Grammar

Telegram: @MultiLevelRecord Abror Rahmatullayev
The list of themes
1. Compound Sentences
2. Complex Sentences
3. Complex Purpose Clauses
4. Complex Contrast Clauses
5. Passive Voice
6. Word Order in Sentences
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7. Conditionals
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8. Complex Reason Clauses
9. Relative Clauses
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10. Complex Result Clauses
11. Adjectives and Adverbs
12. Inversion
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13. Cleft Sentences
14. Complex-Compound Sentences
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15. Participle Clauses
16. Clause of Time
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17. Nominalization
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Compound Sentences
Complex-compound Sentences
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or
Complex sentence + compound sentence
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I have washed my car because it was dirt , but my father was not happy
about that R
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One independent + one dependent + one independent = two
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independent +one dependents

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I received my salary yesterday, so I want to buy a present to my mother

because it is her birthday.
ul
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Because / if / unless / when / who / which.

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Task
Rewrite & Combine the following sentences using a coordinating
conjunction or a conjunctive adverb to form compound sentences.
1. My mother is sick. My mother is going to the doctor.
__________________________________________________
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2. Jibin has gone to Hyderabad. Jibin has not found any jobs yet.
or
__________________________________________________
3. Nalini was not satisfied with her birthday dress. Nalini wore it anyway.
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__________________________________________________
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4. Jaffar called me yesterday. I was not able to attend his call.
__________________________________________________
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5. Tina had to present the paper today. Nancy volunteered to do it.
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__________________________________________________
6. It was raining the whole day. We decided to go to the park.

tiL
__________________________________________________
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7. Firoz will pick you up. We will book a cab for you.
__________________________________________________
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8. Nobody knew where to go. We asked some random people for

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directions to the hills.
__________________________________________________
9. Let them know. You will have to suffer the consequences.
__________________________________________________
10. My mom was cleaning the house. I helped with the plates.
__________________________________________________
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Answers for a task

1. My mother is sick. My mother is going to the doctor.
My mother is sick, so she is going to the doctor.
2. Jibin has gone to Hyderabad. Jibin has not found any jobs yet.
Jibin has gone to Hyderabad; but he has not found any jobs yet.
3. Nalini was not satisfied with her birthday dress. Nalini wore it anyway.
d
Nalini was not satisfied with her birthday dress; however, she wore it.
or
4. Jaffar called me yesterday. I was not able to attend his call.
ec
Jaffar called me yesterday, but I was not able to attend his call.
5. Tina had to present the paper today. Nancy volunteered to do it.

R
Tina had to present the paper today; instead, Nancy volunteered to do
it.
el
6. It was raining the whole day. We decided to go to the park.
ev
It was raining the whole day; however, he decided to go to the park.
7. Firoz will pick you up. We will book a cab for you.
tiL
Firoz will pick you up, or we will book a cab for you.
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8. Nobody knew where to go. We asked some random people for

M
Nobody knew where to go, so we asked some random people for

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9. Let them know. You will have to suffer the consequences.
Let them know or you will have to suffer the consequences.
10. My mom was cleaning the house. I helped with the plates.
My mom was cleaning the house; meanwhile I helped with the plates.
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Complex Sentences
Complex Sentences => Clause Reason

Chunki, sababli, tufayli, negaki
1. Because / As / Since + S + V
I was dismissed from my work because I disrespected the boss.
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As I am a student, I have to study a lot.
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2. Due to / owing to / thanks to / because of + Noun/Ving
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They have been disappointed in me due to my rejection of their offer.
He was late to the meeting owing to heavy traffic.
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They are very busy now because of preparing for the exam.
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3. The reason for + Noun/Ving +Verb
The reason for this lesson is to learn Complex Sentences.
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The reason for playing football is to be fit.

The reason for writing this letter is to inform you about my
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resignation.
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● The reason why + S + V + Main Verb

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The reason why she is angry is that her sister has used her bag
without asking.
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4. Separated sentences => two sentences.

Sentence 1. This is because / The reason is that
Firstly, manufacturers should be held responsible for the effects of their
products. The reason is that the manufacturing company can prevent
any unexpected harmful impacts by paying more attention to the
production process.
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5. Participle => at the beginning of a sentence => Ving

Studying mathematics for many years, I could win the competition.
(Because I studied mathematics for many years, I could win the
competition)
6. Considering that + S + V=> hisobga olsak
Considering that I have been working in this company for three years, I
think I am eligible to be promoted.
7. Taking ____________ into account.
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I will take into account your busy schedule.
or
I will take your busy schedule into account.
Taking your low salary into account, we will improve this amount.
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Because you receive a low salary, we will improve this amount.
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8. In the light of = because of
In the light of increasing the prices of petrol, the government could
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achieve a reduction in pollution levels.
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ul
M
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Clause of Purpose
● To => maqsadida(informal)
I bought an online course to study at home. She borrowed a book to

read without paying money.
● So as to/in order to=> maqsadida(formal)
Many governments around the world are now cooperating together so as

to combat environmental issues together.
d
or
So as to combat environmental issues together, many governments
around the world are co-operating.
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He worked hard in order to get C1 level.
● Negative purpose=> in order not to/so as not to +V1

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The thief ran away in order not to leave his truck.
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I carefully walked in the room so as not to break any glasses.
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● In order for somebody to + V
I work hard to study.

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I work hard in order for my children to study.
● With the aim of/with the view to + Ving

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He puts much effort into his studies with a view to becoming successful.
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● So that + S + V => maqsadida (shuning uchun)

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I got up early so that I could go to the interview on time.
Many parents now prefer to stay at home so that they can spend
enough time with their children.
● For + noun
I now study online by paying money in order to get a language

certificate.
I now study online by paying money for a language certificate.
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● Lest => …masin deb…
I walked silently lest my brother did not wake up.
● To + V1 (informal – speaking)
They are digging the ground to make a hole.
I am using my car to reach school faster.
● In order to / so as to + V1 (formal – writing )
The government has increased taxes for factories so as to discourage
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them to operate and reduce harmful gasses, as a result.
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Teachers often punish late - comers in order to show them the
consequences of coming late.
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● So as not to / so as to + V1
I was walking silently so as not to wake up everyone.
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She was driving fast in order not to be late for the meeting.
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● With the aim of / with a view to / with the purpose of + Ving
We often choose to relax at the weekend with the purpose of
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recharging our batteries.

With the view to improving my reading comprehension, I generally
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read articles.
So as to manage to teach students to class, I started the lesson before
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the electricity was cut off.

● So that + S + V → maqsadida
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I got up early so that I would not be late for the lesson.

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James saves up his money so that he will not struggle when he does
not have money.
She is not using her smartphone so that she can only focus on studying.
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Task
Read this report and decide which word or phrase (A, B, C or D) fits
into each gap.
The University Entertainments Committee

The University Entertainment Committee meeting was held
1 _____ recent financial losses The Events Officer reported on the
last two events. He said that students had been very busy 2 _____
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the exams, and 3 _____ ticket sales had been poor. The Finances
or
Officer blamed the losses on the high charges made by the
performers at those events. 4 _____ these charges, he said, the
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event would have lost money if every ticket had been sold. One
suggestion was to increase ticket prices in future but it was felt
that, 5 _____ many students have little money, this would not 6
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_____ to an improvement in the financial situation. After
discussion it was agreed that 7 _____ the seriousness of the
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situation and 8 _____ there was a real danger of the university
authorities closing down the Entertainment Committee, the next
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two events would have to be canceled immediately. 10 _____ the

fact that contracts had already been signed with them.
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1 A owing B because of C due D on account
2 A due to B as a result C therefore D in view

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3 A then B since C as D so
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4 A on account of B because C since D as a result

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5 A as B therefore C so D then
6 A cause B lead C result D make
7 A as a result B because C in view of D as
8 A since B then C due to D because of
9 A result B cause C mean D lead
10 A therefore B since C on account D owing to
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Complex Grammar for Contrast

● Although / Even though / Though
● Despite / In spite of
S +V + although + S + V
I work as a teacher although I am not satisfied with that.

I work as a teacher despite not being satisfied with that.
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S +V + although + S + V
or
I study hard although my teacher does not encourage me to do so.
● The subject in both sides is different, we cannot use
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despite / in spite of
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I study hard despite not encouraging me to do so.
Despite ⇒ the subject should be the agent of both dependent and
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independent clause
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Despite working for ten hours, James was not tired.

● Despite +S +V
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Despite / in spite of + the fact that + S + V

She was in a hurry despite the fact that her meeting was an hour later.
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In spite of the fact that wolves hunt in groups, there is much less
collaboration when eating the prey.
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● Despite + noun + Ving

@
S + V + despite + noun + Ving

I was able to get to the meeting on time despite a police officer stopping
me at the junction.
I was able to get to the meeting on time despite the fact that a police
officer stopped me in the junction.
Despite John making me annoyed, I remained calm and patient.
=> I saw a dog. It was barking loudly.
=> I saw a dog which was barking loudly. (relative)
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=> I saw a dog barking loudly. (Participle)

S + V + despite + S + that + V
Despite John that made me angry, I remained calm and patient.
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or
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●
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Some linkers to make a contrast:
Nevertheless / Nonetheless
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● However => three cases
a) I like ice-cream. However, my mum doesn’t allow me to eat.
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b) I like ice-cream. My mum, however, doesn’t allow me to eat.

c) I like ice-cream. My mum doesn’t allow me to eat, however.
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● On the other hand => Two cases (a,b)

● In contrast
● Having said that / That being said / That said => bunaqa
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deganimiz bilan = however

People with hearing impairment cannot handle lessons effectively.
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Having said that, this does not mean they are not able to understand the
matter.
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Task
Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. There may be
more than one way of doing this correctly.
1 The weather wasn't very good but we enjoyed the holiday. (although)
________________________________________________________
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2 Your success was due to hard work. However, mine was due to good
luck. (whereas)
________________________________________________________
3 It's very disappointing for you but it's not the end of the world. (though)
________________________________________________________
4 She has no real problems. However, she's always complaining. (yet)
________________________________________________________
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5 There were protests from the public but the law was passed. (even)
or
________________________________________________________
6 You're right in some ways. On the other hand, you're wrong in other
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ways. (while)
________________________________________________________
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7 I was very angry but I said nothing. (though)
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________________________________________________________
8 I've known her for years but I don't really understand her. (even)
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________________________________________________________
9 We have little in common but we get on very well. (although)
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________________________________________________________
10 My sister is very patient. However, I often lose my temper. (whereas)
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________________________________________________________
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11 Even though they ve lived here for years, they don't know the place
very well. (yet)
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________________________________________________________
12 I can understand how you feel. Even so, I don't think you should get
so upset, (while)
________________________________________________________
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Rewrite the sentences using despite or in spite of. There is more

than one way of doing this correctly.
1 Although she played poorly, she won the match.

________________________________________________________
2 The trip was enjoyable even though the weather was bad.
________________________________________________________
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3 I apologized to him but he remained angry with me.
or
________________________________________________________
4 Even though he has little money, he enjoys life.
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________________________________________________________
5 She worked as hard as she could but she didn't finish on time.
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________________________________________________________
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ev
tiL
ul
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@
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Passive Voice
Introduction to Passive Voice:

The passive voice is a grammatical construction that emphasizes the
action or the receiver of the action rather than the person or entity
performing the action. It is often used in academic, formal writing, and
when the doer of the action is unknown or not important. In passive
voice sentences, the object of the action becomes the subject of the
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sentence.
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Formation of Passive Voice:
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Passive voice sentences are constructed using a form of the verb "to be"
(e.g., is, are, was, were) followed by the past participle of the main verb.
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The structure is as follows:
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[Subject] + [Form of "to be"] + [Past Participle] + [by + Agent

(optional)]
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1. The book (subject) is (form of "to be") read (past participle) by me

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(agent).
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2. The cake (subject) was (form of "to be") eaten (past participle) by
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the children (agent).
When to Use Passive Voice:

- To emphasize the action or the object of the action.
- When the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
- In formal or academic writing.
- In situations where the agent (the doer of the action) is not relevant.
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Exercise 1: Active to Passive Voice

Convert the following active voice sentences into passive voice
sentences.
1. They built a new bridge.
2. She wrote a beautiful song.
3. The chef is preparing the meal.
4. The company will launch a new product.
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5. I have fixed the broken window.
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Exercise 2: Passive to Active Voice
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Convert the following passive voice sentences into active voice
sentences.
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1. The movie was watched by a large audience.
2. The letter has been mailed by my friend.
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3. The book is being read by Sarah.

4. The cake was eaten by the kids.
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5. The painting will be admired by everyone.

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Exercise 3: Identifying Passive Voice

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Determine whether the following sentences are in active or passive

voice. If it's passive, rewrite it in an active voice.
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1. The keys were lost.

2. The concert tickets were bought by me.
3. A new building is being constructed downtown.
4. The gift was wrapped beautifully.
5. The results of the experiment have been analyzed by the scientists.
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Word order in sentences

● S => Subject
● V => Verb
● O => Object (kimni? nimani? kimga? nimaga?)
S+V+O
I eat ice-cream.
Most of the parents and their children do not often communicate about
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their problems.
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Complex Sentences => Three parts
● Independent Clause - Mustaqil
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● Dependent Clause - Tobe
● Subordinating Conjunction — Bog'lovchi
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I didn’t go to school because I was ill.
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Independent => S + V => starts with a Subject
Dependent => Linker + Clause
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Independent Clause can make sense itself

I will call the police.
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Dependent Clause cannot make sense itself

If you take my video => INCORRECT (fragment)
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Complex Sentence -> Word Order / Clause Order

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Independent + Dependent
S + V + linker + S + V
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I did not get offended by you although you took my video.

Dependent, Independent
Although you took my video, I did not get offended by you.
Complex Sentence TYPES:

Clause of Purpose / Reason / Result / Contrast / Manner /
Relative
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Conditionals => If Sentences
Type 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / Mixed
● Type 0 > general statements
if + present simple, present simple
If the temperature of water reaches 100 Degrees Celsius, it boils.
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● Type 1 > present and future real situations
or
if + present simple, future simple
If you study hard, you will get your desired score from the IELTS test.
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You will be punished by the teacher, if you don’t do the homework.
If we do not allocate funding to protect endangered species, they may go
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extinct forever.
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Type 2 / Type 3 > NOREAL
Type 2 => Unreal Present / Future Simple
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If + past simple, S + would V1

tiL
If I had an iPhone 15 Pro Max now, I would show it off in front of my

girlfriends.
I was marked with grade B today. I would be really happy if I got grade A
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from math.
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If the crime rate were not so high in some countries like Brazil now, the
population of these places would live much more safely.
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Was = were but not the opposite

If I were you / If I was you /= If they was
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If Sentences > Conditionals

Type 0 / Type 1 -> Real Conditionals
Type 2 / Type 3 -> Unreal Conditionals
The crops will grow well if the rain continues to fall.
(T1 Real — future — can happen -> realistic)
- These days, it is not raining much. If the rainfall levels were higher,
the crops would grow better.
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- If there were no Abror Teacher in the class, I would be able to
sleep comfortably.
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Type 3 -> Unreal Past Conditional
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If S + had + V3, S would have + V3 (meaning -> Past Simple)
- I did not study hard last year, so I failed the exam.
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- If I had studied harder in 2022, I would have passed the exam
with flying colors.
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- Ronaldo would have had six Golden Balls if he had won last year's
award.
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Jack Ma went through many difficulties in the initial stages of his

business, even not generating income for the first three years. If he had
given up at those dark times, he would not have achieved such an
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immense success.
● Go through => experience
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● Generate income => make money

● Participle Clause (C1 Grammar)
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● Dark times — a period with challenges

Mixed => Unreal (Past + Present meaning)
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Unreal = Present — would / past simple

Unreal -> Past — would have V3 / past perfect
If + past perfect, S + past simple
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Type 3, Type 2
If Abror Teacher had not learned IELTS two years ago, he would not sit
here right now.
You would be the current boss in the company if you had taken the
chance when your father passed away.
If Clause, Main Clause (Independent)
If Synonyms
● Provided that = if (sharti bilan)
d
You can go to the party provided that you finish your homework.
or
On condition that = if (sharti bilan)
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Ok Bob, you can take my car on condition that you have it washed and
filled with petrol.
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● As long as / so long as = if (sharti bilan)
As long as you arrive before 9 p.m., you can go to the football pitch.
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Unless = if ... not
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If you are not happy with my behavior, I can leave your home now.
Unless you are happy with my behavior, I can leave your home now.
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Inverted conditionals
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M
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Task
Rewrite these sentences to form first, second, third or mixed
conditionals.
1 You're unfit because you don't do enough exercise.
if you _____________________________________________
2 I got angry because he was rude to me.
if he ______________________________________________
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3 I might go to live in Australia but I’ll have to find a job first.
or
if I _______________________________________________
4 You only know about this because I told you.
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if I _______________________________________________
5 I didn’t tell her about it because she didn’t ask me.
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if she ____________________________________________
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6 You don’t know this programme because you don’t watch television a
lot. if you ________________________________________________
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7 We’re not sitting outside because it’s raining

if it _________________________________________________
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8 We’re friends again because he apologized to me

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if he _________________________________________________
9 You didn’t hear what I said because you weren’t listening
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if you _______________________________________________
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10 I’m feeling ill because I ate too much.

if I ________________________________________________
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Relative Clauses
Complex Sentence IND / DEP
Relative Pronouns -> who / which / that / where / whom / how / whose
● Who -> people
I met a foreigner who was carrying a bag.
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I met a foreigner. He was carrying a bag.
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Relative -> can indicate the SUBJECT and the OBJECT
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The Shelbies have bought a new car. It is much expensive.
The Shelbies have bought a new car which is much more expensive.
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The Shelbies have bought a new car. They are now happy.
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If the relative pronoun refers to the SUBJECT, the relative pronoun is put
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after the SUBJECT itself.
The Shelbies who are now happy have bought a new car.
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● Which -> items / things / animals

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Many students now attend a private university. It offers a range of

subjects.
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(I) Many students now attend a private university (D) which offers a
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range of subjects.
Many students who are from rich families now attend a private university.
The main purpose of Relative Clauses is to give more information

about a word in a (complex) sentence.
People who do not have much money often find it hard to cover their
basic expenses.
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● Who // which = that
Our room is now hot. It is making students uncomfortable. They are

studying.
Our room, which is hot, is making students that are studying

uncomfortable.
MOST COMMON MISTAKE:
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Our room, which is hot, is making students uncomfortable.
or
Relative -> S + V / Main Clause -> S + V
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Many animals that are dying out. (XATO)
Many animals that are dying out should be protected.

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Complete this text by filling the gaps with one suitable word
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ev
tiL
ul
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Result sentences
● So + S + V
⮚ In the middle of a sentence, after a comma
E.g. We have completed the project earlier, so now we can have a rest.
So
● to introduce the result of something
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E.g. I wasn't listening, so I don`t know what he said.
or
● used between two clauses, after a comma, or with and
E.g. I was tired and so I went to bed.
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● Therefore/ Thus (more formal than so)=> shuning uchun
● At the beginning of a sentence.
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E.g. Many people are migrating from the countryside to cities. Thus, the
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issue of overpopulation is becoming more serious in cities.
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● In the middle of a sentence, after and
E.g. Many individuals are moving from rural areas to urban regions, and
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therefore the issue of overpopulation is becoming more serious.
● As a result
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● At the beginning of a sentence + comma + S + V
E.g. The crime rate is on the rise. As a result, streets have become less
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safe.
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● As a result of + Noun
E.g. As a result of inclement weather, we had to put off the meeting

outside.
We had to put off the meeting outside as a result of inclement weather.

(+ noun)
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● As a result of + Ving
E.g. As a result of working for almost 10 hours, John was extremely

tired.
Some city dwellers are suffering from respiratory diseases as a result of

breathing polluted air.
● Cause + Noun
E. g. Many people are hunting rare species recklessly( beparvolik bn),
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and this causes the extinction of those animals.
or
The increasing communication between people has caused less face-
to- face interaction.
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The use of make in showing results.
Make+NOUN/pronoun+V1
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I saw a poor man working even being disabled, and this made me cry.
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The distance of 30 km to run made me run for two days.
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Make+noun/pronoun+adj+to+V1
I learned two languages, and this made it easy to communicate with
people all over the world.
tiL
One of our team members did not finish his part of the project on time,
and this made the whole team late to hand in the work.
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Lead to + noun/pronoun
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The decline in sales leads to a bankruptcy.

@
Task
complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the
first sentence, using the word given
1 Because of you, I'm having difficulty concentrating on my work.
(difficult)
You are making _________________________concentrate on my work.
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2 I wanted to visit the place because of some pictures I saw of it. (made)
Some pictures I saw of the place_________________________to visit.
3 Because of the accident, there were traffic problems that day.
(resulted)
The________________________________________________that day
4 I lost my temper because of the assistant's unpleasant attitude.
(caused)
The assistant’s unpleasant attitude_____________________my temper.
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5 Their victory in the match was caused by excellent play. (led)
or
Excellent play__________________________________in the match.
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6 Because of your help, I was able to succeed. (possible)
Your help made______________________________________succeed.
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7 She has become much happier at work because she is earning more
money now. (result)
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She is earning more money now and
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_____________________________she has become much happier at

work.
8 Because of some bad experiences, he became cautious about taking
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risks. (made)
Some bad experiences_________________________about taking risks.
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M
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Adjectives and Adverbs
Introduction to Adjectives and Adverbs:

Adjectives and adverbs are essential parts of speech that add depth and
detail to our language. They enhance our communication by providing
information about nouns (adjectives) and verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs (adverbs).
d
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Adjectives:
Adjectives modify or describe nouns and pronouns. They answer
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questions like "What kind?" "Which one?" or "How many?" Here are
some examples:
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el
- The blue sky
- An interesting book
ev
- Three cheerful friends

tiL
Exercise 1: Identifying Adjectives

Identify the adjectives in the following sentences:
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M
1. The sunshine day brought a smile to her face.

2. We found a mysterious trail in the dense forest.
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3. He wore a stylish jacket to the elegant party.
Adverbs:
Adverbs modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They
answer questions like "How?" "When?" "Where?" or "To what degree?"
Here are some examples:
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- She sang beautifully. (modifying the verb "sang")

- It's an extremely hot day. (modifying the adjective "hot")
- He walked quickly towards the exit. (modifying the adverb "quickly")
Exercise 2: Identifying Adverbs

Identify the adverbs in the following sentences:
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1. She spoke softly to avoid waking the baby.
or
2. The car moved slowly through the crowded streets.
3. He completed the task efficiently and accurately.
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Comparative and Superlative Forms:
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Adjectives and adverbs often have comparative and superlative forms to
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show degrees of comparison.
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- Positive: The cat is fast.

tiL
- Comparative: The cheetah is faster than the cat.

- Superlative: The cheetah is the fastest land animal.
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Exercise 3: Comparative and Superlative

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Form the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives

and adverbs:
@
1. Tall
2. Quick
3. Beautiful
4. Loud
5. Carefully
27
Exercise 4: Using Adjectives and Adverbs

Create sentences using both adjectives and adverbs. Be sure to use
them to enhance your descriptions and add detail to your writing.
1. (Adjective: bright, Adverb: quickly)

2. (Adjective: cozy, Adverb: gracefully)
3. (Adjective: curious, Adverb: eagerly)
d
4. (Adjective: fierce, Adverb: loudly)
or
5. (Adjective: spacious, Adverb: carefully)
ec
R
el
ev
tiL
ul
M
@
28
Inversion
High level Grammar => Band 8.0:
Cleft Sentences
Nominalization
Inversion
Participle Clauses …
What do we need to construct Inversion?
d
- Inversion phrase (Not only ... but also, No sooner... than, Never, Rarely,
Only when / )
or
What should I do to construct an Inversion-based Sentence?
ec
1. Identify the tense
2. Identify its Auxiliary verb
R
I saw Maria yesterday.
Past simple => did
el
3. Follow Inversion formula
ev
Inversion phrase + Aux verb + S + Main Verb

I have never seen the Eiffel Tower.
tiL
Present Perfect => Have / Has

Never have I seen the Eiffel Tower. (Inversion)
Inversion phrase + ko’makchi fe’l + Ega
ul
I rarely drive a car => Rarely do I drive a car. IELTS usage => Writing or
Speaking
M
Useful chunks for IELTS Writing

@
• Rarely do parents pay attention to childcare. if both of them bear the

responsibility of earning a living, which is why there is a likelihood for
their children to develop ill- behavior. (which is why so)
• Not only ... but also
Not only can space exploration offer us a
chance to discover new habitable planets, but
it can also cast a light on certain unknown
aspects of the universe.
29
• No sooner ... than => ko`p o`tmay

No sooner do people buy modern products than those goods tend to be
damaged.
No sooner do the environmentalists start to protect endangered animals
in reserves than their survival will be more guaranteed.
Exercise 1: Basic Inversion Practice
Rewrite the following sentences using inversion based on the given
d
tense and auxiliary verb.
or
1. She rarely visits the museum.
ec
Rarely ___________ she visit the museum.
R
2. They had never tried sushi before.
el
Never ___________ they tried sushi before.
3. I can only speak French fluently.

ev
Only ___________ I speak French fluently.

tiL
4. We will not attend the concert.
Not only ___________ we attend the concert.

ul
M
Exercise 2: Inversion with "Not only... but also"
Use "Not only... but also" to create inverted sentences.

@
1. Space exploration can provide us with knowledge about distant

planets. It can also reveal unknown aspects of the universe.
Not only ___________ space exploration offer us a chance to discover

new habitable planets, but also ___________ it cast a light on certain
unknown aspects of the universe.
30
2. He not only completed the project ahead of schedule, but he also

exceeded the expectations.
Not only ___________ he complete the project ahead of schedule, but

also ___________ he exceed the expectations.
Exercise 3: Inversion with "No sooner... than"
d
Complete the sentences using "No sooner... than" and inversion.
or
ec
1. People buy modern products, and those goods tend to be damaged
immediately.
R
No sooner ___________ people buy modern
___________ those goods tend to be damaged.
products than
el
2. The environmentalists start to protect endangered animals in
ev
reserves. The survival of these animals will be more guaranteed.
No sooner ___________ the environmentalists start to protect

endangered animals in reserves than ___________ the survival of these
tiL
animals will be more guaranteed.

ul
Exercise 4: IELTS Writing Chunks

M
Complete the sentences using the provided chunks.

@
1. Parents rarely pay attention to childcare. Both of them bear the

responsibility of earning a living.
Rarely ___________ parents pay attention to childcare, ___________

both of them bear the responsibility of earning a living, which is why
___________ there is a likelihood for their children to develop
ill-behavior.
31
Cleft Sentences
Introduction to Cleft Sentences:
Cleft sentences are structures that help us emphasize a particular part of

a sentence by dividing it into two clauses. These sentences typically
start with "It," "What," "Who," or "Whose," followed by a form of "be" and
d
the emphasized part. Cleft sentences are useful for drawing attention to
specific information or elements within a sentence.
or
Basic Cleft Sentence Structures:
ec
1. It-clefts:
- Standard: She won the award.

R
- Cleft: It was she who won the award.
el
ev
2. Wh-clefts:
- Standard: John broke the vase.

tiL
- Cleft: What John broke was the vase.

ul
Exercise 1: Basic Cleft Sentence Practice

M
Transform the following sentences into cleft sentences.

@
1. She completed the project on time.
- It was on time that she completed the project.
2. They discovered a hidden treasure.
- What they discovered was a hidden treasure.
3. He won the championship.
32
- It was the championship that he won.
4. The team scored a last-minute goal.
- What the team scored was a last-minute goal.
Wh-clefts Practice:
d
or
1. Who-cleft:
- Standard: She solved the puzzle.
ec
- Cleft: Who solved the puzzle was she.
R
el
2. Which-cleft:
- Standard: They chose the best option.

ev
- Cleft: Which option they chose was the best.

tiL
Exercise 2: Wh-cleft Sentence Practice

ul
Transform the following sentences into wh-cleft sentences.

M
1. He made a significant contribution to the project.

@
- Who made a significant contribution was he.
2. They planted a beautiful garden in the backyard.
- What they planted was a beautiful garden in the backyard.
3. She organized a charity event to raise funds.
- What she organized was a charity event to raise funds.
33
4. The scientists discovered a new species of butterfly.
- Which species of butterfly the scientists discovered was new.
Using Cleft Sentences for Emphasis:
Cleft sentences are often used for emphasis, especially in spoken

English.
d
or
- Standard: She loves playing the piano.
ec
- Cleft: It's the piano that she loves playing.
Exercise 3: Emphasizing Information

R
Transform the following sentences using cleft structures to emphasize
el
the underlined part.
ev
1. He enjoys reading mystery novels.

tiL
- It's mystery novels that he enjoys reading.
2. They found the solution to the problem.

ul
- What they found was the solution to the problem.

M
@
34
Participle Clauses
● Bekzod Mirahmedov mentioned;

● Webster professor mentioned;
● AI response
● The list of Band 8.0 Grammar
●
d
Three types of Participle Clauses
or
ec
● Participle I -> Ving
● Participle II -> V3
R
● Participle III -> Having V3 / Having been V3
el
Participle I
ev
Result of an action
tiL
The government has channeled huge investments into education,

improving the quality of education in the country, in turn.
ul
(D) Many poachers are still hunting rare animals. (R ) This leads to
massive extinctions.
M
Many poachers are still hunting rare animals, leading to massive

@
extinctions, in turn.
Participle Clause (Result) -> which

● (D) Many people are migrating to cities from the countryside, (R )
and this causes overpopulation in urban areas.
● Many people are migrating to cities from the countryside, causing
overpopulation in urban areas, in turn.
● Many people are migrating to cities from the countryside, which
causes overpopulation in urban areas, in turn.
35
Participle Clauses -> Reason

● Ving comes at the beginning of a sentence
As I forgot the time of the meeting, I didn’t arrive on time.
Forgetting the time of the meeting. I didn’t arrive on time. (O’zbekcha ->
b, ib)
Knowing that John was tired, I didn’t assign him a task. (= Because I
knew John was tired, I didn’t assign him a task)
d
As many people drive their cars to the workplace, they cause heavy
or
traffic and pollution.
ec
Driving their cars to the workplace, many people cause heavy traffic and
pollution
Participle clauses -> Time (parallel actions)

R
I was knitting a sock while I was watching TV.
el
Knitting a sock, I was watching TV.
ev
Many students find their passion when they study at university.

tiL
Studying at university, many students find their passion.
Participle clauses (Relative clause)

ul
Mr Johnson who committed the crime was arrested.

M
Mr Johnson committing the crime was arrested.
I finally caught the mouse which stole my coins

@
I finally caught the mouse stealing my coins
36
Participle III (Having + V3) - Sequence actions

I was very tired, so I decided not to go the party
Having been very tired, I decided not to go to the party.
I entered the room, and then switched on the light.
Having entered the room, I switched on the light.
d
or
ec
Task
Decide whether these sentences are correct or not. Correct those
R
which are incorrect.
el
1 She was got married last month.
______________________________________________________
ev
2 Walking down the street, the wind was blowing very hard.
______________________________________________________
tiL
3 Being made by hand, this furniture is quite original.

ul
______________________________________________________
4 Feeling nervous, his speech began.

M
______________________________________________________
@
5 I usually watch TV while I doing the ironing.
______________________________________________________
37
Task
1 I asked a lot of questions. I was trying to find out what had really
happened.
_________________________________________________________
2 We met. We were working in the same office.
_________________________________________________________
d
3 The Tale Modern is a huge art gallery in London. it was opened in
2000.
or
_________________________________________________________
4 This novel was written over 100 years ago. It is still relevant today
ec
_________________________________________________________
5 The storm damaged several buildings.
_________________________________________________________
R
6 I must change my clothes for the party
el
_________________________________________________________
7 The managers are running the company. They are making a lot of
ev
mistakes.
_________________________________________________________
8 I was coming into the room. I realized that something was wrong.
tiL
_________________________________________________________
9 There's not much time left. so let's begin now.
_________________________________________________________
ul
10 There's a big tourist attraction in London. It is known as The London

M
Eye.
_________________________________________________________
@
38
Clauses of Time
Introduction to Clauses of Time:
Clauses of time provide information about when an action or event takes
place. These clauses are essential for creating clear and coherent
sentences, helping to establish the timeline of events. They often begin
with subordinating conjunctions or time expressions.
Basic Types of Clauses of Time:
d
or
1. Subordinate Clauses:
- After I finish my work, I will go for a walk.
ec
- Before the concert starts, grab some snacks.
2. Time Expressions:
R
- I will meet you at 3 o'clock.
- They usually have dinner after sunset.
el
Exercise 1: Identifying Clauses of Time
ev
Identify the clauses of time in the following sentences.

tiL
1. She will visit her grandparents when she has a day off.
2. After finishing the book, he decided to write a review.
ul
3. We usually go for a swim in the lake during the summer.

4. They celebrated the New Year once the clock struck midnight.
M
Subordinating Conjunctions for Clauses of Time:

@
1. After: After they finish their exams, they plan to travel.

2. Before: She always checks her email before leaving the office.
3. When: I will call you when I arrive at the airport.
4. While: He listens to music while studying for exams.
5. As soon as: She will notify you as soon as she receives the
information.
39
Exercise 2: Using Subordinating Conjunctions
Complete the sentences with the appropriate subordinating conjunctions.
1. We will go for a hike ___________ the rain stops.

2. Please call me ___________ you reach home.
3. They decided to take a break ___________ completing the first part of
the project.
4. ___________ the teacher explains the lesson, take notes.
d
Time Expressions:
or
1. Now: I am busy now; let's talk later.
ec
2. Soon: They will release the new album soon.
3. Yesterday: I finished reading the book yesterday.
4. Later: We can discuss it later this evening.
R
5. During: I learned a lot during the workshop.
el
Exercise 3: Completing Sentences with Time Expressions
ev
Complete the sentences with the appropriate time expressions.

tiL
1. I will call you back; I am in a meeting ___________.

2. They are planning to visit Europe ___________ this year.
3. We went for a walk ___________ in the morning.
ul
4. She will finish the report ___________ this afternoon.

M
@
40
Nominalization
Introduction to Nominalization:
Nominalization is the process of converting verbs, adjectives, or other
parts of speech into nouns. It involves turning actions or qualities into
concrete entities. Nominalization is a powerful tool in English grammar,
allowing for precision and conciseness in writing.
Basic Nominalization Patterns:
d
or
1. Verb to Noun:
- Verb: They decided to implement new policies.
ec
- Nominalization: The decision to implement new policies was made.
2. Adjective to Noun:
R
- Adjective: The presentation was informative.
- Nominalization: The informative nature of the presentation was
el
appreciated.
ev
Exercise 1: Verb to Noun Nominalization

tiL
Convert the following sentences by nominalizing the verbs.
1. They discussed the proposal during the meeting.

ul
- The discussion of the proposal took place during the meeting.

M
2. She examined the patient thoroughly.

- Her examination of the patient was thorough.
@
3. We achieved our goals for the quarter.

- The achievement of our goals for the quarter was notable.
41
Exercise 2: Adjective to Noun Nominalization
Nominalize the adjectives in the following sentences.
1. The project was challenging.

- The challenge of the project was significant.
2. His speech was inspiring.

- The inspiration from his speech was evident.
d
3. The solution is feasible.
or
- The feasibility of the solution is being considered.
ec
Nominalization with Prefixes:
1. Un-: Satisfied → Unsatisfaction

R
2. Re-: Write → Re-writing
el
3. Pre-: Plan → Pre-planning
ev
Exercise 3: Nominalization with Prefixes
Nominalize the verbs using the appropriate prefixes.

tiL
1. They do a lot of research before starting a project.

- Their preparation involves a lot of research before starting a project.
ul
M
2. He write the report again to improve it.

- His re-writing of the report aimed to improve it.
@
Nominalization in Academic Writing:
1. Original Sentence: The researchers studied the effects of climate

change.
- Nominalized: The study of the effects of climate change was
conducted by the researchers.
42
2. Original Sentence: They conducted an analysis of the data.

- Nominalized: The conducting of an analysis of the data was carried
out by them.
Exercise 4: Academic Nominalization
Nominalize the following sentences for academic writing.
1. They explored various theories in their research.
d
- The exploration of various theories was conducted in their research.
or
2. We carried out an investigation into the factors affecting economic
growth.
ec
- The carrying out of an investigation into the factors affecting
economic growth was undertaken.
R
el
ev
tiL
ul
M
@
43
d
or
ec
R
el
ev
tiL
ul
M
@
44

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Telegram: @MultiLevelRecord Abror Rahmatullayev

The list of themes

independent +one dependents

I received my salary yesterday, so I want to buy a present to my mother

Because / if / unless / when / who / which.

1. My mother is sick. My mother is going to the doctor.

6. It was raining the whole day. We decided to go to the park.

8. Nobody knew where to go. We asked some random people for

directions to the hills.

9. Let them know. You will have to suffer the consequences.

Answers for a task

My mother is sick, so she is going to the doctor.

5. Tina had to present the paper today. Nancy volunteered to do it.

It was raining the whole day; however, he decided to go to the park.

8. Nobody knew where to go. We asked some random people for

Nobody knew where to go, so we asked some random people for

9. Let them know. You will have to suffer the consequences.

Let them know or you will have to suffer the consequences.

Complex Sentences => Clause Reason

The reason for playing football is to be fit.

● The reason why + S + V + Main Verb

4. Separated sentences => two sentences.

5. Participle => at the beginning of a sentence => Ving

I bought an online course to study at home. She borrowed a book to

● So as to/in order to=> maqsadida(formal)

Many governments around the world are now cooperating together so as

● Negative purpose=> in order not to/so as not to +V1

● In order for somebody to + V

I work hard to study.

I work hard in order for my children to study.

● With the aim of/with the view to + Ving

● So that + S + V => maqsadida (shuning uchun)

I got up early so that I could go to the interview on time.

I now study online by paying money in order to get a language

I now study online by paying money for a language certificate.

● Lest => …masin deb…

I walked silently lest my brother did not wake up.

recharging our batteries.

the electricity was cut off.

I got up early so that I would not be late for the lesson.

The University Entertainments Committee

two events would have to be canceled immediately. 10 _____ the

1 A owing B because of C due D on account

2 A due to B as a result C therefore D in view

4 A on account of B because C since D as a result

6 A cause B lead C result D make

7 A as a result B because C in view of D as

8 A since B then C due to D because of

9 A result B cause C mean D lead

10 A therefore B since C on account D owing to

Complex Grammar for Contrast

I work as a teacher although I am not satisfied with that.

Despite working for ten hours, James was not tired.

Despite / in spite of + the fact that + S + V

● Despite + noun + Ving

S + V + despite + noun + Ving

=> I saw a dog barking loudly. (Participle)

b) I like ice-cream. My mum, however, doesn’t allow me to eat.

● On the other hand => Two cases (a,b)