LESSON 5 How we think - Artificial Intelligence

VOCABULARY

NO. VOCABULARY TRANSCRIPTION MEANING

1 employability (n) /ɪmˌplɔɪəˈbɪləti/ khả năng được tuyển dụng

2 bubble (n) /ˈbʌb.əl/ bong bóng

3 evidence (n) /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/ bằng chứng

4 appointment (n) /əˈpɔɪnt.mənt/ cuộc hẹn

5 humanity (n) /hjuːˈmæn.ə.ti/ long nhân đạo

6 duration (n) /djʊəˈreɪ.ʃən/ khoảng thời gian

7 emphasize (v) /ˈem.fə.saɪz/ nhấn mạnh

8 ignore (v) /ɪɡˈnɔːr/ phớt lờ, bỏ qua

9 artificial (adj) /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ nhân tạo

10 relevant (adj) /ˈrel.ə.vənt/ có liên quan

11 doubtful (adj) /ˈdaʊt.fəl/ đáng ngờ

12 complicated (adj) /ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪ.tɪd/ phức tạp, rắc rối

13 cognitive dissonance (n.p) /ˈkɒɡ.nə.tɪv ˈdɪs.ən.əns/ bất hòa nhận thức

14 confirmation bias (n.p) /kɒn.fəˌmeɪ.ʃən ˈbaɪ.əs/ thiên kiến xác nhận

15 concentrate on (v.p) /ˈkɒn.sən.treɪt ɒn/ tập trung vào điều gì

16 make an effort (v.p) /meɪk ən ˈef.ət/ cố gắng làm điều gì

17 pay attention to (v.p) /peɪ əˈten.ʃən tuː/ chú ý vào điều gì

18 rely on (v.p) /rɪˈlaɪ ɒn/ dựa vào cái gì

19 communicate with (v.p) /kəˈmjuː.nɪ.keɪt wɪð/ giao tiếp với ai

20 contribute to (v.p) /kənˈtrɪb.juːt tuː/ đóng góp cho cái gì

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 Jaxtina - The Pioneer in Coaching 4 English Skills

Practice 1. Complete the article with words and phrases from the box.

concentrate on evidence ignore make an effort

pay attention to rarely relevant

O ne of the most interesting aspects of how we think

is called “cognitive dissonance.” Although that
sounds like a complicated psychological term, you’ll
soon see how (1) __________________ it is to our
everyday lives.

Have you ever been in a situation, for example,

where you did a lot of work on something and
you were then told that it wasn’t necessary?
If you have, you’ll probably remember that you
had to (2) ___________________ the fact that you’d
wasted your time, because it wasn’t a nice thing to
think about! In fact, in a situation like this where you (3)
_______________ and it’s unnecessary, you would probably only
(4) _______________ the positive things about it. For example, you might learn
something new as you (5) _______________ finishing the work.

If you look at it this way, cognitive dissonance is a positive experience. Why? Because we (6)
_______________ allow ourselves to feel bad about something we have put a lot of effort into, so we
just “forget” about the (7) _______________ that we wasted our time and focus on the good feeling
we get from knowing we have worked hard on something.

Practice 2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words from the box.
You will use some words more than once.

create danger employ power solve think

1. John McCarthy was a very __________ man. He contributed to many developments in the field of
artificial intelligence.

2. Artificial intelligence relies on the development of faster and more __________ computers.

3. We can find a __________ to this problem if we spend some more time on it.

4. You know, I really don’t think that A.I. is __________, so we shouldn’t worry about it.

5. I really want to find a new job. My __________ isn’t interested in my professional development.

6. I think that A.I. is humanity’s most significant __________ in the last hundred years.

7. Sorry, but the director says that you can’t take any extra time off work. I’m __________ to do anything.

8. Hey, I have a __________. Why don’t we throw the party at my place? Then we can save some money.

9. I’m an __________ at Google and it’s my job to make sure that the systems are all working properly.

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 Jaxtina - The Pioneer in Coaching 4 English Skills

GRAMMAR

FUTURE TIME CLAUSES (after, as soon as, before, until, when)

Function

We can use a time clause to talk about a possible future event. The time clause is introduced with
a subordinating conjunction such as after, as soon as, before, until, or when. The time clause in the
simple present tense can come before or after the main clause in the simple future tense. When the
time clause comes first, add a comma after it.

Form

Main clause Time clause

I will tell you my opinion after you tell me yours.

I won’t believe that story until I check its source.

Time clause Main clause

After you tell me your opinion, I will tell you mine.

Until I check its source, I won’t believe that story.

Practice 3. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in parentheses.

1. What college _____________ (you / attend) after you ____________ (finish) school?
2. I know what Jake’s like. As soon as he _____________ (buy) that new car, he _____________ (regret)
it immediately!
3. I _____________ (not / go) to work until I _____________ (have) some coffee!
4. Before we ___________ (drive) to the airport, we ____________ (put) gas in the car.
5. _____________ (you / get) some more milk when you _____________ (be) at the supermarket?

Practice 4. Choose the correct answer.

1. Juliet will be / is tired when she gets home tonight.

2. I won’t buy a new cell phone until / as soon as I’ve seen everything they have in store.
3. Do you think he’ll be angry when he finds / will find out that he didn’t need to do any of that work?
4. Before / Until you buy tickets, will you check what time the movie is?
5. Why won’t James come with us to the party after / as soon as the exam?
He has nothing else to do!

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 Jaxtina - The Pioneer in Coaching 4 English Skills

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.

Function

In some cases, we can use either the present perfect simple or the present perfect progressive tense
with no change in meaning. In other cases, there is a difference in meaning or emphasis. We use the
present perfect simple primarily to express that an action is completed or to emphasize its result. We
use the present perfect progressive to emphasize the duration or continuous nature of an action.
Stative verbs (know, believe, understand, etc.) are generally not used in the present perfect
progressive.

Form

Present perfect simple Present perfect progressive

(emphasizes completion or result of action) (emphasizes duration or continuous nature of action)

I’ve worked here since 2017. I’ve been working here since 2017.

Voice recognition software has improved. Voice recognition software has been improving.

Humans have used machines for many years. Humans have been using machines for many years.

Use Example

Use the present perfect progressive for an action that Brian has been working on artificial
began in the past and continues into the present. intelligence for over 10 years.

Use the present perfect progressive to focus on an Bethany and I have been working on our
action that may or may not be completed. presentation.

Use the present perfect progressive to talk about an They have been working a lot of hours at
action that is temporary. the lab recently.

Practice 5. There is an error in each sentence. Find and correct the errors.

1. We use A.I every day. In fact, you has been using A.I in
your smartphone since the day you bought it!

2. Come on, you need to take a break. You‘ve been painting

that wall since three hours.

3. Can I show you something? I’ve been working on a new

app for last weekend, and I think it’s ready.

4. You speak Spanish really well! How long have you was
living in Mexico.

5. I don’t think Marcela’s going to come to the party

because she hadn’t been feeling well since last night.

6. I’m sorry I’m late! Have you been wating since a long
time?

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 Jaxtina - The Pioneer in Coaching 4 English Skills

Practice 6. Complete the email with the correct form of words in parentheses.

Hi, Thomas!

How are you? What (1) _______________ (you / do) since we last spoke?

(2) _______________ (you / enjoy) your vacation? And why (3) _______________ (not / you / upload) any
photos to your social media accounts? I want to see what New York looks like! Sorry for disappearing for the
last few weeks, but I (4) _______________ (work) a lot recently.

So, you wrote to me a few weeks ago, and you asked me to recommend a smartphone app to help you
remember things. I (5) _______________ (test) a few since we last spoke, and I found one that will be very
helpful. In fact, it might be one that you already have on your phone!

If you don’t have it already, you can download Assistant for free. It’s an app that uses A.I.
to learn about your daily routine and help you so that you don’t forget appointments. I (6)
_______________ (not / use) it for long, only about a week, but I already find it very helpful. It can
remember all the things you need to do and it reminds you about them.

You can also talk to Assistant and it can send messages and emails for you. And since my sister installed it on
her cell phone last month, she (7) _______________ (use) it every day.

Try it out and let me know how it goes!

See you soon,

Alexa

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