lec.2 and3
lec.2 and3
lec.2 and3
Concrete technology
Lec. 2
limestone or chalk
Chemical Composition:
[email protected]
Hydration of Cement
The chemical reactions that take place between cement and
water is referred as hydration of cement
[email protected]
Hydration of Cement
[email protected]
The hydration of cement can be visualized in
two ways:-
1. Through solution: in this way , the cement compounds
dissolve to produce a supersaturated solution from which
different hydrated products get precipitated
2. Solid state: - is that water attacks cement compounds in
the solid state converting the compounds into hydrated
products starting from the surface and proceeding to the
interior of the compounds with time.
**** It is probable that both “through solution” and
“solid state” types of mechanism may occur during the
course of reactions between cement and water
**** The former mechanism may predominate in the
early stages of hydration in view of large quantities of
water being available, and the latter mechanism may
operate during the later stages of hydration.
[email protected]
Heat of Hydration:
It has been observed that the temperature in the interior of large mass concrete is
50°C above the original temperature of the concrete mass at the time of placing and
this high temperature is found to persist for a prolonged period.
[email protected]
The Figure shows the pattern of liberation
of heat from setting cement and during early
hardening period. On mixing cement with
water, a rapid heat evolution, lasting a few
minutes, occurs.
--This heat evolution is probably due to the
reaction of solution of aluminates and
sulphates (stage I).
-- This initial heat evolution ceases quickly
when the solubility of aluminate is
depressed by gypsum. (Stage II).
-- Next heat evolution is on account of
formation of ettringite and also may be due
[email protected] to the reaction of C3S (Stage III and IV)
Since gypsum are added to control the flash setting
properties of C3A,
Actually the early heat of hydration is mainly
contributed from the hydration of C3A.
Fineness of cement also influences the rate of
development of heat but not the total heat.
The total quantity of heat generated in the complete
hydration will depend upon the relative quantities of
the major compounds present in cement.
Thank you
[email protected]
Concrete Technology
Prof. Dr. Zena K. Abbas
[email protected] Second class
Concrete technology
Lec. 3
Tricalcium aluminate hydrate and the action of gypsum
[email protected]
Gypsum, added to the clinker through grinding process
cause delaying the reaction of C3A with water by its
reaction with C3A to form insoluble calcium
sulfoaluminate (3CaO.Al2 O3.3CaSO.30-32H2O) -
ettringite - around C3A particles, which permits enough
time for the hydration of C3S that its reaction is slower
than C3A and permits the occurring of natural setting.
But eventually tri-calcium aluminate hydrate is formed,
although this is preceded by a metastable
3CaO.A12O3.CaSO4.12H2O, produced at the expense of
the original high-sulfate calcium sulfo-aluminate.
[email protected]
The reaction of gypsum with C3A continues until one of them exhausted, while C3S continue in hydration.
When the hexagonal crystals expose to sulfates (inside concrete from sand or external from soil or
ground water) react with it forming calcium-suloaluminate with increase in volume,
depending on the amount of remaining aluminates and the concentration of sulfates crack and
deteriorate of the hardened concrete.
[email protected]
The transformation of calcium aluminates hydrate from the metastable hexagonal
form to the stable cubical form is accompanied with — change in the density and
size of the crystals — leading to decrease in the late ages strength of the cement
paste due to:
[email protected]
Using the optimum percentage of gypsum is very important
because:
1. It regulates the speed of the chemical reactions in the early ages.
2. Prevent the local concentration of the hydration products.
The necessary gypsum content increase with the increase of:
-C3A content in the cement.
-Alkalis content in the cement.
- Fineness of the cement.
[email protected]
Calcium silicates hydrate
C3 S:
C3S which is normally present in the largest amount. '
Hydration of C3S — take about one year or more
This initial gel form an external layer over C3S causing the
delay of the reaction. After few hours, this initial C-S-H
undergo hydrolysis to form the second product of the gel CSH
The full hydration of C3S can be expressed approximately
following equation:
2(3CaO.SiO2) + 6H2 O 3CaO.2SiO2. 3H2O + 3Ca (OH) 2
For C3S hydration
2 C3S + 6H C3S2H3 + 3Ca (OH)2
The corresponding masses involved are:
100 +24 75 +49
[email protected]
C2 S:
Its reaction is slower than C3S.
The amount of Ca (OH)2 from its hydration is less. Its formed gel is similar to
that produced from C3 S, but there is difference in the route of the chemical
reactions between the two compounds — the lime: silica during the hydration
of C2S differs than that formed during the hydration of C3S. Hydration of C2S
— takes more than 4 years.
The gel formed after the completion of hydration of the two compounds
C3S and C2S — require approximately the same amount of water for hydration,
but C3S produces more than twice as much Ca (OH)2 is formed by the hydration
of C2S , as shown in the equations below:
For C2S hydration
2 C2S + 4H C3S2H3+ Ca (OH)2
The corresponding masses involved are:
100 +21 99 +22
C2S β- C2S form at about 1450.
[email protected]
[email protected]
Thank
you