Implant Book

A Patient’s Guide to
Dental Implants
First Edition
A patient education project by

Dr Dennis Leong
Dr Adrian Yap
Dr Juliet Tay
Dr Winston Tan
First edition published 2006. All rights reserved copyright.
This book is jointly published by Implantdontics Pte Ltd, The Oral Maxillofacial Practice Pte Ltd
and MyoHealth Asia Pte Ltd and sponsored by Trinon Titanium Gmbh.
All correspondence and enquiries are to be directed to Implantdontics Pte Ltd via email at
[email protected]
This publication is distributed free as part of a patient education project by the authors.
No portion of this publication covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced in any form or
means – graphic, electronic, mechanic, photocopying, recording, taping etc without the written
consent of the publishers.
Disclaimer: Although every reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy and objectivity
of the information presented in this publication, neither the publishers, authors, nor their
employees or agents can be held liable for any errors, inaccuracies and/or omissions howsoever
caused. We shall not be liable for any actions taken based on the views expressed, or information
provided within this publication. You should seek appropriate professional advice from relevant
authorities. We may have used material we believe has been placed in the public domain where
it is not always possible to identify and contact the copyright holder. If you claim ownership of
something we have published, we will be pleased to make a proper acknowledgement.
Contents
Preface................................................................................2
Message.............................................................................3
Profiles Of Authors.......................................................4
chapter 1:.
Treatment Options.......................................................8
chapter 2:.
Pre-treatment Evaluation &
Treatment Planning.................................................. 24
chapter 3: .
Implant Placement.................................................... 27
chapter 4:.
Crown Placement....................................................... 36
chapter 5:.
Implant Protection & Maintenance................... 40
chapter 6:.
Complications.............................................................. 45
chapter 7:.
Financial Considerations........................................ 48
Testimonials.................................................................. 50
p • Preface
Today, millions of people across the world suffer from

tooth loss brought about by decay, gum disease,
wear and tear or trauma. Losing your teeth can be
an emotional experience especially if it involves
your front teeth or affect your ability to speak and
eat. Replacing lost teeth has traditionally involved
making dentures or porcelain bridges but these are
not without disadvantages. Advances in science and
technology have made dental implants a very viable
option to fully restore form and function and most
importantly, aesthetics to someone who has lost.
his teeth.
The authors have counselled and treated thousands

of patients with dental implants over the years. It is
their hope that this booklet will serve as a guide if
you are contemplating having dental implants as an
option to replace your missing teeth. The information
has been organized in such a way that you will be
turning the pages in the same treatment sequence
that every implant patient goes through so that you
have a better idea of the entire process and what.
it involves.
You are encouraged to consult your own dental

surgeon or any of the authors if you require any
further information.
A soft copy of this book is available for free

download at www.implantdontics.com.
Message • p
Dear readers!
As manufacturer of the Q-Implant and a proponent
of the idea of immediate loading it is a great.
pleasure and an honour to support the publication
of this book.
The many years of my company’s international
experience in implantology has made me
deeply convinced that a well informed patient,
knowledgeably cooperating with his doctor has
a much greater chance of successful implant
treatment.
In the present day, where achievements of modern
medicine and technology allow for rapid success of
implant treatment, promotion of implantology helps
many people to get rid of their physical and mental
problems connected with losing their teeth. I know
personally hundreds of patients who could socialise
with a smile the day after implant placement.
The satisfaction and gratitude of these patients
inspire our team of specialists to search for optimal
technological and medical solutions.
By placing into your hands this patient information
book I would like to express my deep hope that.
you will be satisfied with this modern method of
medical treatment.
I thank the group of dental specialists who lead.
this project for their trust in our products and for.
giving me a possibility to cooperate with such a
professional team.
With best regards,.
Miroslaw Pienkowski
CEO Trinon Titanium GmbH
Karlsruhe, Germany
p • Profiles Of Authors
Dr Leong obtained his Bachelor of Dental Surgery

degree from the National University of Singapore
in 1984. From 1991, he spent two years training at
Northwestern University, Chicago, one of the major
dental implant centres in the United States and
obtained a Master of Science degree as well as a
specialist Certification in Prosthodontics. In 1999, he
attained a Master of Business Administration from
Imperial College, University of London.
Dr Dennis Leong
B.D.S. (Singapore), Dr Leong’s clinical passion is in the areas of cosmetic
M.S. (Northwestern, USA),
Cert. Prosthodontics dentistry, crowns, bridges, veneers, all types of
(Northwestern, USA), implant prostheses, partial and complete dentures
MBA (London), DIC
and in particular extensive procedures such as full
[email protected]
mouth reconstruction.
He has published in international refereed journals.

and is a member of the Prosthodontic Society
(Singapore). Dr Leong has also taught undergraduate
prosthodontics on a part time basis at the National
University of Singapore. He is currently in private
practice at Camden Medical Centre, Singapore.
Profiles Of Authors • p
Dr Adrian Yap is the Clinical Director of The

MyoHealth Clinic – Treatment Center for TMJ and
Sleep Disorders and a Visiting Consultant to the
National University Hospital. He is also the Director
of Global Research and Development for MyoHealth,
an Australian-based multinational corporation
providing solutions for Headaches, TMJ and Sleep
Disorders. Prior to his current appointment, Dr Yap
was an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Dentistry,
National University of Singapore (NUS). Dr Adrian Yap
PhD (Singapore), MSc (London),
Dr Yap received his Bachelor’s degree with a. BDS (Singapore),
distinction in Prosthodontics from NUS and Grad Dip Psychotherapy
(Singapore), FAMS
his specialty training/Master’s degree from the. (Prosthodontics),
FADM
University of London. He obtained his Doctor of
Philosophy from NUS in 2001. In addition to his [email protected]
dental and research training, Dr Yap also holds a

Graduate Diploma in Psychotherapy from the Faculty
of Medicine, NUS.
Dr Yap has authored more than 140 international
refereed journal articles, 190 conference papers and
3 book chapters. He serves in the editorial boards of
a number of journals including Operative Dentistry
(USA), American Journal of Dentistry (USA), Practical
Procedures and Aesthetic Dentistry (USA) and is the
Editor of the Singapore Dental Journal.
Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and bruxism
are Dr Yap’s clinical passion. He has lectured
internationally and conducted courses on TMD.
and sleep-related dentistry throughout Asia..
Dr Yap’s research focuses on the biopsychosocial
characterization of Asian TMD patients and.
the development of innovative diagnostics/.
treatment modalities.
p • Profiles Of Authors
Dr Juliet Tay obtained her Bachelor of Dental Surgery

degree from the National University of Singapore
where she received numerous awards, including the
FAC Ohlers Award for the best clinical student and
the prestigious Lee Kuan Yew Gold Medal for the
best overall graduate.
Following a two-year posting as a dental officer at.

the National Dental Centre, she was awarded a
Dr Juliet Tay traineeship to undergo specialist training in Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery. She completed her
BDS (Singapore),
FRACDS (Australia), specialist training and graduated with a Masters.
MDS (Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery)
of Dental Surgery degree. She was admitted as.
a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of.
[email protected]
Dental Surgeons during the second year of her
specialist training.
Her clinical interests include dental implantology,

orthognathic surgery ( jaw reconstruction),
dentoalveolar surgery, maxillofacial trauma, as
well as oral pathology. Passionate about patient
care and the latest developments in implantology,
she is actively involved with research on bone
physiology and advances in implant design. Dr Tay
has published in international journals and presented
at international conferences. She has also taught
with the undergraduate programme at the National
University of Singapore.
Dr Tay is a member of the Association of Oral and

Maxillofacial Surgeons (Singapore) as well as a
fellow of the International Association of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgeons. She has also been involved in
dental charity mission trips in the region organised
by UNIFEM.
Profiles Of Authors • p
Dr Winston Tan is a private practitioner with

clinics at Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre and
Camden Medical Centre, Singapore. He received.
his Bachelor of Dental Surgery in 1992 (with a
distinction in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery) and his
Masters of Dental Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery in 1997, both from the National University
of Singapore.
He is a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Dr Winston Tan

Dental Surgeons and also a Fellow of the Academy
BDS (Singapore),
of Medicine, Singapore. MDS(Singapore),
FRACDS, FAMS
He served as assistant professor in the Department [email protected]
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of
Dentistry, National University of Singapore from
1997 to 2003. While with NUS, he spent time.
at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, where he
conducted research on an overseas attachment
scholarship.
Dr Tan has conducted many workshops and.

lectures related to implant dentistry and Oral.
and Maxillofacial Surgery both in Singapore.
and internationally.
His current clinical work encompasses oral

implantology, dento-alveolar surgery, orthognathic
surgery and management of oral pathology.
chapter 1: Treatment Options
Throw the dentures away. They are a pain in the

neck or mouth. Implants are comfortable, no
problems and carefree (as long as you clean them).
Also, you will have the most beautiful smile to face
the world for the rest of your life.
Angela Sansom
homemaker, Kenya
chapter 1: Treatment Options • p
I have lost my teeth. Do I have to replace them?

What happens if I do not?
The possible consequences include:
• Drifting of adjacent teeth and over-eruption of

opposing teeth into the empty spaces resulting
in food trapping and possible decay
• Difficulty in eating possibly resulting in

indigestion
• Loss of youthful appearance
• Loss of lip support
• Difficulty in speaking especially if you have lost

your front teeth
• Bone loss in areas where teeth used to be..

This may lead to loss of facial contours which.
will affect your appearance
What are my options for replacing the

missing teeth?
There are three main options, namely:
• Dentures
• Fixed bridges
• Implant-supported crowns or bridges

p 1 0 • chapter 1: Treatment Options
What are dentures?
Dentures are removable appliances with artificial

teeth. There are two types:
• Partial dentures – if you have lost some of your

teeth only. They usually come with visible metal
hooks wrapped around surrounding teeth for
stability and retention
• Complete dentures – if you have lost all your upper

or lower teeth
They are made of wholly plastic or a combination of

plastic and cobalt chromium, a form of metal.
Figure 1: A plastic
complete denture
replacing all the
missing lower teeth
Figure 2: A plastic lower

complete denture
seated in the mouth
chapter 1: Treatment Options • p 1 1
You need to remove the dentures daily for cleaning

and they should not be worn during sleep. They may
move during eating especially for complete lower
dentures because they rest on a smaller surface
of bone, thus making retention of the dentures
problematic. Upper dentures also tend to interfere
with speech. You may have to take a while to get used
to them. Dentures also tend to accelerate bone loss
which make denture-wearing more uncomfortable
in later years.
Dentures need to be adjusted and relined.

periodically and replaced every 3-5 years.
Figure 3: A cobalt-
chromium partial
denture replacing only
two front teeth.
What are bridges?
A bridge is essentially several artificial teeth joined

together to replace missing ones. Your dentist
has to make permanent changes by grinding the
adjacent healthy teeth. This may compromise the
life expectancy of these teeth but is necessary
to create space to support a bridge which is
essentially several artificial teeth joined together
to replace the missing ones. Bridges are usually
made of porcelain and gold and held onto the
supporting teeth by dental cement. Through time,
Figure 4: Adjacent teeth the cement may deteriorate allowing bacteria
have to be reduced to attack the underlying teeth thereby causing.
in size (lower left) to dental decay and increasing the risk of additional
provide space for a
tooth loss. Gum tissues also tend to shrink over time
three-unit bridge
(lower right and far left) exposing the junctions between the bridges and
to be seated over them supporting teeth.
to replace the single
missing tooth in the Bridges need to be replaced about every five to ten
middle (far right). years due to wear and tear and leakage.
Figure 5: The gums have receded and exposed the junction between a ten-year old
bridge and the underlying teeth making it unsightly. Leakage has also set in and
caused decay.
What are dental implants?
Dental implants are root-like structures made of

titanium, a material which our body easily accepts.
They come in all shapes and sizes.
They can be used to replace as few as one tooth.

or all the teeth in the mouth. Other applications
include replacing missing eyes, ears, noses.
and fingers.
How do dental implants work?
Implants are artificial roots which are inserted into

the bone to replace the natural roots you have lost.
A strong bond is formed between the implants
and the bone over several weeks or months. The
implants provide a stable foundation for crowns,
bridges or dentures which are placed over them..
An abutment is the interface that connects the new
tooth to the implant.
Due to the extreme stability of the implants, the new

teeth are very firm and make eating and chewing feel
as natural and comfortable as your original teeth.
They can also be made to look very real too. Implants
also slow down bone loss.
Figure 6: Diagram
(right) showing the
similarities between Crown
an implant-supported
crown and a natural Abutment
tooth. Such a crown
(below) does not require
the adjacent teeth
to be ground down
unlike conventional
Root Implant
fixed bridges.
How many teeth can implants replace?
They can be used in all kinds of situations even if

you have lost only
• One tooth
• Several teeth or
• All the teeth
What is the track record of dental implants over

the long term?
They have been scientifically tested and documented

for over forty years. The long term success rate is as
high as 95%.
What are the advantages of dental implant

therapy?
It is an advanced treatment that most closely mimics

natural teeth in look, feel and function such as speech
and chewing.
Implant-supported teeth will not move during

function unlike non-implant-supported dentures.
It minimizes bone loss.
It minimizes changes to adjacent healthy teeth.
It preserves facial contours and appearance.

Can you show me some examples of implant-

supported teeth?
Case 1
A 40-year old gentleman complained of eating

difficulties as he had lost his molars on the upper and
lower right side. Implants were inserted as shown
in the radiographs. Porcelain crowns were then
made (Figure 7) and cemented over the implants.
In this case, the adjacent teeth also needed new
crowns as they had broken down but the roots.
were still intact and implants not needed. The
appearance of the new crowns was matched to.
his other natural teeth.
Figure 7: Implant-
supported and
Case 2
conventional crowns
can be made almost A 35-yr old Chinese lady initially had a 5-tooth long
indistinguishable from
natural teeth
fixed bridge at the upper right side. The bridge kept
dislodging and eventually broke as the span was too
long. She opted for three implants to be inserted
and new crowns made over them (Figure 8). The two
adjacent teeth that used to support the bridge were
unfortunately damaged and needed new crowns
too. She now has five new crowns each supported by
either a natural tooth or an implant. The appearance
was matched to the opposing lower teeth. Had she
placed implants at the beginning, it would not have
been necessary to involve the adjacent teeth.
Figure 8: Photos
showing the similarities
between implant-
supported and
conventional crowns.
Case 3
A 28-year old Caucasian lady fractured her front

tooth during sports (Figure 9). The tooth had to be
extracted and an implant was placed immediately.
It was initially covered by a temporary plastic crown..
Six months later, the final crown was made to match
the adjacent teeth.
Figure 9: This lady had her broken tooth extracted (top left),
implant inserted (top right) and a temporary crown placed
all within the span of two hours. This protocol enabled
her to have a replacement tooth on the same day she lost
her natural one. The final crown (bottom) was made six
months later after the wound had healed completely.
Case 4
A 50-year old expatriate banker did not like the look

of his 3-unit bridge which was only ten years old
(Figure 10). The gums had receded and exposed
the unsightly margins. Decay had also set in. He
realized that when one part of a bridge failed, the
entire bridge had to be replaced thereby making
the long term cost rather high. He opted to separate
the three teeth by having an implant inserted in the
middle. Highly aesthetic all-porcelain crowns were
then made over the teeth and implant. He also opted
for a screw-retained implant crown which allows it
to be unscrewed for maintenance and repair. This
means that he is unlikely to need to replace that
crown ever again.
Figure 10: An implant was placed in the middle and

three new individual crowns replaced the aging three-unit
bridge.
Case 5 Figure 11: This teenage

girl no longer had to be
A 16-yr old Caucasian girl had a congenitally missing self-conscious about
upper left lateral incisor (Figure 11). This means she her missing tooth
was never born with it. Braces were used to realign after an implant was
inserted.
her other teeth and create a space for a normal
replacement tooth. An implant was inserted into the
space and an all-ceramic crown was made over it. Her
self-confidence has never been better ever since.
Case 6
A 48-yr old Caucasian lady

had a 3-unit bridge on the
lower right side (Figure 12).
After several years, it started
to get loose at one end. It
Figure 12: Implants
was impossible to remove are normally placed
the entire bridge without parallel to each
damaging it. As she preferred other in order to
to reuse the bridge, time was accommodate a bridge
but the lack of bone in
allowed to pass with the
this case resulted in the
hope that the other side would eventually loosen. implants being placed
Unfortunately, the underlying teeth became so otherwise. Special
badly decayed that they had to be extracted. Two components had to be
implants were inserted with much difficulty as there used before the new
bridge could be seated.
was hardly any bone left. Eventually, a new 3-unit
implant-supported bridge was made.
Case 7
A 46-yr old German gentleman lost all his upper and

some of his lower teeth. He had been wearing dentures
for many years and found them uncomfortable..
His oral surgeon in Germany placed eight implants in
the upper jaw (Figure 13). As he was on a round-the-
world tour, he decided to have his upper teeth made
in Singapore. Full-arch fixed implant-supported
prostheses were fabricated and secured onto the
implants by screws. He is now planning to do the
same for the lower jaw.
Figure 13: The
implants were placed
in Germany and the
new upper bridge
incorporating thirteen
teeth were made
in Singapore.
The seamlessness in
treatment over wide
geographic distances
facilitates patients’
mobility without
compromising the
standard of care during
and after treatment.
Case 8
A 59-yr old Chinese lady constantly had problems

with the many sets of upper dentures made for her.
The pain and discomfort she experienced was due
to trauma and bone loss arising from the bite of
her lower natural teeth against her gums through
the upper denture. Three implants were placed
to support a special bar and denture attachment.
(Figure 14). The use of the bar significantly improved
the retention of her new upper denture and
prevented trauma to her gums. She is finally able
to enjoy all the food that she likes.
Figure 14: A horizontal metal bar (left) connects all the three implants in the upper jaw.
An overdenture (right) has an internal attachment that allows it to grip the bar for
greater retention and stability. The overdenture can be removed for daily cleaning.
Who are involved in providing dental implant

treatment?
Implant treatment typically involves a team
comprising
• A prosthodontist or a restorative dentist trained
in implant treatment. He will be the one who
fabricates the crowns.
• An oral surgeon who will place the implants in.
the bone
• A technician who helps to make those beautiful
crowns.
What is the process of dental implant

treatment?
The treatment sequence is as follows:
• Pre-treatment evaluation and treatment planning
• Implant Placement
• Crown placement
• Implant protection and maintenance
How do I know if I’m suitable for dental

implants and whether that’s the best option for
me in the first place?
Everybody’s treatment needs are different..
It depends on many factors including your health,
the condition of your underlying bone and remaining
teeth, if any.
It is best that you seek a consultation with a
prosthodontist or your dental surgeon so that he
can objectively evaluate and explain the options.
to you.
How long should I wait after tooth extraction to

get my teeth replaced by implants?
Ideally implant replacement for teeth should be
planned even before tooth extraction! Special care
will then be taken for the extraction, with bone
preservation methods where required. Immediate
implantation after extraction may also be possible.
The amount of bone available tends to shrink with
time, and the opposing teeth tend to drift into the
space left by the extracted tooth. In addition, teeth
next to the space also tend to tilt over time making
replacement difficult.
In general, tooth replacement should be considered as
soon as possible after dental extraction. Occasionally
if the infection around the tooth is severe, your dentist
may suggest a wait of two to three months after tooth
removal. However, the longer the wait beyond this
time, the harder it may be for implant placement.
How long will I have to wait until I get my teeth?

Nowadays, it is possible to receive your teeth on the
day of surgery. These are usually acrylic teeth. A final
set will be made later. The delay for the final set is
due to the fact that the bone supporting the implant
actually requires a period of healing before it can be
fully loaded. This takes anytime from several weeks
to a few months. You may be given a denture or
temporary bridge in the meantime. In compromised
cases, the waiting time is likely to be longer, especially
if bone augmentation is involved. Complex cases may
even take up to a few years, especially if you do not
wish to have all the treatment at once. Your dentist
will be best able to advise you on this.
chapter 2: Pre-treatment Evaluation
& Treatment Planning
I had a Branemark implant inserted in Singapore …

the implant replaced an existing crown and was painless and
trouble-free. I was able to do this without losing any time from
my busy schedule. The final result is impossible to distinguish
from my natural teeth. I also experienced no problems with eating
or speaking. I strongly recommend this procedure for
its ease of execution and natural appearance.
Nigel Romano
Banker/Chartered Accountant, Trinidad & Tobago
chapter 2: Pre-treatment Evaluation & Treatment Planning • p 2 5
What happens during the evaluation phase?
Your prosthodontist or dentist will carry out a

detailed assessment of your mouth. He will examine
your teeth, gums and bone structure. Radiographs
will be needed to check the quality and quantity of
bone. He may also take impressions to make study
models so that he can examine your oral structures
from all angles.
He will then explain to you the various options

of replacing your missing teeth including the
advantages and disadvantages of each.
If dental implants are deemed to be beneficial to you,

he will refer you to an oral maxillofacial surgeon for
a surgical evaluation.
What does the oral surgeon look for?
The surgeon will determine if it is feasible for the

implants to be placed in the optimum positions
based on the anatomy of your jaw bone. There must
be adequate bone to surround an implant. Should
there be a deficiency due to previous bone loss, the
surgeon will suggest ways in which he can augment
the bone to accommodate the implants.
Sometimes, he may require more detailed radiographs

such as CT scans to be obtained by a radiologist at
a hospital in order to ascertain the exact anatomy
of your bone.
p 2 6 • chapter 2: Pre-treatment Evaluation & Treatment Planning
If you have a tooth that needs to be extracted, it may

be necessary to wait one to three months before an
implant can be placed. During this period, a denture
may be made as an interim measure.
A detailed treatment plan formulated by both the

prosthodontist and the oral surgeon will then be
presented to you before the commencement of
actual treatment. Any questions you may have can
also be addressed at this point.
chapter 3: Implant Placement
I have been wearing complete upper and lower

dentures most of my life. I am already 80 years old
and I want to eat comfortably for a change.
My new implant bridges have given me just that!.
B. Rostron
retired, Chicago, USA
p 2 8 • chapter 3: Implant Placement
How is the procedure done?
Presently, implant placement is commonly carried

out in one stage. This method has simplified the
procedure both for patients and dentists. However,
not all patients are suitable for this method and the
oral surgeon will advise you accordingly.
Single-Stage Treatment
This involves placement of the titanium implant

within the jaw bone. Local anaesthetic will be
given to numb the area where the implant is to
be placed. A small incision is made in the gums to
expose the underlying jaw bone and the bone is
then prepared to receive the implant. This has to
be carried out gently to ensure bone vitality and
to maximize success. During this process, you will
feel some vibration, similar to that of having a tooth
filled. Subsequently, the implant is inserted into
the prepared site. The gums are then repositioned
and held in place with sutures around the implant,
exposing a portion of the implant in the mouth.
Two-Stage Treatment
It is occasionally necessary to stage the implant

placement in two parts. This is done for various
reasons, usually if the area to receive the implant is
sub-optimal, or the treatment is more complex.
The procedure is identical to that of the single stage

surgery, except that the gums are closed completely
over the implant. The implant is then left to adhere
to the bone for a period of three to six months,
depending on the quality of the bone. During the
healing period, a provisional prosthesis may be
fabricated, if desired, until the permanent prosthesis
is issued.
chapter 3: Implant Placement • p 2 9
When the healing is complete, a small incision is

then made to expose the implant and the gums
repositioned around the implant. The restorative
process is then similar for both the single-stage and
two-stage techniques.
In what situations are bone augmentation

procedures necessary ?
Depending on your condition, additional bone
augmentation procedures may be necessary prior
to the implant placement. A key to implant success
is the quantity and quality of the bone where the
implant is to be placed. Over a period of time, the
jawbone associated with missing teeth atrophies or
is resorbed. This often leaves a condition in which
there is poor quality and quantity of bone suitable
for placement of dental implants.
Sinus lift procedure

The back part of the upper jaw has traditionally been
one of the most difficult areas to successfully place
dental implants due to insufficient bone quantity
and quality and the close proximity to the maxillary
sinus. A sinus lift procedure involves elevating the
sinus membrane and placing a bone graft onto the
sinus floor. Sinus augmentation has been shown to
greatly increase your chances for successful lasting
implants.
Ridge-augmentation
In severe cases, the jaw bone has resorbed so much
that it is impossible to place an implant fixture. A
bone graft is necessary to increase ridge height
and/or width.
These procedures may be performed separately or

together, depending upon the individual’s condition.
There are several areas of the body which are suitable
for obtaining bone for grafting. Bone grafts can be
taken from inside the mouth, in the area of the chin
or third molar (wisdom tooth) region or in the upper
jaw behind the last tooth. Additional sources of bone
may also be obtained from animals or synthetic
materials.
Will the treatment be painful?
The discomfort experienced after the placement of

implants is generally equivalent to that experienced
from the extraction of a tooth.
Most implants are placed using local anaesthetic

only. Sedation can be used with the more
apprehensive patients and occasionally, if extensive
surgery is required, a general anaesthetic may be
recommended.
What precautions should I take before surgery?
Before or after the surgery you may be asked to take

oral antibiotics and use antiseptic mouthwash. You
will also be asked to brush your teeth carefully the
morning of your surgery. If you smoke, you should
stop smoking at least two weeks before the surgery,
as smoking has been shown to decrease the success
rate of implant placement significantly.
What happens after surgery?
As with all surgical procedures, there may be mild

discomfort and swelling. An ice-pack held to your
face will reduce the swelling. The medication
prescribed should adequately control the pain.
The first day after the surgery, you may drink liquids
and start a soft diet. Take your antibiotics and pain
medications as prescribed and continue to use
ice-packs and gauze as needed. Proper home care
with frequent rinsing helps prevent infection and
assists the healing process. Tooth brushing should
commence although the surgical area should be
avoided for the first two weeks.
The sutures are removed one to two weeks after the

surgery. At two weeks you will be asked to clean your
mouth with a soft-bristled toothbrush to prevent
plaque build-up.
When can I resume my normal activities?
Most people return to work within a day or two of

surgery. One to two weeks after surgery, your old
denture may be relined to ensure a better fit.
You can then wear your denture, which may have to

be adjusted during the healing period. Should any
soreness develop, be sure to contact your dentist
who will relieve the pressure under your dentures.
Immediate Implant Loading

(Same Day Teeth)
What is immediate implant loading?
Under certain circumstances, it is possible to provide

you with teeth on the same day or within a few days
of implant placement (Figure 15).
Figure 15: The dentures

Teeth are prepared based on impressions (models)
were made on the
same day that the of your jaws or from the CT scans taken before
implants were inserted placement (Figure 16). Occasionally, they may even
be prepared from stock teeth by the chair-side..
The teeth may be temporary teeth (in tooth-
coloured plastic) or even the final teeth (porcelain/.
metal crowns).
Figure 16: CT scans

are sometimes
required to enable
your surgeon to study
the detailed anatomy
of your jaw bones
Why should I consider immediate implant

loading?
Immediate implants have the advantage of

minimizing the time that you have to be without
teeth, or wear a replacement denture/temporary
bridge. Under special circumstances, the final teeth
may be made on the same day.
Is everyone a candidate for immediate implant

loading?
Not everyone is suitable. This is usually dependent

on various factors such as the quality and quantity
of the jaw bone, the amount of bite force that the
teeth have to absorb and the type of implant used.
Infection around the implant area is occasionally
a reason for not loading or even placement of the
implant. It is important to understand that the bone
has not had enough time to grow to the surface of
the implant, and excessive movement of the implant
will result in failure.
Do immediate implants have a higher chance

of failure?
Under carefully controlled conditions, immediate

implant loading does not lead to increased chance
of implant failure. However, strict protocols are
usually necessary to achieve predictable results.
Indiscriminate immediate loading is likely to lead
to high failure rates.
Are immediate implants more costly?
Ironically, some immediate implants may cost less

than their conventionally – loaded counterparts! There
are certain cost savings to having a single procedure
done, and this may also be offset against the need to
place a temporary denture or bridge while healing is
taking place. In some situations however, they may
cost more, as additional procedures are sometimes
required. Special scans and computer-aided placement
may also be necessary in more complex cases, which
will increase the final treatment fee.
Computer Software and

Implant Placement
Does computer technology have a place in
dental implant placement?
Computer-aided systems may be used to help

accurately place implants. Planning can also be
done using these systems. Some computer systems
(example SIMPLANT) also allow for guides to be
made to help the surgeon (Figure 17). The majority
of computer systems require information from a CT
scan of your jaws.
Figure 17: CT scans (left) are used to guide the construction

of highly accurate surgical guides (right) for use in implant
placements
How do these systems help your dentist?
The systems can help your dentist look at the amount

of bone available for the implants, often from a 3D
point of view. In addition, many of these allow for
planning of the implant position and angulation.
Some will even facilitate the construction of teeth
over the implant.
Should these be used in every situation?
Although most patients will benefit from this, not

every situation requires computer-aided implant
placement. The benefits of accurate implant
placement have to be weighed against the cost
and added inconvenience of taking a CT scan. Your
dentist should be able to advise you on the need
for such software.
Other uses of implants
Are there any other applications of implants?
Implants may be used to retain different restorations

– ear, eye, nose and even finger (Figure 18) and hand Figure 18: An implant-
retained finger
prostheses may be held in position with implants. prosthesis (with ring)
Implants are inserted into adjacent bony structures – Photo courtesy of
and act as retentive supports for the prosthesis. Dr Lim Beng Hai.
chapter 4: Crown Placement
I am absolutely delighted with my recent dental implant.

The surgery was completely pain-free at all stages,
and I would happily reassure anyone contemplating this
procedure. There was quite a long period between losing
my own tooth and the implant being finally in place,
but the wait was definitely worth while. I now have a
completely natural-looking and natural-feeling tooth.
Julie Evans
Community Liaison Officer,
British High Commission Singapore
chapter 4: Crown Placement • p 3 7
What happens after implant healing is

completed?
By this time, the implants would have integrated with

the bone and you are ready for the next phase of
making the artificial teeth.
You will return to your prosthodontist or restorative

dentist to continue with the treatment, which will
involve the following steps:
• Impression taking of the implants, remaining

natural teeth and gums.
• Fabrication of the teeth in a dental laboratory by

a highly skilled dental technician.
• Trial fitting of the artificial teeth over the implants.

The teeth will be matched in terms of color, shape
and size. Sometimes, it may take several visits
before achieving this.
• Delivery of your new teeth.
• Review and sealing of screw access holes, if any.

p 3 8 • chapter 4: Crown Placement
What are screw access holes?
There are two ways the new teeth can be secured

to your implants:
Cement-retained – titanium components called

abutments are firstly screwed onto the implants. The
artificial teeth are then glued onto the abutments.
Once cemented (Figure 19), it is virtually impossible
to retrieve the crowns.
Figure 19: Healing cap (left) covering underlying implant.

Cement-retained crown (right) secured onto implant
Screw-retained – instead of
being glued, the artificial teeth
are held onto the underlying
abutments by screws. This
requires openings (Figure 20)
to be made at the top of the
artificial teeth for the screws
to pass through. These holes
Figure 20: Screw- are not visible when you smile
retained crowns as they are sealed with tooth-
with access holes coloured filling material.
before being sealed
with tooth-coloured
fillings
chapter 4: Crown Placement • p 3 9
Which is better – cemented or screw-retained?
Screw-retained crowns offer retrievability should

there ever be a need to remove the crowns for
repair before reinstalling them in your mouth.
Cemented crowns cannot be removed without.
firstly being destroyed after which new crowns will
have to be made thereby increasing the overall long
term costs.
However, cemented crowns have the advantage of

not having the access holes which may be a cosmetic
issue to some.
The likelihood of having to retrieve the implant

crowns is low as most of them function very well
without giving any problems.
How long does it take to make the new teeth?
Depending on the complexity of the prostheses,.

it may take one week to a month to make them.
How soon thereafter can I begin to eat and

function?
You should be able to function immediately after

the prostheses have been installed in your mouth.
Your dentist may seal the screw access holes at a
separate visit. He or she may also want to see you
again for a final review.
chapter 5: Implant Protection
& Maintenance
The treatment was painless, stress-free and

I was relaxed. The result was fantastic and my teeth are almost
perfect. I am very happy as I can eat anything and everything.
I would go back for more implants if needed to! I feel great!
Marisol Foley
photographer, Cebu, Philippines
chapter 5: Implant Protection & Maintenance • p 4 1
What causes implant failure after crown

placement?
Implant complications after crown placement can

involve both structural components and surrounding
tissues. Suggested causes include (a) medical
conditions (e.g. diabetes, smoking etc), (b) reduced
body resistance, (c) plaque accumulation and (d)
stress from your bite. It presents as gum redness/
swelling, bone loss as well as implant mobility.
How are implants stressed by my bite?
Implants lack the stress release provided by the

ligaments that surround natural teeth. Loads
applied to crown materials and bone around the
implant is therefore potentially more damaging.
Reversible problems include loosening or fracture
of crown components. Irreversible complications
can include bone loss, breakdown of the interface
between implant and bone, or implant fracture. The
problem is worse if you grind and clench your teeth
(condition known as bruxism) as the loads applied
to your implant and teeth can be up to 100% higher
than during chewing.
p 4 2 • chapter 5: Implant Protection & Maintenance
What is bruxism and what causes it?
Bruxism is the unconscious gnashing, grinding or

clenching (squeezing together) of teeth in non-
chewing movements. It occurs in about 30% of
people and 80% of bruxers are unaware of their
habits. Bruxism usually takes place during sleep
but can also occur when you are awake. Although
the exact cause of bruxism is not known, current.
scientific studies suggest that it is regulated by
physiological and psychological factors including
altered brain chemistry, genetics, coffee consumption,
stress and anxiety.
How do I know if I suffer from bruxism?
You may be suffering from bruxism if you have (a)

worn, sensitive, mobile or fractured teeth (Figure 21),
(b) frequent fracture or dislodgement of fillings, (c)
jaw, ear or headache and (d) jaw joint clicking or
locking. The latter two groups of complaints are part
Figure 21: Patient with of a cluster of neuromuscular and musculoskeletal
severe tooth wear due conditions known as Temporomandibular Disorders
to bruxism (TMDs). Active bruxism can only be determined by
the use of diagnostic mouthguards (splints) or a
novel device known as the “BiteStrip” (Figure 22) that
can establish the frequency of bruxism.
Figure 22: The

BiteStrip device for
diagnosing active
bruxism (courtesy
of SLP)
chapter 5: Implant Protection & Maintenance • p 4 3
Can I still have implants if I am a bruxer?
Yes, you can still have implants if you are a bruxer. Your
dentist will modify the bite/design of your crown or
select a more shock-absorbing and repairable crown
material (e.g. ceramic composite system). By far, the
most effective way of protecting your implant-crown
is the use of dental mouthguards. Mouthguards are
only worn at night and day-time bruxism is managed
by habit and behaviour changes.
What kind of mouthguard should I get?
The type of mouthguards (splints) that you

should get is largely dependent on the number/.
location of your implants and severity of your.
bruxism. Soft mouthguards are not as durable
as hard splints made from acrylic and cannot
be easily adjusted. Mini splints such as the MCI
(MyoHealth Clenching Inhibitor) (Figures 23 and
24) are particularly useful for bruxers with posterior
implants. Dental splints are worn during sleep when
bruxism forces are at their greatest.
Figure 23: The MyoHealth Clenching Figure 24: The MCI inhibits the forces of
Inhibitor (MCI) clenching by up to 70%.
p 4 4 • chapter 5: Implant Protection & Maintenance
How do I take care of my implants?
Implants should be treated with care. They must be

kept clean and plaque free twice a day using a small
soft toothbrush and floss. Special attention should
be given to all sides of the implant. Cleaning after
meals is encouraged where practical. Other supplies
may be recommended by your dentist and includes
(a) anti-bacterial mouth rinses, (b) special floss with
foam coating, (c) special interdental brushes and
(d) plaque disclosing tablets. Careful maintenance
of your implants will ensure that they will serve you
well for years to come.
Do I need to get my implants checked by my

dentist on a regular basis?
You will need to visit your dentist at least twice a

year to have your implants, gum and jaws checked.
Actual frequency of maintenance visits is largely
dependent on your individual circumstance. The
implants and crowns will be examined and cleaned
with special instruments. X-rays are usually taken on
an annual basis to assess bone health and implant
stability. During such maintenance visits, daily care
procedures are also reinforced.
chapter 6: Complications
For me the implant process has been a little more

complicated than most but well worth the end result.
Although not without some discomfort during the initial stages,
I am so comfortable with my implant now that I can hardly
discern it from my real teeth, and would repeat the process
without question again should the need arise.
Fenella Dobson
TV Presenter/homemaker, New Zealand
p 4 6 • chapter 6: Complications
Implants are an established treatment modality with

a long history of clinical success. However, all medical
procedures have inherent risks and complications.
These are generally minor and manageable. They
include those related to:
1 the implants and
2 the artificial teeth that sit on the implants
1 Complications relating to the implants

• Breakdown in bone-implant junction
The fusion of the implant to bone is known as
osseointegration. Clinical studies have shed some
light on its success. Approximately 90% of fixtures
in the upper jaw, 95% in the front lower jaw and
90% in the back lower jaw are still in function after
10-15 years.
Loss of osseointegration may occur after implant
placement, crown placement or after years of usage.
The implants may become loose or unstable and
will need to be removed. The implant site will heal
within a period of three months after which a new
implant may be inserted.
• Inability to use the fixtures for prosthetic
rehabilitation. These implants may be left alone in
the bone without usage.
• Bone resorption may occur around the necks of
the fixtures. This may require additional bone
grafting procedures to rectify the situation.
• There may be a slight risk of permanent numbness
to the lips and chin, as well as injury to the teeth
adjacent to the implant.
There is a higher risk of complications in certain
individuals, for example, uncontrolled diabetics and
chapter 6: Complications • p 4 7
heavy smokers. Your dental surgeon will carefully plan

and discuss your concerns in detail with you.
2 Complications relating to the artificial teeth
• Chipped teeth
Like natural teeth, artificial teeth may undergo
wear and tear over the years. The material used
to make them include porcelain and acrylic. They
may chip or break. For screw-retained designs and
where the damage is relatively minor, the teeth
can be unscrewed and sent to the lab for repairs.
For cemented designs, the teeth will have to be
removed, a process which may destroy them. New
crowns will then have to be made.
• Loosening of screws
Depending on the design, there may be one to
two screws holding the artificial tooth to the
underlying implant. Although the screws are
tightened to specific torques to prevent loosening,
it is theoretically possible that they may loosen over
time if the load is excessive or if the tooth does
not fit well in the first place. Your dentist should
be able to retighten the screws. However, if it is
a cemented design, the overlying tooth may be
destroyed during removal and a new one will have
to be fabricated.
• Gum inflammation
It is important that you keep your implants clean.
Poor oral hygiene can cause the gums surrounding
the implant to become irritated, swollen and bleed
easily. In severe cases, it may even lead to loss of the
implant. Regular visits to your dentist is therefore
important.
chapter 7: Financial Considerations
The entire implant treatment was hassle-free and pain-free.

Had I known this earlier, I wouldn’t have made the
three-unit bridge on my upper front teeth ten years ago.
Maria Anita
homemaker, UK
chapter 7: Financial Considerations • p 4 9
Dental implants and their replacement teeth

provide
• Better chewing ability

• Improved appearance
• Greater self confidence and quality of life
• Increased durability
A relatively young person who replaces a missing

tooth or teeth with a fixed conventional bridge or
denture will expect to have to change it once every
five to ten years throughout his life as opposed to
implant-supported crowns which are essentially
permanent and need only minimal low-cost
maintenance.
A single-tooth implant and crown will initially cost

more than the fixed bridge but the difference is
equalized within several years. The lifetime cost of
an implant crown is therefore far less than either
a denture or a bridge. It is even more significant
considering the biologic costs of cutting down good
healthy adjacent teeth when making fixed bridges.
Patient Cost For Single-Tooth Replacements

The cost differential of a single-tooth dental implant and implant crown
versus a three-unit fixed bridge to replace a single missing tooth. 1
Cumulative Patient Investment
Initial Patient Investment
0 10 20 30
Years
Three-Unit Fixed Bridge Dental Implant and Implant Crown
1. Blackwell, R, Lowe, R, Morris, G, Priest, G Implant Economics, A Supplement to Dental Practice Report, September 2004.
p50 • Testimonials
The authors wish to thank all their patients

below for the privilege of managing their
treatment.
Finally, for the first time in my adult life, I am able to

eat meat.
Paul J, 60-year old cleft palate patient, Chicago, USA
I am 67 years old and have been wearing dentures for

many years. Recently I went through the treatment and
thanks to dental implants, I am once again able to enjoy
my food without the slightest pain.
Suharno Gunawan, retired, Jakarta, Indonesia
After life with a denture for around 15 years, the

decision to have implants was a difficult one. My own
experience with dentistry filled me with trepidation. I
am happy to report that the discomfort was kept to a
minimum and the treatment has been very successful.
The quality of life after implants is much greater and I
can highly recommend the procedure. I was kept well
informed before, during and after the procedure and
given the very best of care.
Mary B, business manager, Australia
For years I have had problems with ill-fitting dentures.

Dental implants have helped to improve the quality of
dentures and thus, have also improved the quality of
my life.
Mdm Chew A Y, retired, Singapore
After having my two teeth implanted with absolutely

no pain, I feel more self confident and comfortable to
eat anything now.
Herman Wong, businessman, Jakarta, Indonesia
Testimonials • p51
From start to finish, all concerns and details were

explained extremely clearly to me and my husband. I
never felt pressured to commit to anything I was unsure
of. I never felt any pain during the treatment. Ever since
it was completed, I have been very happy and to date
have not had any problems with the implant. I know
I can smile with confidence and I am so proud of my
two very straight front teeth!!!! Sure it was costly but
I tell people not to be put off by this and talk to the
dentist about payments. Teeth should be for life and I
wouldn’t want to be without mine.
Verna Gardiner, homemaker, Italy
My implants with the new teeth feel like my original

teeth but the new teeth look much better.
Andreas von Ankershoffen, retired, yacht owner and sailing
around the world, Germany
My surgeon and prosthodontist said that I had set

them a new challenge. Indeed I had. My implant
bridge was going to test their expertise to the limits! I
wasn’t disappointed – the results are fantastic and the
procedure completely pain-free!
Dorothy Docherty, homemaker, UK
I found implantation of the receptor, including its

bonding to the jaw bone, time consuming and the
associated temporary crown somewhat bothersome,
but the subsequent permanent implant crown was a
gem, i.e., well-fitted, level with adjacent molars, solid,
comfortable to chew on – and so much better looking
than its neighbours. Flossing after meals is still a must,
but that goes for my entire set of teeth. My implantation
was well worth the pain, time and expense.
T. Juul-Dam, Business Development, Indonesia
p52 • Testimonials
When my left lower bridge failed and the teeth.

required extraction, I was at first not contemplating
implants as replacements. This was simply due to
ignorance. I changed my mind after receiving detailed
explanations regarding the life-long benefits of implants.
I was very happy with the whole procedure and each
step was explained in detail. It was surprisingly much
less painful than I had anticipated. After the healing
period was over, the clinic handled the measurements
for the crowns and did an excellent job. I did not have
to return for any additional adjustments.
Let me reiterate that my implants have been perfect
and I have had no discomfort whatsoever. I can chew
any food I like and it is as if the implants are just.
like ordinary teeth. If I should need any teeth.
extractions in the future, I would not hesitate to insist
on an implant again.
Svend Hansen, retired, Florida, USA
Having worn dentures for over 20 years, I was

entreated by the possibility of leading a “denture-free”
life. Although there was some initial discomfort, the
results were beyond my highest expectations. The
appearance of my teeth has improved immeasurably
and I have rediscovered the joy of being able to eat
anything that I want without any concern at all. It is no
exaggeration to say that the quality of life has improved
significantly since I have undergone this process and I
would unreservedly and wholeheartedly recommend
this treatment.
David Skillen, shipping, UK
Pretty, painless & PERFECT!

C. C., student, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Powered by
• Do you have one or more teeth missing?
• Are you about to lose a tooth due to decay or trauma?
• Are you currently wearing a denture that is less than satisfactory?

Is it uncomfortable? Is it loose or painful when you eat or when
you speak? Or do you even wear it at all?
• Is your existing bridge starting to leak or show unsightly

margins? Is the colour less than ideal?
• Is your speech affected by the empty spaces left by the missing

teeth? Are your teeth starting to drift into the spaces? Is food
getting caught in between the teeth?
• Are you still thinking of what to do to replace the tooth or teeth

you lost some time ago?
If any of the above situations applies to you, you may be a candidate

for dental implants. In the last twenty five years, millions around the
world have significantly improved the quality of their lives after receiving
dental implants.
A man in his 60s was able to eat meat for the first time in his entire
adult life. A 19-yr old girl regained her self esteem after losing her
front tooth in a fall at a nightspot. A professional man in his 40s is no
longer embarrassed by his denture flying out of his mouth when he
spoke. Countless others started to enjoy eating and speaking better.
Their lives were changed… for the better.
Perhaps you too will benefit.
This book was written specifically for you. It will take you on a journey
of discovery and understanding through one of the most important
innovations in dentistry ever.
An IGXIST Design

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A Patient’s Guide to

A patient education project by

Today, millions of people across the world suffer from

The authors have counselled and treated thousands

You are encouraged to consult your own dental

A soft copy of this book is available for free

Dr Leong obtained his Bachelor of Dental Surgery

He has published in international refereed journals.

Dr Adrian Yap is the Clinical Director of The

dental and research training, Dr Yap also holds a

Dr Juliet Tay obtained her Bachelor of Dental Surgery

Following a two-year posting as a dental officer at.

Her clinical interests include dental implantology,

Dr Tay is a member of the Association of Oral and

Dr Winston Tan is a private practitioner with

He is a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Dr Winston Tan

Dr Tan has conducted many workshops and.

His current clinical work encompasses oral

Throw the dentures away. They are a pain in the

I have lost my teeth. Do I have to replace them?

The possible consequences include:

• Drifting of adjacent teeth and over-eruption of

• Difficulty in eating possibly resulting in

• Loss of youthful appearance

• Loss of lip support

• Difficulty in speaking especially if you have lost

• Bone loss in areas where teeth used to be..

What are my options for replacing the

There are three main options, namely:

• Implant-supported crowns or bridges

What are dentures?

Dentures are removable appliances with artificial

• Partial dentures – if you have lost some of your

• Complete dentures – if you have lost all your upper

They are made of wholly plastic or a combination of

Figure 2: A plastic lower

You need to remove the dentures daily for cleaning

Dentures need to be adjusted and relined.

What are bridges?

A bridge is essentially several artificial teeth joined

What are dental implants?

Dental implants are root-like structures made of

They can be used to replace as few as one tooth.

How do dental implants work?

Implants are artificial roots which are inserted into

Due to the extreme stability of the implants, the new

How many teeth can implants replace?

They can be used in all kinds of situations even if

• All the teeth

What is the track record of dental implants over

They have been scientifically tested and documented

What are the advantages of dental implant

It is an advanced treatment that most closely mimics

Implant-supported teeth will not move during

It minimizes bone loss.

It minimizes changes to adjacent healthy teeth.

It preserves facial contours and appearance.

Can you show me some examples of implant-

A 40-year old gentleman complained of eating

A 28-year old Caucasian lady fractured her front