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Genotype- the hereditary information of the organism is in the form of genes in the DNA and
remains the same throughout the life.
Phenotype- The characteristics of an organism which are visible are known as phenotypes.
Homozygous: You inherit the same version of the gene from each
parent, so you have two matching genes.
Heterozygous: You inherit a different version of a gene from each
parent
Dominant allele - A fully expressed allele ,produces a dominant
phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the allele, which can
come from just one parent.
Recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual
must have two copies, one from each parent.
Loci vs allele. Loci is the actual location of the gene on a region of a
chromosome. An allele is a different form of a gene at a particular
locus.
Sex-limited vs sex linked vs sex influenced. Sex-linked traits are
determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes. Sex-limited
traits are determined by genes located on autosomes and express
only in one sex. While these traits are responsible considerably for
sexual dimorphism, sex-influenced traits do not show distinctive
expression between women and men
In males, the gene for colour blindness is located in X-chromosome.
Colour blindness.called the sex-linked disease
Most of the genetic disorders are caused due to Mutation.
The thread-like structures, which appear inside the nucleus at the time of cell
division, are called Chromosomes.
Human being has 22 pairs of autosomes being

Polygenic inheritance; it involves multiple genes coding for a trait that falls within a wide
spectrum
Incomplete dominance; a phenotype at the middle of the spectrum is due to two alleles
producing an intermediate phenotype
Pink flowers in snapdragons from red and white parents is an example of incomplete
dominance
Codominance In which type of inheritance do both alleles express themselves equally in

the phenotype
Pleiotropy is the term for a single gene that affects multiple phenotypic traits
AB blood type is best exemplifies codominance in humans
Epistasis refers to: One gene masking the effect of another gene
In codominance, both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that
shows both traits distinctly.
Mitochondrial inheritance is a type of non-Mendelian inheritance that involves genes located

in the mitochondria.
incomplete dominance an example.
Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance in which the phenotype of the heterozygote is

intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes. A example is the pink flower
color in snapdragons, where the red flower allele and the white flower allele blend to produce
pink flowers in heterozygotes.
polygenic inheritance and example.
Polygenic inheritance is a pattern where multiple genes collectively influence a single trait. An
example is human skin color, which is determined by the interaction of several different genes.
"epistasis.- : Epistasis occurs when one gene affects or masks the expression of another gene.
For example, in Labrador retrievers, the coat color is determined by two different genes, where
one gene can mask the expression of the other.
mitochondrial inheritance and why is it considered non-Mendelian Mitochondrial

inheritance involves genes found in mitochondrial DNA, which are inherited only from the
mother. It is considered non-Mendelian because it does not follow Mendel's laws of inheritance,
such as the segregation and independent assortment that occur with nuclear genes.
"pleiotropy" and example. Pleiotropy is when a single gene influences multiple, seemingly
unrelated phenotypic traits. An example of pleiotropy is Marfan syndrome in humans, where a
mutation in the fibrillin-1 gene affects connective tissue, leading to various symptoms including
long limbs, heart problems, and eye issues.
Punnet Sample
In a species of birds, blue feathers (B) are incompletely dominant to the gene for white
feathers (b). Individuals that are heterozygous (Bb) have blue-tipped feathers.
A bird with blue-tipped feathers is crossed with a white bird.
What is the chance that the offspring will have blue feathers?
25%, 0%, 50%, 100%
1. In incomplete dominance, heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype, such

as blue-tipped feathers.
The blue-tipped parent's genotype is Bb and the white parent's genotype is bb,
so the cross for these parents is Bb x bb.
We can complete a Punnett square to find the possible offspring combinations.
If we complete the cross, we find that the possible offspring can be

either Bb or bb.
2. Bb offspring will have blue-tipped feathers, and bb offspring will have white
feathers.
In order to have blue feathers, the offspring's genotype must be BB. Because
this is not a possible genotype of this cross, 0/4 or 0% of the offspring can be
blue.
3. The correct answer is
0%
When white-coated cattle (W) are mated with red-coated cattle (R), the offspring are
roan (WR), meaning their coats contain both white and red hairs. This is an example of
codominance.
A farmer breeds two roan cattle with one another.
What is the chance that their offspring will be roan?
Choose 1 answer:
 0%
 75%
 25%
 100%
 50%
.
1/4 of the offspring will be white (WW), 1/4 of the offspring will be red (RR), and 2/4 of
the offspring will be roan (WR).
2/4 WR = 1/2 = 50%
1. In codominance, both traits are dominant and will be expressed equally if
present.
The cross for these parents is WR x WR.
We can complete a Punnett square to find the possible offspring combinations.
If we complete the cross, we find that the possible offspring can be WW, WR,
or RR.
2. 1/4 of the offspring will be white (WW), 1/4 of the offspring will be red (RR),
and 2/4 of the offspring will be roan (WR).
2/4 WR = 1/2 = 50%
3. The correct answer is
50%
 Environmental effects; human eye color is greatly affected by diet
Many characteristics, such as height, skin color, eye color, and risk of diseases, are
controlled by many factors. These factors may be genetic, environmental, or both.
 Some characteristics are polygenic, meaning that they’re controlled by a number
of different genes. In polygenic inheritance, traits often form a phenotypic
spectrum rather than falling into clear-cut categories.
 The correct answer is
Polygenic inheritance; it involves multiples genes coding for a trait that falls
within a wide spectrum

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Genotype- the hereditary information of the organism is in the form of genes in the DNA and

remains the same throughout the life.

In males, the gene for colour blindness is located in X-chromosome.

Colour blindness.called the sex-linked disease

Most of the genetic disorders are caused due to Mutation.

Human being has 22 pairs of autosomes being

Codominance In which type of inheritance do both alleles express themselves equally in

AB blood type is best exemplifies codominance in humans

Mitochondrial inheritance is a type of non-Mendelian inheritance that involves genes located

incomplete dominance an example.

Incomplete dominance is a type of inheritance in which the phenotype of the heterozygote is

polygenic inheritance and example.

mitochondrial inheritance and why is it considered non-Mendelian Mitochondrial

A bird with blue-tipped feathers is crossed with a white bird.

25%, 0%, 50%, 100%

1. In incomplete dominance, heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype, such

If we complete the cross, we find that the possible offspring can be

A farmer breeds two roan cattle with one another.

What is the chance that their offspring will be roan?

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