Cl

ass9

Ch6

I
ntextandexer
cisequest
ionandanswer
s

Page-
69

Q1.Whati
sat
issue?

Sol
uti
on:
Tissueisagroupofcel
l
sthatar
esi
mil
ari
nst
ruct
ureandar
eor
gani
sedt
oget
hert
o
per
for
m aspecif
ict
ask.

Q2.Whati
stheut
il
it
yoft
issuesi
nmul
ti
-cel
l
ularor
gani
sms?

Solution:Inunicel
lularorganisms, asinglecellperformsallthebasi cf uncti
onssuchas
respirati
on,mov ement ,excreti
on,digesti
on, etc.
Butinmul t
icellul
aror ganisms,cell
saregr ouped
toformt issues.Theset issuesarespeci ali
sedt ocarryoutapar t
icularfuncti
onatadef ini
te
placei nthebody .
Forexampl e,t
hemuscl ecellsform musculart i
ssueswhi chhelpinmov ement,
nervecel l
sformt hener voust i
ssuewhi chhel psintransmissionofmessages.Thi sisknownas
thediv i
sionoflabouri nmul ti
cell
ularorganisms. I
tisbecauseoft hisdi vi
sionoflabourthat
mul t
icell
ularorganismsar eabl etoper f
orm all f
uncti
onsef f
iciently
.

Page-
74

Q1.Namet
ypesofsi
mpl
eti
ssues.

Sol
ution:Si
mplepermanentt
issuesareofthr
eetypes:Par
enchyma,Col
lenchy
ma,and
Scl
erenchyma.Parenchy
matissueisoffur
thert
wot ypes–AerenchymaandChlor
enchy
ma.

Q2.Wher
eisapi
cal
mer
ist
em f
ound?

Sol
uti
on:Api
calmer
ist
em i
spr
esentatt
hegrowi
ngt
ipsofstemsandroot
s.Thei
rmai
nfunct
ion
i
stoini
ti
ategr
owthi
nnewcell
sofseedl
ings,
att
het
ipofroots,
andshoot
s.

Q3.Whi
cht
issuemakesupt
hehuskofcoconut
?

Sol
uti
on:
Thehuskofacoconuti
smadeupofscl
erenchy
mat
issue.

Q4.Whatar
etheconst
it
uent
sofphl
oem?

Sol
uti
on:
Phl
oem i
sthef
oodconduct
ingt
issuei
npl
ant
s.I
tismadeupoff
ourcomponent
s:
Si
evet
ubes

Compani
oncel
l
s

Phl
oem par
enchy
ma

Phl
oem f
ibr
es

Page-
78

Q1.Namet
het
issuer
esponsi
blef
ormov
ementi
nourbody
.

Sol
uti
on:
Themuscul
art
issuei
sresponsi
blef
ormov
ementi
nourbody
:

Q2.Whatdoesaneur
onl
ookl
i
ke?

Soluti
on:Aneuronconsistsofacellbodywi t
hanucl eusandcy toplasm.I thastwoi mport
ant
extensi
onsknownast heaxonanddendr ites.Anaxoni salongt hread-l
ikeextensionofnerve
cell
sthattr
ansmitsi
mpul sesawayf r
om thecellbody .
Dendri
tes,ont heot herhand,arethr
ead-
l
ikeextensi
onsofcellbodythatr
eceivener veimpulses.Thus,theaxont r
ansmitsimpulses
awayf r
om thecel
lbody,whereasthedendr i
terecei
v esnerveimpul ses.Thiscoordinat
ed
functi
onhelpsi
ntransmitti
ngimpulsesveryquickly
.

Dr
awi
t'
sst
ruct
urebyy
our
sel
f.

Q3.Gi
vet
hreef
eat
uresofcar
diacmuscl
es.

Sol
uti
on:
Thr
eef
eat
uresofcar
diacmuscl
esar
e:

1.
Car
diacmuscl
esar
einv
olunt
arymuscl
est
hatcont
ractr
api
dly
,butdonotgetf
ati
gued.

2.
Thecel
l
sofcar
diacmuscl
esar
ecy
li
ndr
ical
,br
anched,
anduni
-nucl
eat
e.

3.
Theycont
rol
thecont
ract
ionandr
elaxat
ionoft
hehear
t.

Q4.Whatar
ethef
unct
ionsofar
eol
art
issue?

Sol
uti
on:
Funct
ionsofar
eol
art
issue:

1.
Ithel
psi
nsuppor
ti
ngi
nter
nal
organs.

2.
Ithel
psi
nrepai
ri
ngt
het
issuesoft
heski
nandmuscl
es.

Exer
cise
Q1.Def
inet
het
erm‘
ti
ssue’
?

Solut
ion:
Thegr
oupofcell
ssimil
ari
nstruct
uret
hatwor
ktogethertoachi
eveapar
ti
cul
ar
funct
ionfor
msati
ssue.Thi
sgroupofcell
shasacommonorigin.

Q2.Howmanyt
ypesofel
ement
stoget
hermakeupt
hexy
lem t
issue?Namet
hem.

Sol
uti
on:Xyl
em i
sacompl
ext
issue.I
tismadeupoft
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ourki
ndsofcel
l
sor
el
ements:

Tr
achei
ds

Vessel
s

Xy
lem par
enchy
ma

Xy
lem f
ibr
es.

Q3.Howar
esi
mpl
eti
ssuesdi
ff
erentf
rom compl
ext
issuesi
npl
ant
s?

Sol
uti
on:
Simpl
et i
ssuesar
emadeupofonet
ypeofcel
lwhi
chcoor
dinat
est
oper
for
ma
commonfunct
ion.

Compl
ext
issuesaremadeupofmor
ethanonet
ypeofcel
l
.Al
lthesecoor
dinat
etoper
for
ma
commonf
unction.

Q4.
Dif
fer
ent
iat
ebet
weenpar
enchy
ma,
col
l
enchy
ma,
andscl
erenchy
maont
hebasi
soft
hei
rcel
l
wal
l.

Solut
ion:Thedi
ff
erencesbetweencel
lwal
l
sofpar
enchy
ma,
col
l
enchy
ma,
andscl
erenchy
ma
aregivenint
hefol
lowingtabl
e:

Par
enchy
ma. Col
l
enchy
ma. Scl
erenchy
ma

1.
Thecel
lwal
li
spr
imar
y 1.
Thecel
lwal
li
spr
imar
y. 1.
Thecel
lwal
li
ssecondar
y.

2.
Cel
l
shav
ethi
nwal
l
sand

ar
emadeupofcel
lulose. 2. Cel
lwall
sarethi
ckenedatt
hecor
ner
sduet
opr
otei
ndeposi
ti
on.
2.
Thecel
lwal
li
sverythickduetol
i
gnindeposit
ion.
Q5.Whatar
ethef
unct
ionsofSt
omat
a?

Soluti
on:Thesmal
lpor
espresenti
ntheepi
der
mi softhel
eafar
est
omat
a.St
omat
aar
e
enclosedbytwoki
dney
-shapedcel
lscal
l
edguardcell
s.

Funct
ionsofSt
omat
a:

1.
Exchangeofgases,
par
ti
cul
arl
yCO2andO2,
wit
hat
mospher
e.

2.
Lossofwat
eri
nthef
orm ofv
apourdur
ingt
ranspi
rat
ion.

Q6.Di
agr
ammat
ical
l
yshowt
hedi
ff
erencebet
weent
het
hreet
ypesofmuscl
efi
ber
s.

Sol
uti
on:
Dobyy
our
sel
f

St
rai
tedMuscl
e

Smoot
hMuscl
e

Car
diacMuscl
e

Q7.Whati
sthespeci
fi
cfunct
ionofcar
diacmuscl
e?

Sol
uti
on:Car
diacmusclesarei
nvol
unt
arymusclest
hatshowcharact
eri
sti
csofbot
hsmoot
h
andst
riat
edmuscles.Thesemuscl
esoccuri
nthewall
softheheart
.

Funct
ionsofCar
diacMuscl
es

Cardi
acmusclescontr
actandrel
axrapi
dly
, r
hyt
hmicall
yandt
ir
elessl
ythr
oughoutl
i
fe.They
contr
actendl
essl
yfrom ear
lyembry
onicstageunt
ildeat
h.

Thecont
ract
ionandr
elaxat
ionofhear
tmuscl
eshel
ptopumpanddi
str
ibut
ebl
oodt
ovar
ious
par
tsofbody.

Q8.Di
ffer
ent
iat
ebetweenst
ri
ated,
unst
riat
ed,
andcar
diacmuscl
esont
hebasi
soft
hei
r
st
ruct
ureandsit
e/l
ocat
ioni
nthebody.

Sol
uti
on:

Char
act
er.

St
rai
tedMuscl
es Unst
rai
tedMuscl
es Car
diacMuscl
es

Shapeofcel
l
s. 1.
Cel
l
sar
elongcy
li
ndr
ical
,non-
taper
ingandun-
branched

Nucl
eus 1.
Manynucl
ei(
mult
inucl
eat
ed)aresit
uatedtowardstheper
ipher
yofmuscl
efi
bre.
1.
Thecel
l
shaveonl
yonenucleus(uni
-nucl
eated)si
tuat
edinthecent
er.
 1.
Eachcel
lcont
ainsoneort
wonucl
eisi
tuat
edi
nthecent
er.

St
ri
ati
on 2.
Transv
erseal
ter
nat
eli
ghtanddar
kbandsar
epr
esent
.

2.
Str
iat
ionsorst
ri
psar
eabsent
.

2.
Cel
l
shav
efai
ntst
ri
ati
ons.

ModeofCont
ract
ion

3.
Vol
unt
arycont
ract
srapi
dlybutsoonunder
gof
ati
gue.

3.I
nvol
unt
ari
l
ynotatourwi
l
l.

3.
Cont
ractcompar
ati
vel
ysl
owbutdonotf
ati
gue.I
nvol
unt
ary
,rhy
thmi
cal
l
y

cont
ract
,andr
elaxt
hroughoutl
i
fewi
thoutf
ati
gueundernor
mal
condi
ti
ons.

Locat
ion 4.
Hands,
legs,
andot
herskel
etal
muscl
es.

4.
Stomachwal
l
,int
est
ine,
uret
er,
bronchi
,et
c.

4.
Presenti
nthehear
t.

Q9.Dr
awal
abel
l
eddi
agr
am ofaneur
on.

Sol
uti
on:
dobyy
our
sel
f

Q10.
Namet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Tissuet
hatf or
msi nnerli
ningofourmout h.
Tissuet hatconnect
smuscletobonein
humans.Tissuethattransport
sfoodinplants.Tissuethatst
oresfati
nourbody.
Connect
ive
ti
ssuewithaf l
uidmat ri
x.Ti
ssuepresenti
nbr ain.

Sol
uti
on:

Squamousepi
thel
i
umTendonPhl
oemAdi
poset
issueBl
oodNer
voust
issue.

Q11.I
dent
if
ythet
ypeoft
issuei
nthef
oll
owi
ng:

Ski
n,bar
koft
ree,
bone,
li
ningofki
dneyt
ubul
e,v
ascul
arbundl
e.

Sol
uti
on:

Ski
n–St
rat
if
iedSquamousepi
thel
i
um

Bar
koft
ree–Cor
kpr
otect
ivet
issue

Bone–Connect
ivet
issue
Li
ningofki
dneyt
ubul
e–Cuboi
dal
epi
thel
i
um (
Cuboi
dal
epi
thel
i
alt
issue)

Vascul
arbundl
e–Compl
exper
manentt
issue(
Xyl
em andPhl
oem)

Q12.Namet
her
egi
onsi
nwhi
chpar
enchy
mat
issuei
spr
esent
.

Sol
ution:
Parenchy
mai sasi mpl
epermanentti
ssueofangiosper
micpl
ants.I
tispr
esentint
he
cor
texandpithofthestem androot
s.I
tisal
sopresentinmesophyl
lofl
eaves.Whenitcont
ains
chl
orophyl
l,
iti
scalledChl
orenchyma,f
oundingreenleaves.

Q13.Whati
sther
oleofepi
der
misi
npl
ant
s?

Soluti
on: Epidermisisapr otecti
vet i
ssueofangiospermicplants.I
tprovi
despr ot
ecti
onsto
underlyi
ngt issues.Theepi dermisformstheout ercoveri
ngofv ari
ousplantorganssuchas
roots,stems, leaves,andflowersandr emainsindirectcontactwit
htheenv i
ronment.Any
substancewhet hersolid,l
iquid,
orgascanent erintotheplantormov eoutsi
deonl yaf
ter
passingt hroughthislay er
.Theepi dermi
shelpsi nabsorpt
ion,secret
ion,
gaseousexchangeand
transpir
ation.Ithelpsinprev ent
ingtheentr
yofpat hogens.

Q14.
Howdoest
hecor
kactasapr
otect
ivet
issue?

Solut
ion:Thecorkcell
saredeadcell
sanddonothav eanyi nter
cell
ularspaces.Thecel
lwall
of
thecorkcell
siscoatedwithsuber
in(awaxysubst ance).Suberi
nmakest hesecel
ls
i
mper meabletowaterandgases.Corkisprotect
iveinfunction;
itprotect
sunderlyi
ngti
ssues
from desi
ccati
on,i
nfect
ion,andmechanical
injur
y.

Q15.

Sol
uti
on:
(A)
Par
enchy
ma,
(B)
Scl
erenchy
ma,
(C)
Phl
oem.