BI

O213I
NVERTEBRATES

SUMMARY

Member s oft
he kingdom Animali
a ar
e eukar
yot
ic,mul
ticel
l
ular
, het
erotr
ophi
c
organi
sms.Allani
mal -
li
keorgani
smscanbecl assif
iedi
ntotwomai ngroupsi.
e
vert
ebrat
esandinv
ertebrat
es.

VERTEBRATESar
eani
mal
swi
thbackbone.

INVERTEBRATES areanimal sthatl

ackabackbone.Buthav
eot
hermeansof
suppor
ti
ngthei
rint
ernal
tissues.

I
nver
tebr
atesar
egr
oupedi
ntot
wol
owerandhi
gheri
nver
tebr
ates.

Loweri
nver
tebr
ates

- Ar
ethosewi
thoutspeci
fi
cor
gans.

- Spongeshav
ethesi
mpl
estsuppor
tsy
stem.

- Manymember
shav
epr
otei
nfi
brescal
l
edspi
cul
es.

- Thespi
cul
esar
emadeupofspongen

- Thespi
cul
espr
ovi
desr
igi
dit
y

- Anemones and j
ell
yfi
sh mai
ntai
ns t
hei
rbody shape wi
thi
nter
nalwat
er
pr
essur
e.

Hi
gheri
nver
tebr
ates

Ar
einvert
ebr
atest
hathav
eext
ernalori
nter
nalskel
etont
osuppor
tthei
rint
ernal
or
gans.

Bi
ologi
cal
classi
fi
cat
ioni
sthepr
ocessbywhi
chsci
ent
ist
sgr
oupl
i
vingor
gani
sms.

Ther
e aretwo mai
nty
pes ofcl
assi
fi
cat
ion namel
yi.Ar
ti
fi
cialand i
i
.Nat
ural
cl
assi
fi
cat
ion

i
. Art
if
ici
alclassi
fi
cati
on:Isbased on easi
l
yobser
vabl
e char
act
eri
sti
cs.E.
g
col
our,modeoflocomoti
onandhabit
at.

i
i
. Naturalcl
assi
fi
cat
ion:I
sbasedonev
olut
ionar
yrel
ati
onshi
pandancest
ryand
descent.

i
i
i. Phenet
ic classi
fi
cat
ion: I
s based on mor phol
ogical
, cy
tol
ogi
cal and
bi
ochemical
simil
ari
ti
esanddif
fer
encesbet
weenorgani
sms.

Binomialnomencl
atur
ei sthe f
ormalnaming syst
em forl
iv
ing t
hings t
hatal
l
scient
ist
suse.I
tgi
vesever
yspeci
esatwo-par
tsci
enti
fi
cname.
1
Biol
ogi
calnomenclat
ureis based on bi
nomialsy
stem i
ntr
oduced byCarlVon
Li
nnaeus(1707-
1777)wher
eHegav et wolat
innamestoeachorgani
sm i
.egener
ic
andspeci
fi
cnames.

Gener
icnamebegi
nswithanupper
caseal
phabetwhi
l
ethespeci
fi
cnamebegi
ns
wit
hthel
owercl
assal
phabet
.

Ani
mal
sar
enamedbasedonl
.C.
Z.Ni
nter
nat
ional
codeofzool
ogi
cal
nomencl
atur
e.

Themaj ortaxa/
classemploy
edinclassi
fyi
ngani
mal
sar
e1.Ki
ngdom 2.Phy
lum 3.
Class4.Order5.Famil
y6.Genus7.Speci
es

Note:bef
orether
eareonlytwoki
ngdomsi
.eAni
mal
i
aandpl
ant
aebutcur
rent
lyt
her
e
ar
ef i
vekingdomsrecogni
zednamel
y:

1.Pr
okar
yot
ae

2.Pr
otoct
ist
a

3.Fungi

4.Pl
ant
ae

5.Ani
mal
i
a.

The lower i
nver
tebr
ates ar
e 1. Pr
otozoans 2. Por
if
erans 3. Cni
dar
ian 4.
Pl
aty
helmint
hes5.Nematodes

Thehi
gheri
nver
tebr
atesar
e:

1.Mol
l
uscs

2.Annel
i
ds

3.Echi
noder
ms

4.Ar
thr
opods

Invert
ebratesclassi
fi
cat
ioni
sbasedonacol l
ect
ionofmorphologi
calandli
fecycle
charactersthatshow degreesofrel
atednessbetween t
axa.Themor phologi
cal
featur
esincludes

i
. Pr
esenceorabsenceofbodyl
ayer
s.

- pr
imi
ti
vei
nver
tebr
ateshav
etwobodyl
ayer
s

- i
.eect
oder
m andendoder
m

- ect
oder
mist
heout
erl
ayerwhi
l
eendoder
mist
hei
nnerl
ayer

- ect
oder
mfor
mst
heout
erski
nandt
hener
voussy
stem

2
 - endoder
mfor
mst
hegutl
i
ning

- advancedi
nvert
ebrat
eshav
eat
hir
dlay
er(mesoder
m)whi
chf
ormsmuscl
es
andorgant
issues

i
i
. Basi
cbodysy
mmet
ry

- si
mpl
esti
sasy
mmet
ri
cal

- spongesar
emost
lyr
adi
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- f
ewoft
hem ar
eassy
met
ri
cal

- j
ell
yfi
sh,
hydr
aandanemonesar
eradi
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- commonamongani
mal
isbi
l
ater
alsy
mmet
ry

- humansar
ebi
l
ater
alani
mal
s

i
i
i. Ty
peofbodycav
ity

- Pr
imi
ti
veani
mal
lackacav
ity

- Adv
ancedani
mal
possessedacav
ity

- Ani
mal
swi
thcompl
etel
yli
nedcav
ityar
eeucoel
omat
es.

E.
gear
thwor
m,snai
l
s,st
arf
ishandhumans

- Ani
mal
swi
thi
ncompl
etel
i
nedcav
ityapsedocoel
omat
e

E.
groundwor
msandr
oti
fer
s

- Ani
mal
swi
thoutl
i
necav
ityar
eacoel
omat
e

E.
gjel
l
yfi
shandf
lat
wor
ms

I
nver
tebratesaredevi
dedi
ntof
ourgr
oupsbasedont
hei
rcel
l
ularcomposi
ti
onand
or
ganizat
ion,namel
y:

1.Protozoa
2.Mesozoa
3.Parazoa
4.Metazoa

1. Pr
otozoans

Char
act
eri
sti
csofpr
otozoan

- Ani
mal
-l
i
ke

3
 - Mi
croscopi
c

- Uni
cel
l
ular

- Si
mpl
eandpr
imi
ti
ve

- Occuri
nwat
eryormoi
stenv
ironment

- Foundi
nseaandf
reshwat
er

- Repr
oducedasexual
l
ybybi
nar
yfi
ssi
one.
gamoeba

- Cosmopol
i
tan(di
str
ibut
edwor
ldwi
de)

- Pr
otopl
asmi
clev
elofor
gani
zat
ion

- Possessedcy
topl
asm cal
l
edor
ganel
l
ese.
gci
l
ia,
flaggel
aandpsedopodi
a

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofpr
otozoans

They ar
e divi
ded i
ntof
oursub-
phy
la based on t
hei
ror
ganel
l
es and mode of
l
ocomotion.

a.Phy
lum r
hizopodab.Api
compl
exac.Sar
comast
igophor
ad.Ci
l
iophor
a

a. Phy
lum Rhi
zopoda

- Uni
nucl
eat

- Lackchr
omat
ophor
es

- Possessedpsedopodi
a(f
alsef
eet
)

- Thepsedopodi
aisusedf
orl
ocomot
ion

- Nodef
ini
teshapeduet
otheabsenceofr
igi
dpel
l
icl
e

- Repr
oducedasexual
l
ybybi
nar
yfi
ssi
on

e.
gAr
cel
l
a,Amoeba,
Ent
amoeba

b. Phy
lum Api
compl
exa

- Uni
nucl
eat

- Par
asi
ti
c

- Possessedpsedopodi
a
4
 - Possessedanapi
cal
compl
ex

- Lackext
ernal
locomot
oryor
ganel
l
es

- Economi
cal
l
yimpor
tant

- Causesdi
seasei
nhuman

e.
g pl
asmodi
um causesmal
ari
a

c. Phy
lum Sar
comast
igophor
a

- Deri
vedfr
om sarcodi
na(anol
dter
mforamoeba)andmast
igophor
a(andol
d
ter
mf orf
lagal
l
etes)

- bel
ongst
otheki
ngdom pr
oti
st

- somemember
sar
euni
cel
l
ular

- somear
ecol
oni
al

- somear
eaut
otr
ophi
c

- somehet
erot
rophi
c

- t
womai
nsub-
phy
laar
ephy
tomast
igophor
aandzoomast
igophor
a

Cl
assphy
tomast
igophor
a

- Fl
agel
l
ates

- Pl
ant
-l
ike

- Aut
otr
ophi
c

- Possessedchl
orophy
ll

- Most
lyhol
ophy
tic(
phot
osy
nthet
ic)

e.
gVol
vox,
Eugl
ena,
chl
amy
domonas

Cl
asszoomast
igophor
a

- Ani
mal
-l
i
ke

- Hol
ozoi
c(het
erot
rophi
c)

- Somepar
asi
ti
c

- Sexual
repr
oduct
ioni
nfewgr
oups

- Possessedoneormor
efl
agal
l
a
5
 - t
heyar
eamoeboi
dfor
ms

e.
gMast
igamoeba,
try
panosoma

Phy
lum Ci
li
ophor
a

- Theyar
eal
socal
l
edci
l
iat
es

- Possessedt
wonucl
ei

- Possessedmanyci
l
ia

- Ci
l
iai
sshor
tercompar
edt
ofl
agel
l
a

- Theci
l
iai
susedf
orl
ocomot
ion

- Fr
ee-
li
vi
ng

- Pr
edat
ors-e.
gpar
ameci
um,
bal
ant
idi
um

2. Char
act
eri
sti
csofMesozoa

- Bi
l
ater
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- Noor
gansort
issues

- Noi
nter
nal
cav
ity

- Nodi
gest
ivet
ract

- Noner
voussy
stem

- Possessedt
wocel
ll
ayer
s

- Repr
oducesexual
l
yandasexual
l
y

- Der
ivedi
ntot
womai
ngr
oupsi
.er
hombozoaandor
thonect
ida

Rhombozoa

- Al
socal
l
eddi
cyemi
da

- Par
asi
teofcephal
opods

- Li
vei
nani
mal
kidney

- Compl
i
cat
edl
i
fecy
cle

Or
thonect
ida

6
 - Par
asi
teofmar
inei
nver
tebr
ates

- i
.epl
aty
hel
mint
hes,
echi
noder
ms,
mol
l
uscsandannel
i
ds

3. Char
act
eri
sti
csofpar
azoa

- Theyar
eancest
ral
sub-
Kingdom ofAni
mal
i
a

- Li
ter
all
ytr
ansl
atedasbesi
desani
mal

- Spongesar
etheonl
ysur
viv
ingpar
azoawhi
chbel
ongst
othephy
lum por
if
era

- Asy
mmet
ri
cal

Char
act
eri
sti
csofpor
if
erans

- Der
ivedf
rom por
us(
por
e)andf
ere(t
obear)

- Commonl
yknownassponges

- Most
lymar
ine

- Fewf
reshwat
er

- Her
maphr
odi
te

- Si
mpl
estandpr
imi
ti
vemul
ti
cel
l
ularor
gani
sms

- Repr
oduceasexual
l
yandsexual
l
y

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofpor
if
erans

Cl
asscal
car
ea

- Spongeswi
thskel
eton

- Wi
thl
argechoanocy
te

e.
gleucosl
eni
a,sy
con

Cl
assHexact
inel
ida

- Spongeswi
thsi
l
iceous

- Si
xray
edspi
cul
es

- Smal
lchoanocy
te

- Lackj
ell
y

- Adeepseagr
oup

e.
geupl
ect
ell
a,hy
alonema
7
Cl
assdemospongi
ae

- Lackskel
eton

- Nosi
x-r
ayedspi
cul
es

- Possessedj
ell
y

- Smal
lchoanocy
te

e.
gspongi
l
la,
oscar
ell
a

Cl
assscl
erospongi
ae

- Si
mil
art
odemospongi
ae

- Foundi
nassoci
ati
onwi
thcor
alr
eef
s

- Smal
ll
euconoi
dofmar
inesponges

4. Char
act
eri
sti
csofmet
azoa

- Mul
ti
cel
l
ular

- Nochoanocy
te

- Endoder
m cel
l
sli
net
hei
rbodycav
ity

- Twogr
adeofor
gani
zat
ion

- i
.edi
plobl
ast
icandt
ri
plobl
ast
ic

- Indipl
oblast
ic,t
hebodywal
liscomposedoft
wol
ayer
si.
eect
oder
m and
endoderm

- Int
ri
plobl
ast
ict
her
ethi
rdl
ayerwhi
chi
sthemesoder
m bet
weent
heect
oder
m
andendoder
m

- Themesoder
mfor
msmostoft
hebody
.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofcni
dar
ia(coel
ent
rat
e)

- Di
plobl
ast
ic

- Ti
ssuel
evel
ofor
gani
zat
ion

- Radi
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- Lackananus

- Most
lymar
ine

- Mout
hsur
roundedbyt
ent
acl
es
8
 - Repr
oduceasexual
l
ybybuddi
nge.
ghy
dra

- Fr
eeswi
mmi
ng

e.
ghy
dra,
jel
l
yfi
sh,
cor
als

Hy
dra

- Af
reshwat
ercni
dar
ian

- Lackbot
hmedusaandpl
anul
ast
ages

- Repr
oduceasexual
l
ybybuddi
ng

- Mal
eindi
vi
dual
spr
oducessper
mar
ies

- Femal
epr
oducesov
ari
es

- Eggsandsper
m ar
eli
ber
atedi
ntot
hewat
ercol
umn

- Fer
ti
li
sat
ionr
esul
tsi
nazy
got
e

- andanewpol
ypdev
elops

Phy
lum Pl
aty
hel
mint
hes(f
lat
wor
ms)

- Tr
ipl
obl
ast
ic

- Bi
l
ater
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- Or
ganl
evel
ofor
gani
zat
ion

- Acoel
omat
e

- Ful
l
ydev
elopedmesoder
m

- Respi
rebydi
ff
usi
on

- Most
lyf
reshwat
erspeci
es

- Foundi
npondsandl
akes.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofpl
aty
hel
mint
hes

i
. Tubel
lar
ia

- Fr
ee-
li
vi
ngf
lat
wor
ms

- Theygener
atel
ostbodypar
ts

- Noci
rcul
ator
yoranexcr
etor
ysy
stem
9
 - Possessedci
l
ia

- Theyusedci
l
iai
nmov
ement

- Cl
assi
fi
edbasedonshapeandgut

- Repr
oduceasexual
l
ybyf
issi
on

i
i
. Monogenea

- Most
lyect
opar
asi
tei
ffi
sh,
tur
tl
esandamphi
bians

- Fewendopar
asi
te

- Si
mpl
eli
fecy
cle

- Onl
yonehost

- Possessedhookedat
tachmentst
ruct
ures

- Thel
argest
ruct
urei
scal
l
edr
apt
or

- e.
gpol
yst
omas.
p,di
plozoon

i
i
i. Tr
emat
oda(f
lukes)

- Cont
ainst
wosub-
classesi
.edi
geneaandadpi
dogast
rea

- Tr
emat
odesar
epar
asi
teofmol
l
uscsandv
ert
ebr
ates

- Theyi
nfectmol
l
uscsast
hef
ir
sthosti
nthel
i
fecy
cle

- Monoeci
ous

- Repr
oducesexual
l
yandasexual
l
y

- Di
geneaconst
it
utesmaj
ori
tyoft
remat
odes

A.Cl
assDi
genea

- Endopar
asi
teofal
lver
tebr
ates

- Sucker
sar
eusual
l
ytwo

- Or
alandv
ent
ral
sucker
s

- Const
it
utesmaj
ori
tyoft
remat
odes

- Hav
etwoormor
ehosti
nthei
rli
fecy
cle

e.
gfasci
olahepat
ica,
fasci
olagi
gant
ic

Cl
assAspi
dogast
rea

10
 - Par
asi
teofpl
aty
hel
mint
hes

- Ar
eal
laquat
ic

- Hav
eindi
rectl
i
fecy
cle

- Mor
ethanonehostspeci
es

- Si
mpl
eli
fecy
clet
handi
genea

i
v. Cest
oda(t
apewor
m)

Gener
alchar
act
eri
sti
csofcest
oda

- Commonl
ycal
l
edt
apewor
m

- Unsegment
edbodyr
oughl
yor
ali
nshape

- Onl
yonesetofr
epr
oduct
iveor
gan

- Di
vi
dedi
ntocest
odar
iaandeucest
oda

- Her
maphr
odi
ti
c

- Lackadi
gest
ivet
ract
,

- Donothav
eabodycav
ity
.

- Theyhav
eaheadwi
thsucker
s(somet
imeshooksaswel
l
).

Phy
sicalchar
act
eri
sti
csofcest
oda

- Commonl
yknownast
apewor
m

- Endopar
asi
te

- Tape-
li
keandsegment
edbody

- Noci
l
ia

- Nomout
h

- Nodi
gest
ivet
ract

Cl
asscest
odar
ia

- Cont
ainsf
ewspeci
esofwor
ms

- Unsegment
edbodyr
oughl
yor
ali
nshape

- Onl
yonesetofr
epr
oduct
iveor
gan

- Hasl
arv
awi
th10hooks

- Usest
hehooksf
orat
tachment

11
Cl
asseucest
oda

- Thel
arv
ahas6at
tachmenthooks

- Noey
es

- Nomout
h

- her
maphr
odi
ti
c

- t
heyl
i
vei
ndar
kness

Phy
lum Nemat
oda(r
oundwor
ms)

- Al
socal
l
edr
oundwor
ms

- Tr
ipl
obl
ast
ic

- Bi
l
ater
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- Ti
ssuel
evel
ofor
gani
zat
ion

- Cy
li
ndr
ical
inshape.

- Fr
ee-
li
vi
ngorpar
asi
ti
c

- Theyr
epr
oducesexual
l
y..
..

- Theyhav
eaner
voussy
stem.

- Theyar
epar
asi
tesofbot
hpl
ant
sandani
mal
s

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofNemat
odes

Cl
assPhasmi
diaorSecer
nent
ea

- Most
lypar
asi
ti
c.

- Causal
glandsabsent

- Pl
asmi
dspr
esent
.

- Mal
eshav
etwospi
cul
es

e.
g,Ascar
is,
Ent
erobi
us

Cl
assAphasmi
diaorAdenophor
ea

- Fr
ee-
li
vi
ngor
gani
sms.

- Caudal
glandsar
epr
esent
.

- Phasmi
dsar
eabsent
.

12
 - Mal
eshav
eonespi
cul
es

- eg.
,Capi
l
lar
ia,
Tri
chi
nel
l
a

Economi
cimpor
tanceofNemat
odes

- Theyar
epr
edat
ors

- Theydecomposeor
gani
cmat
ter

- Recy
clemi
ner
alsandot
hernut
ri
ent
sint
hesoi
l

- Cont
rol
ofv
ari
ouspestori
nsectt
hataf
fect
shuman.

Phy
lum Annel
ids

- Tr
ipl
obl
ast
ic.

- Bi
l
ater
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- Or
ganl
evel
ofor
gani
zat
ion

- Longandsegment
edbody

- Bodyi
scov
eredwi
that
hincut
icl
e.

- Coel
omat
e

- Excr
etet
hroughnepher
idi
a

- Vent
ral
ner
vecode

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofAnnel
ids

Cl
assol
i
gochaet
a(ear
thwor
m)

- Absenceofpar
apodi
a

- Cl
i
tel
l
um pr
esent

- Fewset
ae

- Lacksucker
s

- Lackey
es

- Foundi
nter
rest
ri
alorf
reshwat
er

Cl
asspol
ychaet
a
13
 - pol
ychaet
ameansmanybr
ist
les

- par
apodi
apr
esent

- Nocl
i
ttel
um

- manyset
ae

- hasspeci
ali
sedey
es

- most
lymar
ine

- di
oeci
ous(sexesar
esepar
ate)

Cl
assl
eeches(hi
rudi
nea)

- knownast
hel
eeches

- Lackset
ae

- Lackchaet
ae

- Lackadi
sti
ncthead

- Her
maphr
odi
te

- Ect
opar
asi
teonv
ert
ebr
ates

- Somear
efr
ee-
li
vi
ngpr
edat
ors

Economi
cimpor
tanceofAnnel
ids

- Ear
thwor
msandr
agwor
msar
eusedasf
ishbai
t.

- Ragwor
msar
eusedasf
oodsour
cei
naquacul
tur
e

- Ser
veasf
oodf
orhuman

- Fewar
eect
opar
asi
te

- Aquat
icol
i
gochaet
esar
efoodf
orf
ish.

Phy
lum Mol
l
uscs

- Tr
ipl
obl
ast
ic

- Bi
l
ater
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- Or
gangr
adeofor
gani
zat
ion

- Sof
tandunsegment
edbody

14
 - Foundi
nfr
eshandsal
twat
er

- Compl
etedi
gest
ivet
ract

- Anopenci
rcul
ator
ysy
stem

Char
act
eri
sedbasedonf
oot
,mant
le,
shel
l
,radul
aandr
espi
rat
oryor
gans

Cl
asschi
tons(pol
ypl
acomor
pha)

- knownaschi
tons

- mar
ine

- bi
l
ater
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- el
ongat
edorov
ali
nshape

- dor
sov
ent
ral
l
yfl
att
ened

Cl
assgast
ropoda(snai
l
s,sl
ugsandl
i
mpet
)

- Repr
esent
slar
gestcl
assofmol
l
uscs

- Muscul
arf
oot

- Thef
ooti
susedf
orcr
eepi
ng

- Feedonpl
ant
sandsmal
li
nsect
s

- St
rongheadt
hatconsi
stofey
e

Cl
assBi
val
vaOy
ster
s,cl
amsandmussel
s)

- Thehear
thast
hreechamber
s

- Possessedt
woaur
icl
es

- Char
act
eri
zedbypossessi
ngt
woshel
l
s

- Feedonphy
topl
ankt
on

- Foundi
nmostpar
toft
heoceans

Cl
assCephal
opoda(squi
ds,
oct
opusandnaut
il
s)

- Bi
l
ater
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- Thet
erm chephal
podmeansheadf
oot

- Thef
ooti
smodi
fi
edast
ent
acl
es

- Possessedmant
le

15
 - I
tpr
otect
sthei
ror
gans

I
mpor
tanceofMol
luscst
ohuman

i
. ser
veasf
oode.
gcl
amsandmussel
s

i
i
. t
hegast
ropodsal
soser
veasf
oodi
ndi
ff
erentpar
tsofAf
ri
ca.

i
i
i. Asbai
ts:
muscl
esofsomemol
l
uscsi
susedasbai
tforf
ishi
ng.

i
v. Woundheal
i
ng:
squi
dpencanbeusedi
nwoundheal
i
ng

v
. Aspest
s:snai
l
sandsl
ugsar
ecr
oppest

v
i. Actaspar
asi
teoff
ish

v
ii
. asconsumer
sofwood

v
ii
i. usedi
nmaki
ngj
ewel
ry

i
x. pr
oduct
ionofbot
toms

x. pr
oduct
ionoft
yri
anpur
ple

xi
. pr
oduct
ionofpear
ls

Phy
lum Ar
thr
opoda

- j
oint
edappendages

- segment
edbody

- compoundey
es

- bi
l
ater
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- hav
eanexoskel
eton

- v
ent
ral
ner
vecode

- dor
sal
bloodv
essel

- anopenci
rcul
ator
ysy
stem

Exoskel
etonofar
thr
opod

- I
t'
smadeupofchi
ti
nandpr
otei
n

- Theskel
etonf
unct
ionst
opr
ovi
depl
acesf
ormuscl
esat
tachment

- I
tpr
ovi
despr
otect
ionagai
nstpr
edat
ion

- Chi
ti
nar
echemi
cal
l
ysi
mil
art
ocel
l
ulose
16
 - Theexoskel
etonar
efl
exi
ble

- Theexoskel
etoni
stoughi
ncr
ust
aceans

- Theexoskel
etoncov
eredt
hebodyofar
thr
opods

- Theexoskel
etonpr
otect
sar
thr
opodsf
rom l
ossofwat
er.

Commer
cialusesofchi
ti
n

- Usedt
omanuf
act
ureasubst
it
utef
orpl
ast
icwr
ap

- Usedi
nmaki
ngf
abr
ics

- Usedasf
oodaddi
cti
vet
oreducecal
ori
candchol
est
eroneupt
ake

- Canbeusedt
omakebi
odegr
adabl
ecapsul

- Remov
aloft
oxi
cor
gani
candi
nor
gani
ccompounds.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofar
thr
opods

Sub-
phyl
um t
ri
lobi
tomor
pha(pr
imi
ti
vear
thr
opods)

- Tr
il
obi
tesar
eal
lfossi
l
s

- Ext
inctf
or200mi
l
li
onsy
ear
s

- Mar
ine

- Var
iet
yofni
ches

e.
gol
enuset
c

Sub-
phy
lum chel
icer
ata

- Thesei
ncl
udespi
der
s,mi
tesandt
icks

- Pai
rofpedi
pal
ps

- Whi
char
ejoi
ntedappendages

- Wi
thsensor
yrepr
oduct
iveor
gans

Cl
assar
achni
da(scor
pions,
spi
der
sandt
icks)

-Noant
ennae,
claws,
orwi
ngs,

butinstead hav
e mandibl
es :st
ructur
es forbiti
ng and chewi
ng pr
ey.Ei
ght
appendages.Afusedheadandt
hor
ax,cal
ledacephal
othor
ax.

- Sub-
phy
lum cr
ust
acea

- Hav
ewat
erf
leas

17
 - Twopai
rsofpr
e-or
alandhenna

- Cl
awedappendages

- Foundi
nmar
ineandf
reshwat
er

- Somef
oundi
nmoi
stt
err
est
ri
alhabi
tat

Economi
cimpor
tanceofcr
ust
aceans

- Ser
veaspestorpar
asi
te

- Hel
pcont
rol
unwant
edaquat
icv
eget
ati
on

- Goodenv
ironment
ali
ndi
cat
orsf
ormet
als

- I
nfectandsucksbl
oodf
rom t
heski
n

Sub-
phy
lum uni
rami
a

- Cont
ainsmi
l
li
pedes,
cent
ipedesandi
nsect

- Mostspeci
esr
ichi
ntheani
mal
kingdom

- Cont
ainsmor
ethanmi
l
li
onspeci
es

- Onepai
rofant
enna

- Twopai
rsofmout
hpar
t.

Phy
lum oni
chophor
a(v
elv
etwor
ms)

- Theyar
eter
rest
ri
al

- Cat
api
l
larl
i
keani
mal

- Possessedcombi
nat
ionof
art
hropodaandannel
i
ds

- Li
vi
ngf
ossi
l
s

- Occuri
ndampf
orest

- Av
oidl
i
ght

- Foundi
nAust
ral
i
a

Char
act
eri
sti
csofmy
riapodusar
thr
opods

- Ter
rest
ri
al

- Onepai
rofant
enna

18
 - Sexesar
esepar
ate

- Respi
ret
hrought
rachea

- Excr
eti
oni
sbymal
phi
giant
ubul
es.

Cl
assesofMy
riapoda

Cl
assdi
plopoda
- Commonl
yknownasmi
l
li
pedes

- 2pai
rsofl
egs

- Noappendagesont
hef
ir
stt
runk

- Her
biv
ores

- Theykeepawayf
rom l
i
ght
.

Cl
asschi
lopoda

- Knownascent
ipedes

- Car
niv
orous

- Fastmov
ing

- Cut
icl
eisel
ast
ic

- Theydonotcoi
l

Cl
asssy
mphy
la

- Lesst
han8mm l
ong

- Si
mil
art
ocent
ipedes

- Bl
i
nd

- Her
biv
ores

- Si
ngl
epai
rofl
egs

Cl
asspaur
opoda

- Lesst
han2mm l
ong

- Li
vei
nthesamehabi
tatasmi
l
li
pedes

- Feedonf
ungal

19
 - Si
mil
art
omi
l
li
pedes

- Nohear
t

Cl
assi
nsect
s

- Pr
esenceofhead,
thor
axandabdomen

- 3pai
rofl
egs

- 2pai
rsofwi
ngs

- Somear
epl
antf
eedi
ng

- Economi
cal
l
yimpor
tance

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofi
nsect
s

1. Apt
ery
got
a

- Pr
imi
ti
vewi
ngl
ess

- Smal
lappendages

- Nol
ocomot
oryor
gans

- Nomet
amor
phosi
s

- Mout
hpar
tsar
epar
ti
all
yencl
osed

2. Pt
ery
got
a

- Wi
ngi
nsect

- Nomet
amor
phosi
s

- Noappendages

- Wi
ngsdev
elopi
nter
nal
l
y

- Mout
hpar
tspr
oducef
rom t
hehead.

Thesuccessofi
nsect

- Possessi
onofsmal
lsi
ze

- Abi
l
ityt
ofl
y

- Compl
etel
ymet
amor
phosi
s

- Wel
ladapt
edt
odi
ff
erenthabi
tat

20
 - Theypr
oducer
esi
stanteggs

- Possessi
onofcont
inuousexoskel
eton

Economi
cimpor
tanceofi
nsect
s

- Ser
veasf
oodf
orhuman

- Decomposi
ti
onofdeador
gani
cmat
ter

- Cont
rol
ofsomepest

- Theypol
l
inat
efl
ower
s

- Pr
oduct
ionofr
awmat
eri
als

Har
mfulef
fect
sofi
nsect

- Theyf
eedonpl
antsap

- Ser
veasv
ect
orsofv
iral
plantdi
seases

- Par
asi
teofhumans

- At
tachedst
oredf
oodi
tems

- Theydest
roy
edwoodenst
ruct
ure

Bodyor
gani
zat
ionofgr
asshopper

- Twocompoundey
esandt
hreesi
mpl
eones

- Fourpai
rofheadappendages

- Har
dtoot
hedj
aws

- Apai
rofmout
hpar
t

- Thr
eepai
rofl
egs

Phy
lum Echi
noder
mat
a

- Theyar
eal
lmar
ine

- Tr
ipl
obl
ast
ic

- Or
gangr
adeofor
gani
zat
ion

- Radi
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- Coel
omat
e

21
 - Separ
atesexes

- Theyi
ncl
udeseast
ars,
bri
tt
lest
arsandsanddol
l
ars.

- Twomai
nbodyt
ypei
.er
adi
ateandgl
obul
ar

- Pl
acedamongdeut
rost
omes

- Nospeci
alor
gansofexcr
eti
on

- Compl
etedi
gest
ivet
ract

- Poordev
elopedner
voussy
stem

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofEchi
noder
mat
a

- Sub-
phy
lum cr
inozoa

- Sessi
l
eechi
noder
ms

- Hasonecl
assi
.ecr
inoi
dea

- Mout
hdi
rect
lyupwar
d

- Tent
acul
art
ubef
eet

- Anusi
sont
heor
alsur
face

Cl
asscr
inoi
deae.
g(seasi
li
esandf
eat
herst
ars)

e.
gant
edon,
pent
acr
inus,
rhi
zocr
inus

Sub-
phy
lum Ast
erozoa

- Radi
all
ysy
mmet
ri
cal

- Fr
ee-
swi
mmi
ng(notst
alk)

- St
ar-
shapedbody

- Anusi
sont
heabor
alsur
face.

- Mout
hisdi
rect
lydownwar
ds

- Hast
wocl
asses

Cl
assAst
eroi
deae.
gxy
lopl
ax,
ast
eri
as,
ast
ropect
en

Cl
assophi
uroi
deae.
gophi
othr
ix,
ophi
ura,
ophi
ocomi
na.

Sub-
phy
lum Echi
nozoa

- Gl
obul
ari
nshape
- Mout
hisdi
rect
edei
therdownwar
dorupwar
d

22
 - Hast
wocl
asses
- Ar
msar
enev
erf
ormed
- Anusv
ari
esi
nposi
ti
on
- Ambul
acr
algr
oov
esar
ecl
osed.

Cl
assechi
noi
deae.
gechi
nus,
spat
angus

Cl
assHol
othur
oideae.
ghol
othur
ia,
psy
chr
opot
es,
labi
dopl
ax,
cucumar
ia.

YUSUFMUKHTAR
4/Nov
ember
/2021

23