1. Define VMC and factors in detail?

Minimum controllable airspeed with one engine inoperative. 62knots for Tecnam.

2. What is load factor?

It’s the ratio of the lift of an aircraft to its weight.
+3.8g, -1.78g flaps up and +2g, -0g flaps down
Limit Load Factor is the maximum load factor authorized during flight.
The Ultimate Load is the Limit Load multiplied by a prescribed Safety Factor of 1.5.

3. What is the category of aircraft, Tecnam p2006t?

Tecnam is Performance Class B aircraft.
- Performance class A aeroplanes means multi-engine aeroplanes powered by turbo-
propeller engines with a maximum passenger seating configuration of more than nine or
a maximum take-off mass exceeding 5 700 kg, and all multi-engine turbo-jet powered
aeroplanes.
- Performance class B aeroplanes means aeroplanes powered by propeller engines with a
maximum passenger seating configuration of nine or less and a maximum take-off mass
of 5 700 kg or less.
- Performance class C aeroplanes means aeroplanes powered by reciprocating engines
with a maximum passenger seating configuration of more than nine or a maximum take-
off mass exceeding 5 700 kg.

4. Oil flow and quantity explain?

Main Oil pump sucks oil from the oil tank via radiator and forces it through oil filter to the points
of lubrication. Surplus oil from points of lubrication accumulates on the bottom of the crank case
which is then forced back to oil tank via piston blow by gases.
Minimum Oil is 2 Liters and Max oil is 3 Liters. (PER TANK)

5. Fuel quantity?
100 Liters per tank. Total capacity for both tanks is 200 Liters.
Total usable fuel 194.4 Liters. Total Unusable fuel is 5.6 Liters.
 6. What kind of propellers and explain?
Variable Pitch, hydraulically controlled, Constant speed propellers. (Explain CSU)
1780mm Diameter. (No reduction allowed)

7. What is lapse rate? Explain DALR SALR ELR?

The rate at which air temperature falls with increasing altitude.
Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR) is 3°C per 1000 feet
Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR) is 1.5°C per 1000 feet.
ELR (Environmental Lapse Rate) is the actual rate at which the ambient temperature changes
with height.
- If ELR is greater than the DALR, air is then unstable.
- If ELR is greater than SALR, the air is said to be absolutely unstable
- If ELR is less than the DALR and greater than the SALR, air is conditionally unstable
- If ELR is less than the DALR, air is said to be stable
- If ELR is less than the SALR, the air is said to be absolutely stable

8. VLO/VLE difference?
VLO is the airspeed at which the landing gear can be safely operated (extended or retracted).
VLE is the maximum speed at which you can fly with the gear extended.

9. Door lock mechanism

An electro-mechanical device locks the door latch when left engine runs. A pressure switch
senses engine oil pressure and allows for electrical supply to a solenoid which engages the
door lock mechanism.

10. Load factor straight &level / in a bank?

In straight and level flight, the load factor is 1. (Lift being provided by wings is just enough to
keep the aircraft from descending).
To calculate the load factor for a certain bank angle, formula: G = 1 / cos (Bank Angle).

11. Landing gear emergency extension procedure (left & right lever do what)?
RH control lever extends main landing gear. LH control lever extends nose landing gear.
The emergency landing gear extension operation takes about 20- sec.
 12. Constant & fixed pitch propellers?
A constant speed propeller is a propeller that is designed to automatically change its blade pitch
to allow it to maintain a constant RPM irrespective of engine torque or airspeed.
A fixed pitch propeller has its pitch determined at the factory when the propeller is made.

13. Critical Engine & Propeller left turning tendencies?

Left engine has the most adverse effect if failed
Slip Stream - The stream of air forced backwards by an aircraft propeller around the aircraft
body and hits the tail section causing a yaw to the left.
P factor - Asymmetric blade effect. There is more thrust on the down going blade than the
upgoing blade causing a yaw to the left.
Torque - It is the force that causes an opposite rotation. As the propeller rotates clockwise the
aircraft experiences a rotation force in opposite direction causing a roll to the left

14. VMC roll?

It is an unintended roll induced by flying at a speed below Vmc.

15. VMCA & VMCG?

Vmcg is defined as the minimum calibrated airspeed, during the takeoff run at which, if the
critical engine suddenly fails, it is possible to maintain directional control using only aerodynamic
controls.
Vmca is defined as the minimum speed, whilst in the air, that directional control can be
maintained with one engine inoperative (critical engine on two engine aeroplanes), operating
engine(s) at takeoff power and a maximum of 5 degrees of bank towards the good engine(s)

16. TORA, TODA, ASDA?

TORA - Take Off Run Available, it is the length declared available and suitable for takeoff run
requirements
TODA - Take Off Distance Available, TORA + clearway
ASDA - Accelerated stop distance available, Length of TORA + Stopway
LDA - Landing distance available, available length of runway for aircraft to land.
 17. Constant depression carburetor?
These carburetors are designed such that the throat or opening varies with engine load,
resulting in a constant depression or vacuum being maintained at the jet opening.

18. Category of the aircraft depending on weight, Vref speed and others?
VREF is 1.3 x stall speed with full landing flaps or with selected landing flaps.
- Category A: Speed 90 knots or less.
- Category B: Between 91 and 120 knots.
- Category C: Between 121 and 140 knots.
- Category D: Between 141 knots and 165 knots.
- Category E: Speed 166 knots or more.

19. What is Aquaplaning?

Aquaplaning, is a condition in which standing water, causes the moving wheel of an aircraft to
lose contact with the load bearing surface on which it is rolling, with the result that braking action
on the wheel is not effective in reducing the ground speed of the aircraft.
Aquaplaning = 9 x sqroot of (tyre pressure)

20. VMC minima?

Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) are the meteorological conditions expressed in terms of
visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling equal to or better than specified minima.
- When above 3,000ft or 1,000ft above terrain, whichever is higher:
- 1500m horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically from cloud;
- Flight visibility 5km below 10,000ft and 8km above 10,000 ft.

- When below 3,000 ft or 1,000 ft above terrain, whichever is higher:

- Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface;
- Flight visibility 5km
 1. What is VA?
Do not make full or abrupt control movement above this speed, because under certain
conditions the aircraft may be overstressed by full control movement. 122 knots.

2. What is VX and VXSE?

Vx, best angle of climb speed is the speed which gives the greatest amount of altitude in a given
distance. (72 knots)
Vxse is the airspeed where should an engine failure occur will give the most amount of altitude
gained for a given distance across the ground with only one engine operating. (83 knots)

3. What is VMCA and explain what VMCA is

Vmca is defined as the minimum speed, whilst in the air, that directional control can be
maintained with one engine inoperative. (62 knots)

4. What is VLE/VLO? Explain the difference

VLO is the airspeed at which the landing gear can be safely operated (extended or retracted).
VLE is the maximum speed at which you can fly with the gear extended.

5. Why do we have two pitot tubes?

To provide redundancy in the case of system failure.

6. What is indicated airspeed?

Indicated airspeed (IAS) is the airspeed of an aircraft as measured by its pitot-static system and
displayed by the airspeed indicator (ASI).

7. Do we have a critical engine? Explain why left engine is the critical engine
Yes, left engine is critical. Due to p-factor the down going blade will produce more thrust than
the upgoing blade. And the thrust vector is further from the cg on the right engine than the left
one. Thus, if left fails there will be a stronger yawing motion than if the right one fails.
 8. Explain how CSU works.
CSU working principle explain…

9. What will you do if you enter icing conditions

- Carburetor heat BOTH ON
- Pitot heat ON
- Fly as soon as practical toward a zone clear of visible moisture, precipitation and with
higher temperature, changing altitude and/or direction.
- Control surfaces Move continuously to avoid locking
- Propellers rpm INCREASE to prevent ice build-up on the blades

10. Procedure for engine fire on ground

- Fuel Selectors off
- Fuel Pumps off
- Ignitions off
- Cabin heat defrost off
- Masters off
- Parking brakes engaged
- Evacuate

11. Emergency landing gear operation procedure

2. Landing gear control lever DOWN
3. Emergency gear extension access door REMOVE
4. RH control lever ROTATE 90° counterclockwise
5. Wait at least 20 seconds (it takes 20 seconds for the hydraulic accumulator to work)
6. LH control lever ROTATE 180° counterclockwise
7. Land as soon as practical

12. Where is emergency gear hatch located

Emergency extension is located on the cabin floor, under a removable cover in correspondence
of the pilot seat.