ENGLISH REVIEWER

LESSON 1: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

In school, an argument means trying to convince someone that your idea is better by giving reasons and proof. This is called
argumentation. 0To make a good argument, we need to research and find facts that support what we believe. When we write
down our thoughts and reasons to convince others, it's called an argumentative essay. In an argumentative essay, we share
our opinion, explain why we think that way, and provide evidence to help the reader understand and agree with us.

An argumentative essay presents evidences for a claim in order to let the reader know why it is more favorable. It also
shows why the other side of an issue is unfavorable or less favorable. It also includes, like any other essay, an introduction
and conclusion.

An argumentative essay is a type of writing where the author expresses an opinion or point of view about a specific topic and
tries to persuade the reader to agree. The key is to present a strong, clear argument and back it up with solid evidence, like
facts, statistics, examples, or expert opinions.
Think of it like a debate in writing: the writer presents their side, explains why their view is correct, and provides reasons and
proof. They may also address the other side of the argument (called counterarguments) and explain why their position is
stronger. The goal is to make the reader believe and agree with the writer's perspective.

PARTS OF ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

1. Introduction
 Hook: Begin with a sentence that grabs the reader's attention. This could be a surprising fact, a question, or a strong
statement related to your topic. The goal is to make the reader want to keep reading.
 Background Information: After the hook, give some background information about the topic. This helps the reader
understand why the issue is important and what’s at stake. You can include some basic facts or explain why people
care about this topic.
 Thesis Statement: End the introduction with a clear thesis statement. This is where you state your main argument or
opinion about the issue. It should be specific and tell the reader what you will be arguing in your essay. This way, they
know what to expect as they read on.
By organizing your introduction this way, you set a strong foundation for your essay and make it easier for readers to follow
your argument.

2. Body
1. Main Points: Each paragraph in the body should focus on one main idea that supports your overall argument (thesis).
This helps keep your writing organized and makes it easier for the reader to follow your thoughts.
2. Evidence: For each main point, you need to provide proof. This can be facts, numbers, or real-life examples that show
why your point is true. Good evidence makes your argument stronger.
3. Explanation: After you present your evidence, explain how it connects to your argument. This means telling the
reader why the facts or examples matter and how they support your main point. It helps clarify your ideas.
4. Counterarguments: It’s also important to recognize that not everyone will agree with you. In this part, you
acknowledge the other side's viewpoint. Then, you explain why you think your argument is still stronger. This shows
you understand the topic well and helps convince the reader that your position is the best one.
In summary, the body of your argumentative essay should clearly lay out your main points, back them up with strong evidence,
explain their importance, and address any opposing views.

3. Conclusion
The conclusion of an argumentative essay is the final part where you wrap everything up. Here’s how to do it in simple terms:
1. Summary of Key Points: In this part, you briefly go over the main ideas you discussed in your essay. You remind the
reader of the important reasons and evidence that support your argument.
2. Restatement of Thesis: Next, you repeat your main point or thesis statement, but in different words. This helps
remind the reader what your argument was about and why it matters.
 3. Closing Thoughts: Finally, you end with some final thoughts. You might want to share why the issue is important,
suggest what could happen next, or encourage the reader to think more about the topic. This leaves a lasting
impression and makes your argument feel complete.
Overall, the conclusion ties everything together and reinforces your main message in a clear and simple way.

The following are terms related to an argumentative essay.

1. Issue

 Definition: An idea about which the opinions of people are different.

 Detailed Explanation: An issue in an argumentative essay is the main topic or problem that the writer is addressing.
It’s the subject about which people might have different opinions or disagreements, and the purpose of the essay is to
argue for one side of the issue, using reasoning and evidence.

2. Claim

 Definition: A statement by an author about an issue that has significant disagreement and needs supporting
arguments.
 Detailed Explanation: A claim is a specific assertion or position taken by the writer regarding an issue. It reflects the
writer's viewpoint and is open to challenge. For instance, saying "school uniforms improve student discipline" is a
claim. To persuade readers, the author must provide arguments and evidence that support this claim.

3. Argument

 Definition: An idea that supports the claim and needs supporting evidence.
 Detailed Explanation: An argument consists of the reasoning provided to back up a claim. It explains why the claim is
valid and relevant. Arguments must be clear and logical, often structured to build a persuasive case. For example, if
the claim is that "exercise benefits mental health," an argument could explain how regular physical activity releases
endorphins, which improve mood.

4. Evidence

 Definition: Facts in the real world used to support an argument, such as statistics, data from studies, historical events,
or common practices.
 Detailed Explanation: Evidence is crucial for making an argument convincing. It provides the factual basis that
supports the claim and arguments. Types of evidence include:
o Statistics: Numerical data that can demonstrate trends (e.g., "Studies show that students who exercise
regularly score 20% higher on tests").
o Research Studies: Results from scientific investigations (e.g., "A study by Harvard found a link between
physical activity and improved cognitive function").
o Examples: Real-life instances that illustrate a point (e.g., "Many schools that implemented dress codes
reported fewer disciplinary issues").

5. Counterargument

 Definition: An idea presented by the opposing side against the claim in the argumentative essay.
 Detailed Explanation: A counterargument acknowledges the opposing viewpoint to the author's claim. It is important
to recognize these arguments because it shows that the writer has considered other perspectives. For example, if the
original claim is that "school uniforms are beneficial," a counterargument might state that "school uniforms limit
students' freedom of expression."

6. Rebuttal

 Definition: The response to the counterargument.

  Detailed Explanation: A rebuttal is the writer's response to the counterargument, providing reasons and evidence to
show why the counterargument is not valid or strong enough to outweigh the original claim. For instance, the rebuttal
to the counterargument about freedom of expression might explain how uniforms promote equality among students,
reducing peer pressure related to clothing choices.

7. Pro

 Definition: An argument in favor of a claim or an advantage regarding something.

 Detailed Explanation: A "pro" argument supports the claim, highlighting its benefits or positive aspects. For example,
a pro for the claim that "school uniforms should be mandatory" could include the argument that uniforms help create
a sense of belonging and community among students.

8. Con

 Definition: An argument against a claim or a disadvantage regarding something.

 Detailed Explanation: A "con" argument presents reasons against the claim, pointing out potential drawbacks or
negative consequences. For instance, a con for the claim that "school uniforms should be mandatory" might argue
that they stifle personal expression and individuality among students.

9. Thesis Statement

 Definition: A clear statement of the main argument or claim of the essay.

 Detailed Explanation: The thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of the essay. It guides the
direction of the argument and is usually found at the end of the introduction. For example, "Mandatory school
uniforms improve student discipline and create a positive learning environment."

LESSON 2: TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL TERMS

What is TECHNICAL definition?

 It refers to the definition of a word as used in a particular field like Science, Law, or Engineering.

A technical definition explains a word in the context of a specific field, like Science or Law. For example, in Science, the word
"cell" means the smallest unit of life, while in everyday conversation, it might just mean a room in a building. This helps ensure
that everyone in that field understands the word the same way.

 The meaning of the word is associated with the field or area of study.

The meaning of a word can change depending on where it is used. For instance, in Banking, "interest" refers to the money
paid for borrowing or the money earned on savings. However, in daily talk, it can simply mean curiosity about something.
Knowing the context helps avoid confusion.

 Mostly refers to the aspect of explaining or describing any terminology.

Technical definitions aim to clearly explain words so that people understand exactly what is meant. For example, in
Construction, the term "load" refers to the weight that a structure can support. This precise definition ensures that everyone
working on a project knows how much weight is safe.

 The definition of terms/words are found in the dictionary

Technical definitions can be found in specialized dictionaries that focus on specific subjects. These dictionaries provide clear
meanings related to a certain field. For example, a medical dictionary defines terms like "diagnosis" as the process of
identifying a disease based on symptoms. This focused definition helps doctors and patients communicate effectively.

EXAMPLES:
Surf- it is a sport where a person stands on a board and rides the waves in the ocean.
Operation- A medical procedure where a surgeon uses tools to treat or fix a health issue.

In conclusion, both "surf" and "operation" are examples of technical terms because they have specific meanings in their
respective fields. By using these technical definitions, we can communicate more effectively within those fields, ensuring that
everyone understands exactly what is meant.

What is OPERATIONAL definition?

 It is a result of the process of operationalization and it is used to define something (term/object) in terms of
process.

An operational definition comes from a process called OPERATIONALIZATION, where we define a term or object based on
how it works or is used in practice. For example, if we define "happiness" operationally, we might describe it as the number of
times a person smiles or laughs in a day. This definition focuses on measurable actions that show what happiness looks like.

 It is the process of defining a word/term of how it is used in a sentence, or using context clues.

This definition explains a word or term based on how it is used in a sentence or by using clues from the context. For instance,
if we see the word "light" in a sentence about a lamp, we understand it to mean brightness. Here, the context helps clarify the
meaning of the term.

 It is the application of the word/term. These may include the various attempts to define or explain a certain
process and its properties including but not limited to the characterization of the event itself.

An operational definition explains how a term is applied in real-life situations. This includes describing the steps involved in a
process and what makes that process unique. For example, when we talk about "exercise," an operational definition could
involve the specific activities (like running or swimming), the frequency (three times a week), and the expected outcomes (like
improved health or fitness). This helps people understand not just the term but how it works in practice.

EXAMPLE:
Surf
(Technical) it is a sport where a person stands on a board and rides the waves in the ocean.

(Operational) it is an activity in which someone uses a surfboard to catch and ride waves, typically done for enjoyment at
the beach or as part of a competitive event.

In conclusion, operational definitions provide clear explanations of terms by describing how they are used in practice and the
specific actions or contexts associated with them. Using the example of "surf," we see that an operational definition not only
defines the term but also illustrates the activity, detailing what it involves and where it typically takes place.

Operation

(Technical) a medical procedure where a surgeon uses tools to treat or fix a health issue.

(Operational) a surgery that a patient undergoes to solve a medical problem, involving steps like being put to sleep
(anesthesia), cutting the skin, and then recovering afterward.

Operational definitions play a crucial role in clarifying the meaning of terms by outlining the specific processes and actions
involved in real-life situations. Using the example of "operation," we see how this definition provides insight into what a
patient experiences during surgery, detailing the steps from anesthesia to recovery. By focusing on the practical aspects of a
term, operational definitions help bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and real-world application, making
concepts more accessible and relatable.

What is the difference between operational definition and technical definition?

Operational definitions focus on how something is done, while technical definitions focus on what something is.

A technical definition is a definition in the technical sense, while an operational definition includes information from the
real world.
 Technical definition might be an automobile is a machine with four wheels and includes details of the automobile
that make it function.
 Operational definition would be an automobile is a car or truck that gets you around from place to place and caries
cargo or passengers, and makes it easier to live in the city or provinces.

In summary, a technical definition focuses on the specific parts and functions of something, while an operational definition
explains how that thing is used in the real world. The technical definition is more detailed and precise, while the operational
definition is broader and emphasizes practical application.

Why is it important to understand the difference between technical and operational definitions?

Understanding the difference between technical and operational definitions is essential for clear communication and effective
problem-solving. Technical definitions provide precise details for experts, while operational definitions make concepts
relatable to everyday life. This knowledge helps improve comprehension, facilitates learning, and ensures that ideas are
communicated accurately in different contexts.

LESSON 3: Understanding Author's Purpose

What is Author’s Purpose?

The author’s purpose is the reason behind writing a text, helping readers understand the writer's intent. An author's purpose
is the main reason they wrote a text. Knowing the author’s purpose helps readers understand the message and engage more
deeply with the text. By looking at the words, tone, and ideas, readers can see what the author wants to communicate or
achieve.

The main purposes an author may have when writing can be summarized using the acronym P.I.E.C.E.

P- persuade

I- inform

E- entertain

C- compare

E- express

Persuade

The author aims to convince the reader to adopt a certain viewpoint or take action. When an author’s purpose is to persuade,
they aim to convince the reader to agree with their opinion or viewpoint, or to take specific action. They may use strong
language, facts, and examples to make their argument convincing. This type of writing is meant to influence the reader’s
thoughts or decisions.

Examples: Advertisements/Commercials, Political Speeches, and Opinion Editorials

Inform

The author provides facts, data, and information to educate the reader about a particular topic. When an author’s purpose is
to inform, they provide clear facts, data, and explanations to help readers understand a topic. This type of writing is meant to
educate without influencing opinions. It focuses on giving accurate information so readers can learn about the subject.

Examples: Textbooks, News articles, Informational Brochures, and Encyclopedias

Entertain

The author seeks to amuse or engage the reader through storytelling, humor, or creative language. When an author wants to
entertain, they write to make the reader laugh or feel good. This kind of writing includes fun stories, jokes, or imaginative
language. This type of writing focuses on creating enjoyment, capturing the reader's attention, and sparking emotions or
imagination.

Examples: Fiction books and other stories, Plays and movies, and Comic strips

Compare

The author highlights similarities and differences between two or more subjects. When an author compares, they look at how
two or more things are alike (similar) or different. This helps readers understand the subjects better by showing what makes
them unique or how they relate to each other.

Examples: Comparison essays, Political analysis, and Consumer or product reports

Express

The author shares personal thoughts, feelings, or opinions, often found in poetry or personal essays. When an author
expresses, they share their own thoughts, feelings, or opinions. This type of writing is often seen in poetry or personal essays,
where the author talks about what they believe or how they feel about certain topics. The goal is to connect with the reader
on an emotional level and make them understand the author's perspective.

Examples: Poetry, Songs, Blogs, Love letters, and Diaries

LESSON 4: ELEMENTS OF A GENRE

CHARACTERS- Characters are the people or beings in a story. They play a role in the events and help show the story's
message or theme through their actions and choices.

Characters are the people, animals, or beings in a story. They play an important role in the events that happen and help
express the story's message or theme through their actions, words, and decisions. They can be main characters, like heroes or
villains, or supporting characters who help move the story forward.

Who are the characters in story?

The main characters are the narrator, who observes everything, and the Selfie People, who are always taking pictures of
themselves to post online. The Selfie People represent people in today’s world who are obsessed with how they look and
want to get attention on social media.

STORY- Story is what happens in a piece of writing, like the events and actions from beginning to end. It shows the main
idea through what the characters do.

Story is the sequence of events or actions that happen in a piece of writing. It includes what the characters do, the challenges
they face, and how things change from the beginning to the end. The story helps express the main message or theme by
showing what happens to the characters and how they react to different situations.

What happens in the story 'An Update on the Selfie People'?

In “An Update on the Selfie People,” the narrator describes how people in public spaces focus more on taking selfies and
sharing them online than actually interacting with one another. The story is about how these "Selfie People" have become so
focused on showing a perfect version of themselves on social media that they ignore the real world around them.

PLOT- What happens in the story 'An Update on the Selfie People'?

Plot is the structure of a story. It refers to how the events are arranged, from the beginning, through the middle, to the end.
The plot often includes a problem or conflict, rising action, a climax (the most intense point), and a resolution where the
problem is solved or changes are made. The plot gives shape to the story, helping the reader understand how the events are
connected and why they are important.

What important events happen in the story, and how do they lead to the ending?

The plot starts with the narrator noticing the behavior of the Selfie People. The story builds as the narrator describes how they
take selfies in every situation. The conflict here is that the Selfie People are disconnected from the real world, and by the end
of the story, the narrator reflects on how they seem to be lost in their phones and social media, instead of engaging in real-life
experiences.

SETTING- Setting is where and when the story happens. It includes the place and the time period in which the events take
place.

Setting is the time and place where the story happens. It includes the location (like a city, forest, or house) and the time period
(like the past, present, or future). The setting helps create the mood or atmosphere of the story and influences the actions and
experiences of the characters. It can also highlight the story’s theme by showing how the environment affects the characters.

Where and when does the story happen?

The setting of “An Update on the Selfie People” is in modern times, in places where people gather, like parks or public spaces.
However, instead of enjoying these places, people are busy taking selfies and using social media.

How the elements of a genre contribute to the overall theme of the story “An Update on the Selfie People” by Dr. Carolina
T. Gonzales?

The setting of “An Update on the Selfie People” is in modern times, in places where people gather, like parks or public spaces.
However, instead of enjoying these places, people are busy taking selfies and using social media.

📌Key Points to Address:

Read and reflect on Dr. Carolina T. Gonzales “An Update on the Selfie People” page 150 of your book and Earl G. Graves Sr.'s
main purpose in writing "How Text Messages and Social Media Devalued Personal Communication" page 149.