of (a) all N molecules move with the same speed
gases, which of the following is not true? N
(a)The molecules of the gas obey Newton’s laws of (b) molecules move with the same speed
motion. 3
(b) The collisions of the molecules with each other (c) v 2 is the square of the average speed of the
and the walls of the container are inelastic. molecules
(c) The intermolecular forces of attraction are (d) v 2 is the average of the squares of the speeds of
negligible. the molecules
(d) The volume of the gas molecules is negligible 21. A vessel contains a certain quantity of a gas at a
compared to the volume of the gas. th
12. A real gas obeys the ideal gas equation at 2
pressure of 80 cm Hg. If   of the mass of the gas
(a) high temperature and high density 5
(b) high temperature and low density slowly leaks out at the same temperature, the pressure
(c) low temperature and low density of the remaining gas is
(d) low temperature and high density (a) 80 cm Hg (b)48 cm Hg
13. According to the assumption made in the kinetic (c) 32 cm Hg (d) 16 cm Hg
theory of gases, when two molecules of a gas collide 22. A vessel is filled with a gas at a pressure of 76 cm of
with each other, then mercury at a certain temperature. The mass of the gas
(a) its momentum is conserved but KE is not in increased by 25% by adding more gas at the same
conserved temperature. The final pressure of the gas is
(b)its KE is conserved but momentum is not (a) 85 cm Hg (b) 95 cm Hg
conserved (c) 101 cm Hg (d) 105 cm Hg
(c) neither KE nor momentum is conserved 23. When the temperature of an enclosed gas increases by
(d) both KE and momentum are conserved 2 o C , it pressure increases by 0.5%. The initial
14. Pressure and temperature of a gas are temperature of the gas is
(a) microscopic parameters (a) 250 K (b) 275 K
(b) macroscopic parameters (c) 300 K (d) 400 K
(c) normal parameters
(d) steady parameters 24. An enclosed gas is heated at constant volume so that
15. Which of the following factors is responsible for a its temperature rises by 1 o C . If its pressure increases
real gas not behaving like an ideal gas? by 0.5%, the initial temperature of the gas was
(a) Intermolecular interaction
(a) 200 o C (b) 200K
(b) Variable speed of molecules o
(c) Variable pressure regions (compression and (c) 2000 C (d) 2000K
rarefaction)
(d) Inelastic collisions between molecule Questions 25 to 30
16. A real gas follows A metal box, 4 metres long, with ends 3 metres by 2
(a) Boyle’s equation metres, contains only one gas molecule which moves
(b) Charle’s equation to-and-fro along the length, approaches one end with
(c) Gay-lussac’s equation speed of 500m/s, hits it and rebounds elastically. The
(d) Van der Waals equation mass of the molecule is 5 1026 kg.
17. An empty pressure cooker is closed and warmed.
Which of the following remains constant?
(a) The average speed of the air molecules in the
cooker.
(b) The average distance between the air molecules in
the cooker.
(c) The air pressure within the cooker.
(d) The average momentum transferred by an air 25. The molecule’s change of momentum (in kg m/s)
molecule to the walls of the cooker. when it hits the first end and rebounds is
18. If the distance between six successive collisions of (a) 2.5 1023 (b) 5  1023
molecule are 3,7,3,2,4,1 mm respectively, then find 3
the mean free path of the molecule. (c) 2.5 10 (d) 5  103
26. In 10s, the molecule travels a total distance of
20 6
(a) mm (b) mm (a) 500 m (b) 2000 m
6 20 (c) 4000 m (d) 5000 m
6 13
(c) mm (d) mm
13 6

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KTG and Radiation

27. Between successive collisions on the first end, the 36. The rms speed of oxygen molecules at a certain
molecule travels a distance of temperature is v. If the temperature is doubled and the
(a) 4 m (b) 8 m oxygen gas dissociates into atomic oxygen, the rms
(c) 125 m (d) 1000 m speed becomes
28. In 10s, the number of to-and-fro trips (i.e., the number v
of collisions on the first end) made by the molecule is (a) (b) v
2
(a) 62.5 (b) 80 (c) 2 v (d) 4 v
(c) 625 (d) 1250 37. The molar masses of two gases are in the ratio 4:9.
29. The rate of change of momentum (in kg m/s 2 ) The rms speeds of their molecules at any given
suffered by the first end-wall of the box is temperature are in the ratio
(a) 3.125 1021 (b) 4  1021 (a) 4:9 (b) 2:3
(c) 3.125 1020 (d) 6.25 1020 (c) 3:2 (d) 9:4
30. The end –wall has an area has 3 m by 2m. Therefore, 38. For a given gas at 800K, the ram speed of the
the average pressure (in pascal) on the end-wall by molecules is
the one-molecule gas is (a) four times the rms speed at 200K
(a) 5.211022 (b) 6.67 1022 (b) half the rms speed at 200K
(c) twice the rms speed at 200K
(c) 5.21 1021 (d) 1.04 1020 (d) the same as that at 200 K
31. A metal box, 4 m long, with ends 3 m by 2 m,
contains 6  1026 molecules (or one kilomole) of a gas. 39. If the absolute temperature of a gas becomes three
Assume that, at any instant, equal number of times the initial absolute temperature, the rms speed
molecules move parallel to any coordinate axis Then, of the gas molecules becomes_______ times the
initial rms speed.
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) 3
3 3
40. The rms velocity of molecules moving with velocities
2 m/s, 4 m/s and 6 m/s is
(a) 2.8 m/s (b) 3 m/s
(c) 3.8 m/s (d) 4.32 m/s
41. Ten particles have the following speeds (in m/s):
3, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 10 and 13. The average and the root-
(a) the top and bottom end-walls (admeasuring 4 m  mean-square speeds of the particles are
3 m) experience the most pressure. (a) 7.3 and 7.79 (b)7.79 and 7.3
(b) the top and bottom end-walls experience the least (c) 7.3 and 11 (d) 7.3 and 6.5
pressure. 42. One mole of a gas (molar mass M) occupies a volume
(c) the left and right end-walls (admeasuring 3 m  2 V at absolute temperature T. Its pressure P, in terms
m) experience the most pressure.
of the rms speed vrms of the molecules, is
(d) the top and bottom end-walls experience the most 2 2
momentum transfer per unit time. Mvrms Mvrms
(a) (b)
32. Temperature remaining constant, if you put twice as V 3V
many molecules in a box, the pressure of the gas will 3Mvrms2 2
Vvrms
(a) remain unchanged (b) become one-half (c) (d)
V M
(c) double (d) quadruple 43. Equal volumes of hydrogen and oxygen (relative
33. The rectangular box sketched here contains a single molar masses 2 and 32, respectively) in separate
atom of mass m and speed v travelling only in the  containers are equimolecular and exert equal pressure.
x-direction. The atom makes perfectly elastic The rms speeds of hydrogen and oxygen are in the
collisions with the end faces (area= l 2 ). ratio
The pressure on the end faces is (a) 1:32 (b) 1:16
mv 2 mv 2 (c) 1:4 (d) 4:1
(a) 3 (b)
l 3l 3 44. The temperature at which the rms speed of gas
mv 2
mv 2 molecules is double that at NTP is
(c) 2 (d) (a) 546 o C (b) 546 K
l 3l 2
(c) 719 K (d) 1092 K
34. If the speeds of three molecules are 2 m/s, 3 m/s and 4 45. The rms speed of molecules of gas is 200 m/s at
m/s, then the mean square speed of the molecules is 27o C and 1 atmosphere pressure. The rms speed at
(a) 3  m/s 
2
(b) 9  m/s 
2 127o C and double athe pressure is
800 100 2
(c) 9.67  m/s  (d) 29  m/s 
2 2
(a) m/s (b) m/s
3 3
35. If the rms speed of oxygen molecules at a certain 400 800
temperature is 500 m/s, the rms speed of helium (c) m/s (d) m/s
molecules at the same temperature is 3 3
[ M O2  32g/mol,M He  4g/mol ] 46. The temperature at which helium molecules have the
same rms speed as hydrogen molecules at NTP
(a)250 m/s (b) 707 m/s
[ M H 2  2g/mol,M He  4g/mol ]
(c) 1414 m/s (d) 2000 m/s
(a) 1092 K (b) 546 K
(c) 300 K (d) 273 K

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47. Two rectangular containers A and B are identical (1) P2  P1
except that container A is twice as long as container (2) For T  T1 , the rms speed of the gas molecules is
B. If the number of gas molecules and their rms speed
are the same in both containers, then the ratio of the greater at P2 than at P1 .
P Which of the above conclusions is/are correct?
pressures A that the two gases exert on the inner
PB
walls of their containers is
1
(a) (b) 1
2
(c) 2 (d)4
48. A vessel contains N 1 molecules of gas A and N 2
molecules of gas B. If the masses of the molecules are (a) Only (1) (b) Only (2)
in the ratio 1:2, respectively, the ratio of the means (c) Both (1) and (2) (d) None of these
v A2 56. The temperature at which nitrogen molecules will
square velocities 2 at thermodynamic equilibrium,
vB have the same rms speed as oxygen molecules at 400
is K is
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:1 [ M O2  32g/mol,M N2  28g/mol ]
(c) N1 : N 2 (d) N 2 : N1 (a) 300 K (b) 350 K
49. If and are the masses of the molecules of two gases at (c) 400 K (d) 450 K
the same temperature, then the ratio of the rms speeds 57. If the density of nitrogen at STP is 1.25 kg/m3 , the
v1 rms speed of its molecules at STP is about
is
v2 [ P=105 N/m2 ]
1 1
(a) 50 m/s (b) 500 m/s
 1  2  2  2 (c) 1000 m/s (d) 5000 m/s
(a)   (b)  

 2 
 1 58. If the rms speed of oxygen molecules at 0o C is
  461 m/s, the rms speed of hydrogen molecules at the
(c) 1 (d) 2 same temperature is [ M O  32g/mol,M H  2g/mol
2 1 2 2

50. A sample of oxygen has the same mass, volume and ]

pressure as a sample of helium. The ratio of the (a) 231 m/s (b) 922 m/s
temperature of oxygen to that of helium is (c) 1844 m/s (d) 2310 m/s
[ M O2  32g/mol,M He  4g/mol ] 59. If the rms speed of hydrogen molecules at 0o C is
(a) 4 (b) 8 1840 m/s, the rms speed of oxygen molecules at the
(c) 16 (d) 32 same temperature is [ M O  32g/mol,M H  2g/mol
2 2

51. The rms speed of the molecules of an ideal gas is ]

independent of which of the following parameters of (a) 7360 m/s (b) 920 m/s
the gas? (c) 460 m/s (d) 230 m/s
(a) Mass of a molecule 60. The temperature at which the rms speed of gas
(b) Molar mass molecules is 3 times that at NTP is
(c) Volume of the gas (a) 2457 o C (b) 2184 o C
(d)Temperature of the gas o
(c) 819 C (d) 546 o C
52. The temperature of outer space is about 3 K. The rms 61. If the rms speed of the molecules of a gas at STP is
speed of a proton in outer space is about
400m/s, the mass of 10 cm3 of the gas at STP is about
[Proton mass= 1.67 1027 kg, k B  1.38 1023 J/K ]
[ P  105 N / m2 ]
(a) 2.7 m/s (b) 27 m/s
(c) 270 m/s (d) 2700 m/s (a) 3.8 105 kg (b) 1.9 105 kg
53. A fusion reaction with deuterium occurs only if the (c) 1.9 104 kg (d) 3.8 104 kg
kinetic energy of deuterium atom is greater than about 62. The density of air at a pressure of 100 kPa is
1.2×1013J . Given that the Boltzamann constant is 1.2 kg/m3 . Under these conditions, the rms speed of
1.4×1023 J/K, the temperature required to initiate
the air molecules is
fusion reactions with deuterium is about (a) 500 m/s (b) 1000 m/s
(a) 5.7×107 K (b) 5.7×108 K (c) 3000 m/s (d) 5000 m/s
(c) 5.7×109 K (d) 5.7×1010 K 63. There is a three-fold increase in the rms speed of the
54. 20 liters of an ideal gas (M=32 g/mol) at STP are molecules of an ideal gas on heating. The gas has
confined to cylinder by a piston. The rms speed of been heated form
molecule of the gas is 462 m/s. It is compressed to a (a) 0 o C to 2184 o C (b) 273 o C to 2730 o C
volume of 10 L at 273 K. After compression, the rms (c) 273 K to 2730 K (d) 273 K to 2184 K
speed in m/s) of a molecule of the gas is 64. A cylinder filled with hydrogen (M.W.=2) at 500K
(a) 231 (b) 462 exerts a pressure of 4 atm. If hydrogen is replaced by
(c) 924 (d) 1848 an equal mass of helium (M.W.=4) at the same
55. The figure shows V–T graphs for a fixed amount of temperature, the relative number of molecules of
an ideal gas at two different pressure P1 and P2 .From hydrogen to helium is
the graphs a student draws the following conclusions: (a) 2:1 (b) 1:1
(c) 1:2 (d) 1:4

22
 Padhye Sir’s

KTG and Radiation

65. The temperature of a gas is raised from room 76. One mole of an ideal gas is confined to a volume V.
temperature (27 o C ) by 63 o C . The percentage The pressure exerted by the gas is P. If N A denotes
increase in the rms speed of the molecules is Avogadro’s number, the average thermal energy of a
(a) 10% (b) 12.5% molecule of the gas is
(c) 15% (d) 20% 3 PV N
66. The ratio of the rms speed of hydrogen molecules (a) (b) A
2 NA PV
(M=2g/mol) at 400K to that of oxygen molecules
(M=32 g/mol) at 90 K is PV 3
(c) (d) N A PV
(a) 8:3 (b) 4:4 NA 2
(c) 3:4 (d) 3:8 77. An ideal gas occupies 2 cubic meters at a pressure of
67. According to the kinetic theory of gases, the average 2 atm. Taking 1 atm = 105 Pa, the energy density of
kinetic energy of a gas molecule is
gas is
(a) directly proportional to the absolute temperature of
the gas (a) 300 kJ/m3 (b) 150 kJ/m3
(b) directly proportional to the square root of the (c) 300 kJ (d)150 kJ
absolute temperature of the gas 78. An ideal gas is confined to a cylinder with a movable
(c) inversely proportional to the absolute temperature piston. As it is heated to twice its initial absolute
of the gas temperature, the gas is allowed to expand freely
(d) inversely proportional to the square root of the against the atmospheric pressure. The average thermal
absolute temperature of the gas energy of the molecules
68. In the ideal gas model, used for the kinetic theory of (a) quadruples
gases, which of the following is/are correct? (b) doubles
3 (c) increases by a factor of 2
(i) PV is the total kinetic energy of the gas (d) remains unchanged
2
molecules. 79. A gas is confined to a 100-mL container under
3 200kPa of pressure. If the average thermal energy of
(ii) PV is the total energy of the gas molecules. each gas molecule is 6.0 1021 J the number of gas
2
(iii) The potential energy of the gas molecule is molecules in the container is
assumed to be zero. (a) 5.0  1021 (b) 1022
(a) Both (i) and (ii) (b) Both (ii) and (iii) (c) 5.0 10 25
(d) 1026
(c) Only (ii) (d) All (i), (ii) and (iii) 80. A 2.0 mL volume container contains 6.0 1020
69. The product k BT , where k B is the Boltzmann molecules of a gas at a pressure of 100 kPa. The
constant and T is the absolute temperature, has the average thermal energy of each molecule is
dimension of (a) 5.0 1020 J (b) 6.67 1022 J
(a) energy (b) momentum (c) 5.0 1021 J (d) 5.0 1020 J
(c) heat capacity (d) speed 81. The kinetic energy per unit mass of nitrogen
70. The temperature at which the energy of an ideal gas
molecules at 127o C is
will be double of that at 27o C is [ M N2  28 g/mol, R=8.4 I/mol.K ]
(a) 54o C (b) 150 K
(c) 300 K (d) 600 K (a) 1.8 103J/kg (b) 3.6 103J/kg
(c) 1.8 105J/kg (d) 3.6 105 J/kg
71. Average kinetic energy of H 2 molecule at 300 K is 82. At 27o C , the kinetic energy of certain mass of ideal
‘E’. At the same temperature, average kinetic energy gas is E. If the temperature is increased by 300o C ,
of O 2 molecule will be its KE will be
E E E E
(a) (b) (a) (b)
4 2 4 2
E (c) 2E (d) 4E
(c) (d) E
8 83. OF the three factors, (1) temperature (2) atomicity (3)
72. According to the kinetic theory of gases, at a given number of moles, the number of degrees of freedom
temperature, molecules of all gases (assumed ideal) of a gas molecule depends upon
have the same (a) only (1) (b) only (2)
(a) rms speed (b) direction of motion (c) (1) and (2) (d) all three
(c) energy (d) mass 84. The number of degrees of freedom for a rigid
73. The molecular KE per mole of hydrogen at 127o C is diatomic molecule is
closest to which of the following? (a) 3 (b) 5
(a) 5000 J/mol (b) 5000 J/kmol (c) 6 (d) 7
5
(c) 3500 J/mol (d) 3500 J/kmol 85. For a certain gas   . Then, its molecules
74. Energy per mole of hydrogen at 100o C is 4.652 3
kJ/mol. Energy per unit mass of the gas in kJ/kg is have______ degrees of freedom.
(a) 2.326 (b) 4.652 (a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 232.6 (d) 2326 (c) 7 (d) 9
75. The kinetic energy of 1 liter of a gas at NTP is 86. A nonlinear triatomic molecule has ____ degree (s) of
freedom of rotational motion.
( P=1.013×105 N/m2 )about
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) 76 J (b) 101 J
(c) 2 (d)3
(c) 152 J (d) 304 J

23
 Padhye Sir’s

KTG and Radiation

87. For a certain gas, 7C P  9C V . Then, its C V is equal to 99. The coefficients a and r for a thin plate are 0.77 and
(a) 1.5 R (b) 2.5 R 0.22, respectively. If radiant energy is incident on the
(c) 3.5 R (d) 4.5 R plate at a rate of 500W, the power transmitted is
88. The mass of n moles of an ideal gas (molar mass M (a) 0.5 W (b) 5 W
and molar heat capacity at constant volume C V ) is m. (c) 50 W (d)495 W
100. If radiant energy is incident at 2000J/min on a body
The specific heat capacity of the gas at constant whose reflectivity is 0.1, the radiant energy reflected
volume is by the body in 2 minutes is
C (a) 4000 J (b) 2000 J
(a) n C V (b) V
M (c) 400 J (d) 200 J
CV C 101. If a body has a small coefficient of transmission for
(c) (d) V
m n radiant energy, it is nearly
89. If f is the number of degrees of freedom of a gas (a) transparent to heat radiation
C (b) opaque to heat radiation
molecule, then the ratio P for the gas is (c) a perfect reflector (d) a perfect absorber
CV
102. Consider a medium whose reflectivity r is negligible
2 1 (i.e., a+ t =1, or radiant energy not absorbed is
(a) 1  (b) 1 
f f transmitted). Which of the following statements is not
1 2 true?
(c) 1  (d) 1  (a) Increasing thickness increases the total amount of
f f heat absorbed.
90. The specific heat capacity of molecular hydrogen (b) Since t is the proportion transmitted by a
( H 2 ) constant pressure is 14.4kJ/kg  K .The molar centimeter thickness, two centimetres transmit t 2 of
heat capacity of molecular hydrogen in J/kg  K at the amount receive.
constant pressure is (c) Decreasing thickness decreases the amount of heat
(a) 20.8 (b) 28.8 transmitted.
(c) 20800 (d) 28800 (d) n centimetres of thickness transmits t n of the
91. Which of the following is not true for heat radiation? incident energy.
(a) It is a mode of heat transfer. 103. A 2.6-mm-thick sample of calcium fluoride transmits
(b) It propagates in the form of electromagnetic 40% of the incident radiant energy. Assuming the
waves. reflectivity of calcium fluoride negligible, the
(c) It cannot propagate through vacuum. percentage of the incident energy transmitted by a
(d) There is a transfer of heat energy. sample of double the thickness is
92. The wavelengths of infrared radiation range from (a) 4% (b) 8%
about (c) 16% (d) 80%
(a) 4×107 m to 105 m 104. For a perfect blackbody, the coefficient of absorption
(b) 7×107 m to 103 m is
(c) 7×105 m to 102 m (a) infinite (b) greater than one
(c) unity (d) zero
(d) 7×103 m to 101 m 105. A perfect blackbody is the one that
93. A body which transmits heat radiation is called (a) absorbs all incident radiation
(a) an athermanous body (b) reflects all incident radiation
(b) a blackbody (c) transmits all incident radiation
(c) a diathermanous body (d) both reflects and transmits incident radiation
(d) a reflecting body 106. For a perfect blackbody, the coefficient of emission is
94. Which of the following substances is diathermanous? (a) infinity (b) unity
(a) Wax (b) Glass (c) less than one (d) zero
(c) Quartz (d) Porcelain 107. The reflectivity of a perfect blackbody is
95. The coefficient of transmission is zero for (a) infinity (b) unity
(a) a diathermanous body (c) less than one (d) zero
(b) an athermanous body 108. The ratio of the emissive power of a body to that of a
(c) all gases perfect blackbody at the same temperature is called
(d) all liquids the _____ of the body
96. Which of the following materials is opaque to radiant (a) reflectivity (b) absorptivity
energy? (c) transmissivity (d) emissivity
(a) Carbon tetrachloride 109. For a perfect blackbody, the coefficient of
(b) Sodium chloride transmission is
(c) Benzene 1
(d) Potassium bromide (a) 0 (b)
97. The coefficient of transmission of radiant energy is 3
non-zero for 2
(c) (d) 1
(a) quartz (b) chloroform 3
(c)alcohol (d) both (A) and (B) 110. For a perfect blackbody, the coefficient of reflection
98. For athermanous substances, coefficient of is
transmission is 2 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 0
(a) equal to one (b) zero 3 3
(c) less than one but greater than zero
(d) greater than one

24
 Padhye Sir’s

KTG and Radiation

111. The conical projection in Ferry’s blackbody is used 121. As a blackbody is cooled, the peak of its spectral
(a) to support the spheres energy distribution curve ( E versus λ) shifts to
(b) to transmit incident radiation to outer sphere longer wavelengths. The corresponding law was
(c) to prevent reflected radiation to escape outside stated by
(d) for all of the above purpose (a) Kirchhoff
112. Which one of the following is a wrong statement (b)Lummer and Pringsheim
about blackbody radiation? (c) Newton (d) Wien
122. The peak wavelength  m , at which the emissive
power per wavelength interval ( E ) of a blackbody is
the maximum, depends upon the _____ of the
blackbody.
(a) nature of the surface
(b) surface area
(a) For shorter wavelengths, intensity is more. (c) absolute temperature
(b) All wavelengths are emitted by a blackbody. (d) excess temperature (over the ambient)
(c) For longer wavelengths, intensity is less. 123. The surface temperature of a star is predicted from its
(d) For all wavelengths, intensity is same. colour (i.e., the peak-intensity wavelength) using
113. Emissive power of a body has the dimension of (a) Stefan’s law of radiation
(a) 1 in mass and –3 in time (b) Kirchhoff’s law of radiation
(b) –1 in mass and –3 in time (c) Wien’s displacement law
(c) 1 in mass, 2 in length and –3 in time (d) Newton’s law of cooling
(d) –1 in mass, 2 in length and –3 in time 124. If  m is the wavelength corresponding to the peak of
114. Which of the following quantities has the dimension the spectral energy distribution curve of a blackbody
of power? at a temperature T, then
(a) Emissivity (b) Emissive power (a)  m is independent of T
(c) Absorptive (d) None of these
(b) m  T 1
115. The emissive power of a body is
(a) the energy emitted by the body (c)  m  T
(b) the radiant energy emitted by the body per unit (d) m  T 4
area of the body 125. A blackbody at a temperature 2000 K has the
(c) the radiant energy emitted by the body per unit maximum emissive power per wavelength interval
time
( E )at a wavelength  . The corresponding peak for
(d) the radiant energy emitted by the body per unit
area of the body 4000 K will be a wavelength
116. If the emissive power of spherical body of surface (a) 16  (b) 2 
2 2
area 0.02m is 2.1 k W/m , the amount of heat  
(c) (d)
radiated by the surface in 10 seconds is 2 16
(a) 0.42 kJ (b) 0.84 kJ 126. The emissive power per wavelength interval ( E )of a
(c) 4.2 kJ (d) 8.4 kJ blackbody at an absolute temperature T1 is maximum
117. A sphere, a cube and a thin circular plate are made of 1  1.1 m . At an absolute temperature T2 its E
the same material, have the same mass and are
T
initially heated to 500o C . If all of them can be treated maximum at  2  0.55 m . Then, 1 is equal to
as perfect blackbodies, which of the following is true? T2
(a) The sphere cools the fastest. 1
(a) (b)1
(b) The cube cools the slowest. 2
(c) The plate cools the fastest. (c) 2 (d) 4
(d) All three cool at the same rate. 127. The temperature of the photosphere of the Sun is
118. The ability of a body to radiate heat is in exact 6000 K. Wien’s displacement constant is
proportion to its 2.898 103 m  K. The photosphere has maximum
(a) absorptivity (b) reflectivity
(c) transmissivity (d) absolute temperature emissive power at wavelength
(a) 483 nm (b) 496.7 nm
119. At a given temperature, the equality between the (c) 4830 nm (d) 4967 nm
absorptivity and emissivity of a body is based on the 128. The spectral energy distribution curve of a blackbody
law by at a certain temperature has a peak at a wavelength
(a) Newton (b) Wien  0 . At a higher temperature, for which the peak-
(c) Stefan (d) Kirchhoff 3
intensity wavelength is 0 , the radiant power will
120. A sphere is in equilibrium with its surroundings and 4
absorbs 30 kW of power radiated to it from the increase by a factor of
surroundings. If the radius of the sphere is 3 cm, it 4 16
emits radiant energy at the rate of (a) (b)
3 9
(a) 300 kW (b) 60k W
64 256
(c) 30 kW (d) 0 kW (c) (d)
27 81

25
 Padhye Sir’s

KTG and Radiation

129. The peak-intensity wavelength emitted by a star is 139. The emissive power of a perfect blackbody is directly
293 nm. Treating the star as a blackbody, its emissive proportional to
power is [   5.67  108 W/m 2  K 4 , (a) the surface area of the body
(b) the absolute temperature of the body
Wien’s constant  2.93 103 m  K ]
(c) the excess temperature of the body above that of
(a) 5.67 104 W/m2 (b) 5.67 106 W/m2 its surroundings
(c) 5.67 108 W/m2 (d) 5.67 1016 W/m2 (d) the fourth power of the absolute temperature of
130. A furnace used for treating metals is maintained at the body
1727o C . A very small hole (area 100 mm2 ) in the 140. An object with surface area A, emissivity e and
furnace acts like a blackbody. The radiant energy absolute temperature T is placed in an enclosure with
issues out through the hole at a power of walls at absolute temperature Te   T  . There will be
[   5.67 108 W/m2  K 4 ] net flow of energy from
(a) 181.4 W (b) 90.72 W (a) the object to the walls at the rate of eA T 4  Te4 
(c) 73.89 W (d) 45.36 W
(b) the object to the walls at the rate of eAT  Te 
4
131. Two spheres, P and Q, are made of the same material
(c) the walls to the object at the rate of eA T 4  Te4 
but P has a surface area double that of Q. Both the
spheres are heated to 373 K. P is placed in a room
where the absolute temperature is T1 (<373 K) while (d) the object to the walls at the rate of eA T 4  Te4 
Q is placed in a room where the absolute temperature 141. Two black spheres ‘A’ and ‘B’ have radii in the ratio
is T2 (< T1 ). What can you say about the initial rates at 3:2. The wavelengths of maximum intensity radiation
which they emit heat radiation? are in the ratio 3:4 respectively. The ratio of radiated
(a) The radiant power of P is greater than that of Q. power by ‘A’ to ‘B’ is
(b) The radiant power of Q is greater than that of P. 25 74
(c) Both have the same radiant power. (a) (b)
9 9
(d) T1 and T2 being unknown, nothing can be said 16 64
(c) (d)
about their radiant. 9 9
132. A blackbody at an absolute temperature T is placed 142. A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container
inside a cavity with perfectly black surface at an because the gas molecules
absolute temperature T0   T  . The radiant power (a) have finite volume
emitted per unit surface are by the blackbody is (b) obey Boyle’s law
(b)  T 4  T04 
(c) possess momentum
(a) T 4
(d) collide with one another
(c)  T  T0  (d)  T  T0  143. In the expression for Boyle’s law, the product PV has
4

the dimension of
133. A body of surface area 10 cm2 and temperature (a) force (b) impulse
727o C emits 11.34 J of energy per second. Given (c) energy (d) momentum
Stefan’s constant  5.67  108 W  m 2  K 4 , the 144. The dimension of Stefan’s constant is
surface emissivity of the body is (a)  M0 L1T 3 K 4  (b)  M1L1T 3 K 3 
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.2
(c) 0.25 (d) 0.5 (c)  M1L2T 3K 4  (d)  M1L0 T 3 K 4 
134. If the absolute temperature of a blackbody is 145. A blackbody radiates heat at temperatures T1 and T2
increased by factor 3, the energy radiated by it per
unit time per unit area will increase by a factor of T2  T1 . The frequency corresponding to maximum
(a) 9 (b) 27 energy is
(c) 81 (d) 243 (a) more at T1 (b) more at T2
135. Two spherical blackbodies are at the same (c) equal for T1 and T2 (d) independent T1 and T2
temperature. If their radii are in the ratio 1:2, the ratio
R
of their radiant powers is 146. For a gas  0.4, where R is the universal gas
(a) 1:2 (b) 1:4 CV
(c) 1:8 (d) 1:16 constant and CV is molar specific heat at constant
136. The ratio of the rate of radiation of a blackened metal volume. The gas is made up of molecules which are
sphere at 227o C to that at 127o C is about (a) rigid diatomic (b) monoatomic
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (c) non-rigid diatomic (d) polyatomic
(c) 2.4 (d) 5 147. A black rectangular surface of area A emits energy E
137. The temperature at which a blackbody radiates heat at per second at 27o C . If the length and breadth are
2
the rate of 5.7 k W/m is about 1
reduced to rd of the initial values and the
(   5.7 108 W/m2  K 4 ) 3
(a) 1000 K (b) 562 K temperature is raised to 327o C , then the energy
(c) 100 K (d) 56.2 K emitted per second becomes
138. A sphere of radius 3 cm is at a temperature of 427o C . 4 7
To radiate twice as much energy per second, (a) E (b) E
9 9
(a) its radius must be increased to 6 cm 10 16
(b) its temperature must be doubled (c) E (d) E
(c) its radium must be increased to 9 cm 9 9
(d) its temperature must be increased to about 840 K

26
 Padhye Sir’s

KTG and Radiation

148. Assuming the expression for the pressure exerted by a (d) J/m2sK 4 ,  M1L0 T -3K 4 
gas on the walls of container, it can be shown that the
pressure is ____ times the kinetic energy per unit 157. The intensity of radiation for a star having maximum
volume of gas wavelength of 289.8 nm is
1 2 Given: Stefan’s constant = 5.67  108 Wm 2 K 4 ,
(a) (b)
3 3 Wien’s constant, b=2898 mK)
3 3 (a) 5.67 1012 Wm2 (b) 5.67 108 Wm2
(c) (d)
4 2 (c) 10.67 1014 Wm2 (d) 10.67 107 Wm2
149. Two spherical black bodies have radii ‘ r1 ’ and ‘ r2 ’. 158. The pressure exerted by a gas is given by (here E is
kinetic energy and V is volume)
Their surface temperatures are ‘ T1 ’ and ‘ T2 ’. If they
3E E
r2 (a) (b)
radiate same power then is 2V 2V
r1 E 2E
(c) (d)
T T 3V 3V
(a) 1 (b) 2
T2 T1 159. A perfect gas of ‘N’ molecules, each of mass ‘m’,
2 2 moving with velocities ' c1 ',' c2 ',.....' cN ' is enclosed in
 T1   T2 
(c)   (d)   a cubical container of volume ‘V’. The pressure
 T2   T1  exerted by the gas on the walls of the container is
150. For a rigid diatomic molecule, universal gas constant (‘  ’= density of gas)
R= n C P where ‘ C P ’ is the molar specific heat at 1 mN 1m 2
constant pressure and ‘n’ is a number. Hence n is (a) crms (b) crms
3 V 3V
equal to 1 1
(a) 0.2257 (b) 0.4 (c) c 2 (d) c 2
3 2
(c) 0.2857 (d) 0.3557
160. The rms speed of oxygen molecule in gas is ‘u’. If the
temperature is doubled and the molecules dissociate
151. An ideal gas has pressure ‘P’ volume ‘V’ and absolute
into two atoms, then its rms speed will be
temperature ‘T’. If ‘m’ is the mass of each molecule
and ‘K’ is the Boltzmann constant then density of the (a) 4 u (b) u 2
gas is (c) 2 u (d) u
Pm KT 161. Let ‘’ and ‘b’ be Stefan’s constant and Wien’s
(a) (b) constant respectively, the dimension of ‘b’ is
KT Pm
Km PK (a)  L1M1T3 K 3  (b)  L1M1T 3 K 3 
(c) (d)
PT Tm (c)  L1M1T 3 K 3  (d)  L1M1T 3 K 3 
152. The molar specific heat of an ideal gas at constant
pressure and constant volume is ‘ C P ’and 162. The ratio of specific heat at constant pressure to
specific heat at constant volume (γ) for a gas is
‘ C V ’ respectively. If ‘R’ is the universal gas constant
 2
and the ratio of ‘ C P ’to ‘ C V ’is ‘γ’ then C V = 1   where n is the number of degrees of freedom
 n
1  1  of molecule of a gas. The ratio of ‘  d ’for rigid
(a) (b)
1  1 
diatomic to ‘  m ’ for monoatomic is
 1 R
14 23
(c) (d)
R  1 (a) (b)
23 14
153. Heat energy is incident on the surface at the rate of 25 21
1000 J/min. If coefficient of absorption is 0.8 and (c) (d)
21 25
coefficient of reflection is 0.1 then heat energy
163. The translational kinetic energy of the molecules of a
transmitted by the surface in 5 minutes is
gas at absolute temperature (T) can be doubled by
(a) 300 J (b) 500 J
(c) 700 J (d) 900 J (a) increasing T to 2T (b) increasing T to 2T
154. To what temperature a blackbody must be raised from T
(c) decreasing T to (d) increasing T to 4T
727o C So as to double its total radiant energy? 2
(a) 2000 o C (b) 1454 o C 164. An athermanous metal plate has the coefficient of
o o absorption 0.65. Its coefficient of reflection is
(c) 1190 C (d) 917 C
(a) 0.34 (b) zero
155. The ratio of rms velocities of oxygen molecules to
(c) 0.45 (d) 0.55
hydrogen molecules at 273o C is (molecular wt. of 165. A blackbody radiates maximum energy at
hydrogen and oxygen is 2 and 32 respectively) wavelength ‘λ’ and its emissive power is ‘E’. Now,
(a) 1:8 (b) 16:1 due to change in temperature of that body, it radiates
(c) 1:4 (d) 4:1 2
156. The SI unit and dimension of Stefan’s constant ‘’ in maximum energy at wavelength . At that
3
case of Stefan’s law radiation are
temperature, the emissive power is
(a) J/m2s4 K,  M1L0 T -3 K 3  54 27
(a) E (b) E
(b) J/m sK ,  M L T K 
3 4 1 0 -3 4
16 16
91 81
(c) J/m3s 4 ,  M1L0 T -3 K 4  (c) E (d) E
16 16

27
 Padhye Sir’s

KTG and Radiation

166. The rms velocity of hydrogen molecules at 175. A perfect gas has volume ‘V’ and pressure ‘P’.
temperature T is eight times the rms velocity of According to kinetic theory of gases, if the total
nitrogen molecules at 300 K. This temperature T is translational kinetic energy of all the molecules of the
(Molecular weights of hydrogen and nitrogen are 3
2 and 28 respectively) gas is equal to PV , the gas is
2
(a) 1263 K (b) 1700 K (i) polyatomic (ii) diatomic (iii) monoatomic
(c) 1371 K (d) 2100 K (a) only (i) (b) only (ii)
167. Two spheres ‘ S1 ’ and ‘ S2 ’ having same radii but (c) both (i) and (ii) (d) all (i), (ii) and (iii)
temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. Their emissive 176. A gas at pressure ‘ P0 ’ is contained in a vessel. If the
power is same and emissivity is in the ration 1:9. masses of all the molecules are halved and their
Then the ratio of T1 to T2 is speeds are doubled, the resulting pressure ‘P’ is
P
(a) 3 :1 (b) 1: 3 (a)4 P0 (b) 0
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 1 2
168. Three black discs, ‘P’, ‘Q’, ‘R’ have radii 1 m, 2 m (c) P0 (d) 2 P0
and 3 m respectively. The wavelengths corresponding 177. If the temperature of a blackbody is increased by
to maximum intensity are 200, 300 and 400 nm 60%, then the percentage increase in its rate of
respectively. The relation between emissive powers radiation will be
' EP ', ' EQ ' and ‘ E R ’ is (a) 270% (b) 320%
(c) 480% (d) 560%
(a) E P > EQ > E R (b) E P < EQ < E R 178. According to Boyle’s law, the product PV remains
(c) E P = EQ = E R (d) E P > EQ < E R constant. The dimension of PV is same as
(a) force (b) impulse
169.The rate of radiation of a blackbody at
(c) momentum (d) energy
temperature ‘T’ is ‘R’. Another body of same area but
emissivity 0.2 and temperature ‘3T’ is placed beside. 179. Two spheres S1 and S2 have same radii but
Its rate of radiation is temperature are T1 and T2 respectively. Their
(a) 24.3 R (b) 8.1 R emissive power is same and emissivity is in the ratio
(c) 16.2 R (d) 32.4 R 1:4. Then the ratio T1 to T2 is
170. Kirchhof’s law of radiation proves that a good emitter
is a (a) 1: 2 (b) 1:2
(a) bad absorber of heat (b) good absorber of heat (c) 2 :1 (d) 2 :1
(c) good reflector of heat (d) good transmitter of 180. The ratio of speed of sound in helium gas to that in
heat nitrogen gas at same temperature is
171. Two vessels separately contain two ideal gases P and 5 7
Q at the same temperature. The pressure of P is twice (  He  ,  N2  , M He  4,and M N2  28 )
3 5
the of Q. Under such conditions, the density of P is
5 7 2 5
found to be 1.5 times the density of Q. The ration of (a) (b) (c) (d)
molecular weights of P and Q 3 5 7 3
3 1 2 181. For a perfectly black
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) body, the graph is
4 2 3
172. The energy spectrum of blackbody exhibits a plotted between the
maximum around a wavelength ‘λ’. The temperature frequency of radiation
of a blackbody is now changed such that the energy is with maximum
intensity and absolute
5
maximum around a wavelength . The power temperature. Out of the
8 following which is the correct graph?
radiated by a blackbody will now increase by a factor (a) C (b) A (c) D (d) B
of 182. If the absolute temperature of a gas is increased 5
(a) 5.5 (b) 7.7 times, the rms velocity of the gas molecule will be
(c) 8.8 (d) 6.6
 5 7 
173. The temperatures of two stars are in the ratio 5:2. If   He  ,  N2  , M He  4, and M N2  25 
the wavelength of maximum intensity of first start is  3 5 
3900Å, the corresponding wavelength for second star 5 7 2 5
is (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 5 7 3
(a) 2250 Å (b) 3000 Å
183. Two gases A and B are at absolute temperatures 360
(c) 6000 Å (d) 9750 Å
k and 420 k respectively. The ratio of average kinetic
174. The average translation kinetic energy of a molecule
energy of the molecules of a gas B to that of gas A is
in a gas is ‘ E1 ’. The kinetic energy of The kinetic
(a) 6 : 7 (b) 7 : 6
energy of the electron (e) accelerated from rest
(c) 7 : 6 (d) 48 : 36
through a potential of ‘V’ volt is ‘ E 2 ’. The
184. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 140
temperature at which E1  E2 is K to 560 K. If the rms speed of gas molecules is v at
2VNe 3VNe 140 K, then at 560 K its rms speed becomes
(a) (b)
3R 2R v
(a)4 v (b)
VNe VNe 4
(c) (d)
R 2R v
(c) (d)2 v
2

28
 Padhye Sir’s

KTG and Radiation

Ans Key
1.-A 2.-B 3.-A 4.-A 5.-B 6.B 7.-D 8.-A
9.-D 10.-A 11.-B 12.-B 13.-D 14.-B 15.-A 16.-D
17.-B 18.-A 19.-D 20.-D 21.-B 22.-B 23.-D 24.-B
25.-B 26.-D 27.-B 28.-C 29.-A 30.-C 31.-D 32.-C
33.-B 34. -C 35. -C 36. -C 37. -C 38. -C 39. -C 40. -D
41. -A 42. -B 43. -D 44. -D 45. -C 46. -B 47. -A 48. -B
49. -B 50. -B 51. -C 52. -C 53. -C 54. -B 55. -D 56. -B
57. -B 58. -C 59. -C 60. -B 61. -B 62. -A 63. -A 64. -A
65. -A 66. -A 67. -A 68. -D 69. -A 70. -D 71. -D 72. -C
73. -A 74. -D 75. -C 76. -A 77. -A 78. -B 79. -A 80. -A
81. -C 82. -C 83. -C 84. -B 85. -A 86. -D 87. -C 88. -B
89. -D 90. -B 91. -C 92. -B 93. -C 94. -C 95. -B 96. -C
97. -D 98. -B 99. -B 100. -C 101. -B 102. -C 103. -C 104. -C
105. -A 106. -B 107. -D 108. -D 109. -A 110. -D 111. -C 112. -D
113. -A 114. -D 115. -D 116. -A 117. -C 118. -A 119. -D 120. -C
121. -D 122. -C 123. -C 124. -B 125. -C 126. -A 127. -A 128. -D
129. -C 130. -B 131. -A 132. -A 133. -B 134. -C 135. -B 136. -C
137. -B 138. -D 139. -D 140. -D 141. -D 142. -C 143. -C 144. -D
145. -B 146. -A 147. -D 148. -B 149. -C 150. -C 151. -A 152. -D
153. -B 154. -D 155. -C 156. -D 157.-B 158. -D 159. -C 160. -C
161. -C 162. -D 163. -B 164. -A 165. -D 166. -C 167. -A 168. -A
169. -C 170. -B 171. -B 172. -D 173. -D 174. -A 175. -D 176. -D
177. -D 178. -D 179. -D 180.-A 181. -D 182. -D 183. -C 184. -D