machine lab3 Fall_2024

Electrical Machines
Lab # 03
Transformer Polarity test
1.1 OBJECTIVES
1. To perform the transformer polarity test
2. To check the additive and subtractive polarity
1.2 INFORMATION
A single-phase transformer polarity test will be investigated in this lab. It is a step-down
transformer 220/110V with a center is tapped and a rated power of 300VA with rated
frequency of 50 Hz.
1.3 Pre-lab work:

3.1 Polarity Test of Transformer:
Polarity means the direction of the induced voltages in the primary and the secondary
winding of the transformer. If the two transformers are connected in parallel, then the
polarity should be known for the proper connection of the transformer. There are two
types of polarity one is Additive, and another is Subtractive.
Figure 3.1. polarity types of transformer.

1. Additive Polarity: In additive polarity, the same terminals of the primary and the
secondary windings of the transformer are connected i.e., the dot notation will be
out of phase for 1800.
Figure 3.2. Additive polarity type of transformer.

2. Subtractive Polarity: In subtractive polarity, different terminals of the primary and
secondary side of the transformer is connected. In other words, the dot notation
will be in phase to each side.
Figure 2.3. subtractive polarity type of transformer.

Figure 2.4. polarity types of transformer.
Explanation with Connection Diagram
Each of the terminals of the primary, as well as the secondary winding of a transformer, is
alternatively positive and negative with respect to each other as shown in the figure below.
Let A1 and A2 be the positive and negative terminal, respectively of the primary side of the
transformer and a1, a2 are the positive and negative terminal of the secondary side of the
transformer.
If A1 is connected to a1 and A2 is connected to a2 that means similar terminals of the
transformer are connected, then the polarity is said to be additive. If A 1 is connected to a2
and A2 to a1, that means the opposite terminals are connected to each other, and thus the
voltmeter will read the subtractive polarity.
Figure 2.5. understanding of polarity test.
It is essential to know the relative polarities at any instant of the primary and the
secondary terminals for making the correct connections if the transformers are to be
connected in parallel or they are used in a three-phase circuit.
In the primary side, the terminals are marked as A 1 and A2 and from the secondary side,
the terminals are named as a1 and a2. The terminal A1 is connected to one end of the
secondary winding, and a voltmeter is connected between A 2 and the other end of the
secondary winding.
When the voltmeter reads the difference that is (V 1 – V2), the transformer is said to be
connected with opposite polarity know as subtractive polarity and when the voltmeter
reads (V1 + V2), the transformer is said to have additive polarity.
1.1 PRE-LABORATORY PREPARATION

Read the information section of the lab manual and lab instruments description. Be ready
to answer questions related to the transformer’s theory and practical measurements.
1.2 In Lab work

1. Polarity test
1.1 EQUIPMENT
1. Single-phase transformer 1 No.
2. Variable AC source 1 No.
3. Voltmeter 3 No.
4. Supply board 1 No.
5. Connecting leads as required
1.2 Procedure of Polarity Test of Transformer
Figure 2.6. Connection for transformer polarity test.

 Connect the circuit as shown above with a voltmeter (V a) across primary winding and
another voltmeter (Vb) across the secondary winding.
 If available, take down the ratings of the transformer and the turn ratio.
 We connect a voltmeter (Vc) between primary and secondary windings.
 We apply some voltage to the primary side.
 By checking the value in the voltmeter (V c), we can find whether it is additive or
subtractive polarity.
 Do not turn the power on before your circuit has been checked by your Teacher!
When the layout has been completed, have your Teacher to check your circuit
connections and get his/her signature in your log book.
 If additive polarity – Vc should be showing the sum of Va and Vb.
 If subtractive polarity – Vc should be showing the difference between Va and Vb.
 Note: If we require additive polarity, but we have subtractive polarity, we can simply
change it by keeping any of the primary or secondary windings in the same fashion and
reversing the winding connection of the other one. Similarly, if we require subtractive
polarity but have additive polarity, we could do the same procedure as above.
1.3 Precautions:
 Avoid loose connections before switching on the supply
 The voltmeter should be parallel to the circuit
 The Ammeter should be in series in the circuit
 Take the readings very carefully
 Be careful that the max. measuring the voltage of voltmeter Vc should be greater than
the sum of Va (Primary winding) and Vb (Secondary winding) otherwise during the
additive polarity, the sum of Va and Vb comes across it.
1.4 Observations:
Table 1: Subtractive polarity.
S.N Subtractive polarity

Voltage Va Voltage Vb Voltage Vc
o Vc=Va-Vb
1
2
3
4
Table 2: Additive polarity.
S.N Additive polarity

Voltage Va Voltage Vb Voltage Vc
o Vc=Va+Vb
1
2
3
4
1.1 PRECAUTIONS:
1) The connection should be light.
2) Voltmeter used should be within the voltage range.
3) Take the voltmeters readings very accurately
4) Do not turn the power on before your circuit has been checked by your Teacher!
5) When the layout has been completed, have your Teacher to check your circuit
connections and get his/her signature in your log book.
1.2 Post task:
Do the same work in matlab/Simulink.

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Electrical Machines

1.3 Pre-lab work:

Figure 3.1. polarity types of transformer.

Figure 3.2. Additive polarity type of transformer.

Figure 2.3. subtractive polarity type of transformer.

1.1 PRE-LABORATORY PREPARATION

1.2 In Lab work

1.2 Procedure of Polarity Test of Transformer

Figure 2.6. Connection for transformer polarity test.

S.N Subtractive polarity

Table 2: Additive polarity.

S.N Additive polarity

Do the same work in matlab/Simulink.

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