ENGLISH MDCAT

GUIDEBOOK 2024

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 About Author
"Hey MDCAT warriors,
This guide was made by your senior Hira Zahid 2nd
year MBBS student, whether you're just starting out
or looking to level up your game, this courseoutline
is here to empower you! Get ready to tackle the
MDCAT exam head-on as we dive into the ins and
outs of biology, chemistry, physics, and English... Well
break down complex topics, provide practice
exercises, and share valuable tips and tricks to boost
your confidence and maximize your score. Let's
embark on this MDCAT adventure together and rock
that exam!"

So first you have to know the books which you have

to study and build concepts from as it is the first step
for you to take.. Its important to know from where to
start and which right resources to use as its gonna
help to save your a lot of time and acts as a building
block toward your goals.

START
 MDCAT English
Guide

We have made an illustrative course content

and guide for you on how to prepare mdcat
English and get full marks so you can ace your
exams!!
So basically as compared to other subjects
English dosen't come from the chapter you read
for in your board exams instead if you want to
grasps content of learning objectives here are
some tips and examples to make sure that you
should be familiarize with the type of mcq's that
are going to come in mdcat exams and how you
can prepare according to it...
NOTE:
So first you have to know the books which you have
to study and build concepts from as it is the first step
for you to take.. Its important to know from where to
start and which right resources to use as its gonna
help to save your a lot of time and acts as a building
block toward your goals.
 TENSES
In English Grammar, tenses are used to convey tasks or
jobs done with time reference. In many of the
languages, there are typically three main categories of
tenses: Present, Past, and Future.
In this lesson, tenses like present, past, future with their
complete categories are explained in detailed with
many examples and exercises also with pictures
demonstration.

Present Simple - Definition

From the tenses of English, the first and very important
tense is Present Simple. As name is quite self-
explanatory, it is fairly simple.

We use present simple tense to talk about general

statements, facts, habits, likes and dislikes, jobs that we
do in our life (hourly, regularly, monthly, yearly).

Formula:
Subject +Verb base form add s,es + Object + time.
 TENSES
For Example
I go to my college of nursing everyday. (Affirmative statement)
Do I go to my college of nursing everyday?(Interrogative
statement)

I don't go to my college of nursing everyday.

(Negative Statement)

Don't I go to my college of nursing?

(Intro-negative statement)
Grammar spot
don't, we don't, you don't, they don't She doesn't, he doesn't, it
doesn't, Ali doesn't
Signal words of Present Simple
Daily Everyday.
Every year/Month
In winter/summer.
Sometimes/never.
On weekends.
Always, once a
week.
 TENSES

Possession

(Using has, have + Noun)

We can also use present simple tense to show possession of

something by using has and have before noun.

For Example:

Do you have a car?

Yes, I have a car.

Does she have a car?

No, she doesn't have a car.

Making Negatives & Interrogative Statements (Use don't and

doesn't) We cannot use base form with es,s after don't and
doesn't.
 TENSES

Present Continuous - Definition

Second very easy and catchy tense from the family of present is
Present Progressive aka Present Continuous.

We use present continuous to talk about activities going on or

doing at the moment of speaking. To describe the ongoing
situation.

Signal words that show present continuous are:

at the moment, right now, meanwhile, nowadays, presently,

currently, now.

Formula:

SUBJECT + (IS,AM,ARE) + PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM (ING) OBJECT

+ TIME.
 TENSES

For Example
We are studying English at the moment.(Affirmative
statement)

Are we studying English right now?(Interrogative

statement)

We are not studying English at the moment. (Negative

statement)

Aren't we studying English today?( Interronegative

statement)

Grammar spot

We use the present perfect tense to describe the actions which

we have done in past (finished actions)

We use the present perfect continuous to describe the actions

which started in the past and continues in the present
(Unfinished actions)
 TENSES

Present Continuous - Definition

Second very easy and catchy tense from the family of
present is Present Progressive aka Present Continuous.
We use present continuous to talk about activities going
on or doing at the moment of speaking. To describe the
ongoing situation.

Signal words that show present continuous are:

at the moment, right now, meanwhile, nowadays, presently,

currently, now.
Formula:

Subject + (is,am,are) + Present Participle form (ing) Object +

time.
For Example
We are studying English at the moment.(Affirmative
statement)
Are we studying English right now?(Interrogative statement)
We are not studying English at the moment. (Negative
statement)
Aren't we studying English today?( Interronegative
statement)
 TENSES

Present Perfect & Perfect Continuous-Definition

We use the present perfect tense to describe the actions
which we have done in past (finished actions)
We use the present perfect continuous to describe the
actions which started in the past and continues in the
present (Unfinished actions)

Signal words that show present continuous are:

just, yet, already, ever, never, so far, up to now, recently.
Signal words that show present continuous are:
since and for (time) since 1997 | for many years.
Formula: PRESENT PERFECT

Subject + has, have+ Past Participle form Object + time.

For Example
She has worked in Australia already.(positive)

Has she worked in Australia ever? (Interrogative)

She hasn't worked in Australia ever.(negative)

Hasn't she worked in Australia ever?(interronegative)

 TENSES

Formula: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Subject +has been/have been + Present Participle form
+Object+ time.
For Example

She has been working in Australia for 30 years.(positive

statement)

Has she been working in Australia for 30 years?(interrogative

statement)

She has not been working in Australia for 30 years.(negative

statement)

Hasn't she been working in Australia for 30 years?

(interronegative statement)

Series of Present Family Tenses

I travel by car daily. But nowadays, I am travelling by bike. I
have sold my father's car. I have booked a new one recently. My
family has been travelling by our old car for over the last 5
years.
 TENSES

Past Indefinite - Definition

We use the Past Simple tense to talk about something that
happened in the past (previously, before some
days/years/times gone by) like finished actions.

Signal words that show past simple are:

yesterday, a minute ago, this morning. last year, last month, in

2009.
Formula: PAST SIMPLE

Subject+ Past form+ Object + time.

For Example
You went to Stadium last Saturday.(positive statement)

Did you go to Stadium last Saturday?(interrogative

statement)

You did not go Stadium last Saturday.(negative statement)

Didn't you go Stadium last Saturday?(interronegative

statement)
 TENSES

Past Continuous - Definition

We use the Past Continuous tense to talk about some
actions that were happening in the past (was going on, in
progress)

Signal words that show past continuous are:

when and while or you can use past simple signal words also .

Formula: PAST CONTINUOUS

Subject +was, were + Present Participle form (ing)+ Object

+ time.
For Example
She was cooking at 7 pm yesterday.(positive statement)

Was she cooking at 7 pm yesterday? (Interrogative

statement)

She wasn't cooking at 7 pm yesterday.(negative statement)

Wasn't she cooking at 7 pm yesterday?(interronegative

statement)
 TENSES

Past Perfect - Definition

We use the Past Perfect tense to talk about some actions

that happened before some action in the past. Or any
event took place before another event in the past.

Signal words that show past perfect are:

already, just, never, once, until that day.

Formula: PAST PERFECT

Subject +had+ Past Participle form +Object + time.

For Example
They had already gone to picnic that day. (Positive statement)

Had they already gone to picnic that day? (Interrogative

statement)

They hadn't already gone to picnic that day. (Negative

Statement)

Hadn't they already gone to picnic that day? (Intro-negative

statement)
 TENSES

Past Perfect Progressive-Definition

We use the Past Perfect Progressive tense to talk about an

action in the past that continued up to a certain time and
continued after it.

Signal words that show Past Perfect are:

since | for (time)

Formula: PAST PERFECT

Subject+ had been + Present Participle form (ing) + Object
+ time.
For Example

They had been driving for hours.(positive statement)

Had they been driving for hours?(interronegative statement)

They had not been driving for hours.(negative statement)

Hadn't they been driving for hours? (Interronegative

statement)
 TENSES

Future Indefinite - Definition

We use the Future Simple tense to talk about something

or some action we believe or we think will happen in
future.

Signal words that show Future simple are:

tomorrow, after sometimes, later, next month, upcoming year,
in next week, in 2025, soon, in future.
Formula: FUTURE SIMPLE
Subject + Will+ Base form+ Object+ time.
For Example
He will like the book.(positive statement)

Will he like the book?(interrogative statement)

He won't like the book.(negative statement)

Won't he like the book?(interronegative statement)

We also use some special additional words before speaking

about future: I think, Believe me, Hopefully, Probably, I expect,
I'm sure, I promise...
 TENSES

Grammar spot

WILL is a modal verb

WILL is an indicator of Future time
We use will with all
subjects.
(he/we/They/lt)
We'll We will

"In ten minutes time, I will be eating spaghetti."

"By thirty minutes time, I'll have eaten spaghetti."

Future Continuous - Definition

We use the Future Progressive tense to talk about an

action that we predict will be happening in the future for a
certain amount of time. These actions or events will start
and when these will end we don't know.
 TENSES

Signal words that show Future simple are:

we can mention time as per event /action.

Formula: FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Subject+ will be + Present Participle form (ing)+ Object + time.

For Example

Adele will be singing all her songs.(positive statement)

Will Adele be singing all her songs? (Interrogative statement)

Adele will not be singing all her songs.(negative statement)

Won't Adele be singing all her songs?(interronegative

statement)
 TENSES

Future Perfect - Definition

We use the Future Perfect tense to talk about an action

that we believe that will be ended or finished by specific
time in the future.
Signal words that show Future Perfect are:
(Time Clauses) by & when I'm older/when I...

Formula: FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Subject +will have + Past Participle form +Object + time

For Example

You will have done Quiz by 5pm.(positive statement)

Will you have done Quiz by 5pm?(interronegative statement)

You won't have done Quiz by 5pm.(negative statement)

Won't you have done Quiz by 5pm?(interronegative

statement)
 TENSES

Future Perfect Continuous - Definition

We use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to talk about
actions that will be continued to a specific time in the
future. When we use this tense, we are thinking about a
duration of any action or event in the future.
Signal words that show Future Perfect are:
(since | for
Formula: FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Subject + will have been + Present Participle form (ing) +
Object + time. (Positive statement)
For Example
I will have been working here for 3 years. (positive statement)

Will I have been working here for 3 years?(interronegative

statement)
I won't have been working here for 3 years. (Negative
Statement)
Won't I have been working here for 3 years?(interronegative
statement)

Finally we've learned all the

tenses! Hope you guys will
understand.
 PARTS OF
SPEECH
Parts of Speech - Definition

Parts of speech are the main components from which we can

make language.
NOUNS
The first part of speech is nouns. They are the most important
ones. I would call them the bread and butter of
our speech. Well, bread and butter are also the nouns.

Noun is something that names something like, a person, an

idea, a thing or a place.
For example:
People: a girl, Ali, James, Michael, Noman, teacher, nurse, my
father, uncle, farmer, neighbor, etc.

Place: A mountain, Spain, the bedroom, an operation theatre,

a hospital, Karachi, London, a class, etc.

Things: a chair, a laptop, a stethoscope, a book, an oven, a

clock, a sofa, a bridge, a car, jewelry, etc.

Ideas: love, truth, dream, energy, patience, belief, friendship,

success, satisfaction, nightmare, joy, etc.
 PARTS OF
SPEECH
PRONOUNS

noun phrase. We start using pronouns when listener or Pronoun

is a noun which is used instead of a noun reader already knows
about the thing or person we are talking about

For example:
If I talk about my friend so if I use his name over and over
again so it may sound weird.
Personal Pronouns:
-I-me- you -she-her -he- him -we- us- they- them
Demonstrative Pronouns:
-that-this-these-those-

Indefinite Pronouns:
-one-other-everybody -anybody nobody

Interrogative Pronouns:
-who-what-who-which-whose
Possessive Pronouns:
-my-your-their-mine
Reflexive & intensive Pronouns:
-myself-yourself-themselves.
 PARTS OF
SPEECH
ADJECTIVES

The words that actually describe nouns or noun phrases. We

can place adjective right before the noun because it tells us
about noun, the information related to that noun.

For example:
My white shirt.
I am talking about my adorable white Persian cat.
She likes her big Indian cooking pot.
VERB

LISTEN to me! SEE that bee!

WRITE what you HEAR!
Don't SIT HERE! LEARN to SPEAK!
GO on peak!

The words that describe actions. Activities or tasks which we do

daily or often are called as Verbs.

For Example
I drive a car.
Ali talks very much.
Coko is playing.
Nurses diagnose the disease
 PARTS OF
SPEECH
Dynamic or action Verbs:
walking, singing, talking, running...

Stative Verbs:
to love, to think, to feel...

Auxiliary Verbs/Helping Verbs:

be, do, have...

Modal Auxiliary Verbs:

may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, can, could,
ought....

Regular Verbs:
Walk-walked, say-said, live-lived, open-opened, inject-
injected, help-helped....

Irregular Verbs:
Leave-left-left, begin-began-begun, swim-swam-swum, eat-
ate-eaten, give gave given...

Phrasal Verbs:
Come across, to talk over, to bounce (something) off, to keep
up, to figure out
 PARTS OF
SPEECH
ADVERBS
An adverb is a word which describes a verb, an adjective,
another adverb or a sentence.

For example:

I gently lifted my patient out of bed. (Here is gently adverb

and describing to verb)

That is an unusually tall tree.(Here unusually is adverb and

describing to adjective)

Unfortunately, we had left earlier.(Here unfortunately is

adverb & describing whole sentence)

It seems like my dog can run unusually quickly when he's

chasing a cat. (Here quickly is adverb and describing
another adverb)
 PARTS OF
SPEECH
PREPOSITIONS
A word that tells you when or where something is in relation to
something else. It describes the position of a thing or place or
person.

For example:

My birthday is on Saturday.

I am standing beside the wall.

Her pen is in the book.

Bin Hashim store is at the signal.

Where do you come from?

I always travel by car when I am with my family.

Lysander was sitting under the table.

I have been teaching since 2017

 PARTS OF
SPEECH
CONJUNCTIONS
A word that is used to connect clauses, words, sentences
together. These make connections and links between sentences
or words.

For example:

I had a terrible headache I still went to college. I had a

terrible headache but I still went to college.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:

FANBOYS
For And Nor But Or Yet So

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:

Because though since as although while/whilst whereas

 PARTS OF
SPEECH
ARTICLES
Words like, the an a. We put articles before noun or adjective to
modify them. We use the before specific thing and a before
general thing and an before vowel sound. THE is definite article
and A | AN are indefinite articles.

DEFINITE ARTICLES -THE

Give me the ticket which I gave you yesterday.

Burj Khalifa is the largest building in the world.

INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A-AN

I watched a good film yesterday.

She is a nurse.
 PARTS OF
SPEECH
INTERJECTIONS
An interjection is a word or phrase which a speaker can use to
show his feelings or emotions. It is normally used in spoken
English but can be used in written English as well. We always
write them with exclamation mark. (!)
For example:
Interjection
(Meaning with sentence)

Phew!
Relief from work. (Phew! I have done with my English
Assignment)

Oops!
Did something clumsy. (Oops! He fell down)

Wow!
Expresses astonishment. (Wow! She got an admission at
University of Massachusetts)

Bingo!
Found something. (Bingo! I got this game)

Alas!
Shows sadness. (Alas! I lost your patient).

Gosh!
Express surprise. (Gosh! it's freezing)
 SYNONYM AND
ANTONYM
Synonym Definition

Words that have somewhat same meanings.

Rich | Wealthy
Large | Big
Difficult | Hard

Antonym Definition

Words that have somewhat different meanings.

Black | White
Fast | Slow
Bitter Sweet
 Quiz
1) Your handwriting is quite refined and ----

A) messy

B) elegant

C) intelligible

2)What is the Synonym of a word: "VORACIOUS"

A) insatiable

B) prejudice

C) unconcerned

3) I like to------ that person.

He is very intelligent.

A) meat

B) meet

4)What is the Synonym of a word: "PONDER"

A) unkindly

B) rudely

C) carefully
5) I can ------ that you're a capable and smart person.

A) vouch

B)vile

c) sound

6)What is the meaning of a word: "dilly-dally"

A) lazy

B) quick

c) extra
 Articles in
English Grammar
Articles in English Grammar

A word that comes before noun to show whether it is specific

and general.

General (a, an)

Specific (the)

The (thee)
the earth, the animals, the objectives

The (thuh)
The book, the shop, the team

Use of "a, the"

I know a few tricks.

I know the tricks.

I want to go a restaurant.
Can you go to the restaurant?

Use of an

It is quite an unusual thing.

I have a bread but can you give me an egg, please.
It is an orange color.

Use of "no article"

Let's come and play hockey.

I never lost hope.
I have 6 apples.
 Articles in
English Grammar
For Example
1)My sister is----- teacher.

a
the
an
no article

Answer: A

2)------Petrol is getting more and more expensive.

a
the
an
no article

Answer: no article

3)Yesterday was------ amazing day.

a
the
an
no article

Answer: An
 Reading
Comprehension

Reading Comprehension

Types of Reading |
Techniques of Reading |
Critical Reading

What is Reading Comprehension?

Reading Comprehension contains a piece of text which we need
to read to understand.

Your major part of the brain, Cerebrum enables your speech,

judgement, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions
and learning.
And when it works in harmony so it makes your reading better!

Types of Reading

Extensive Reading
Extensive reading involves learners reading texts for enjoyment
and to develop general reading skills.

For example: stories, articles, newspaper, etc.

Intensive Reading
Intensive reading, which means reading in detail with specific
learning aims.

For example: reading subject topics.

 Reading
Comprehension

Techniques of Reading

Skimming

Skimming will help you grasp the general idea or gist of a text.
In other words, it is called as rapid eye movement. You might
quickly read the table of contents, the headings or the abstract.
You read the first and last paragraphs and the first and last
sentence of each paragraph.

Scanning

Scanning allows you to locate exact information. You might

identify key terms. (Detailed reading)

Reading Comprehension

Mike got a summer job painting white stripes in middle of the

motorway. On first day he did a very good job and painted a
stripe a mile long. However, on the second day he only
managed to paint half a mile and on the third day he painted
even less. Finally, his manager told him, "Mike you are slacking
off! Each day you paint less and less." Mike replied, "You're right.
But each day it takes longer and longer to walk back to that
bucket!"
 Quiz
1)Where was Mike working?

On a motorcycle track
On a pitch.
On an important road
On a pavement

2) Mike's boss told him off. This means that he..

praised Mike
scolded Mike
fired Mike
disappointed Mike

3) Slack off means?

to feel enthusiastic
to stop putting effort
to cheat
to forget something
 Conditional
Sentence
What is Conditional Sentence?

Conditional sentence describes the result of a certain

condition.
The if clause tells you the condition (If you practise) and th main
clause tells you the result (you will get better).

The order of the clauses does not change the meaning. If you
practise, you will get better.

You will get better, if you practise.

There are two parts of a conditional sentence:

if clause
If you practice

main clause
you will get better.
 Conditional
Sentence
Zero Conditional
We use Zero Conditional to talk about general truth or
scientific facts that have guaranteed results!
Both parts of a sentence are in Present Simple.

For Example
1) If you heat water, it evaporates.
2) When I am happy, I smile.
3) Ice cream melts, if you heat it.

First Conditional

We use the first conditional when we talk about future

situations we believe are possible.
First part is in present simple and second part is future simple.

For Example
1) If you take heavy dose of medicine, you will feel dizzy.
2) If it gets colder, we will light a fire.
3) I will check this patient, if I have time.
 Conditional
Sentence

We can also use modal verbs in First Conditional

1) If you don't complete the work by today, boss may fire you
tomorrow.
2) If you study hard, you can pass the exam.
3)As soon as she invites me, I shall go to her home.
4)If the patient's saturation of O2 in blood gets down, we
should provide/attach oxygen.
Second Conditional
The second conditional is used to talk about hypothetical or
unlikely situations in the present or future. It implies that the
condition is not likely to happen, or it is purely hypothetical.

For Example
1) If I were you, I wouldn't do it.
2) If you were taller, you could reach the top shelf.
3) If it were warmer, we would go for a picnic in the park.
 Conditional
Sentence
Third Conditional

We talk about hypothetical situations in the past and their

imagined outcomes. It describes a situation that did not happen
and is used to speculate about what the result would have been
if it had happened.

For Example

1) If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.
2) If they had taken the earlier flight, they would have arrived on
time.
3)If he had listened to her advice, he wouldn't have
gotten into trouble.
 Root word

Root word is a word which is also known as a base word.

Some root words need prefix and some need suffix and some
need both of them to form a new word.

comfort

Prefix word:
Prefix is a word which comes before the root word. It modifies
the meaning and sometimes forms a new word.

For Example:
Un comfort
un happy
in sufficient
dis regard
il legal

Suffix word:
Suffix is a word which comes after the root word. It modifies
the meaning and sometimes forms a new word.

For Example:
Un comfort able
chair s
smart ly
happi ness
 Punctuations
Punctuations
Punctuation marks are essential tools for conveying
meaning, structure, and clarity in written language. They
help indicate pauses, intonation, and the organization of
ideas. Here are some common punctuation marks along
with their rules and examples:

Period (.)
Use a period at the end of a declarative sentence or a
statement.

Example: She went to the store to buy some groceries.

Question Mark (?)

Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence
or a direct question.

Example: What time is the meeting?

Exclamation Mark (1)

Use an exclamation mark at the end of an exclamatory
sentence or to express strong emotions.

Example: What a beautiful sunset!

 Punctuations

Comma (,)
Use a comma to separate items in a list, elements in a series, or
to create a pause in a sentence.

Example: I need to buy apples, oranges, and bananas.

Colon (:)
Use a colon to introduce a list, explanation, or a quotation.

Example: The ingredients for the cake are: flour, sugar, eggs,
and butter.

Semicolon (;)
Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses that are
closely related.

Example: She likes to hike; he prefers to swim.

Quotation Marks ("")

Use quotation marks to indicate direct speech or to enclose a
quote or a title.

Example: She said, "I'll be there soon."

 Punctuations

Apostrophe (')
Use an apostrophe to indicate possession or contraction.

Example: John's car is blue. (possession) It's raining outside.

(contraction of "it is")

Dash (-)
Use a dash to indicate a sudden break or interruption in a
sentence or to create emphasis.

Example: The storm was getting stronger-it was time to seek

shelter.

Parentheses ()
Use parentheses to enclose additional information or to clarify a
point.

Example:
The concert (which was held indoors) was amazing.
 Sentence
structure
Structure refers to the arrangement of words and phrases to
create meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. Here
are some key rules and examples of sentence structures:

Simple Sentence:
A simple sentence consists of one independent clause (a
subject and a verb) and expresses a complete thought.

Example:
She runs every morning.

Compound Sentence:
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent
clauses joined by coordinating. conjunctions (and, but, or, so,
for, yet, nor) or a semicolon (;).

Example:
She runs every morning, and he cycles in the evening.

Complex Sentence:
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and
one or more dependent clauses. Dependent clauses cannot
stand alone as complete sentences.

Example: After she runs every morning, she feels

energized.
 Sentence
structure
Structure refers to the arrangement of words and phrases to
create meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. Here
are some key rules and examples of sentence structures:

Simple Sentence:
A simple sentence consists of one independent clause (a
subject and a verb) and expresses a complete thought.

Example:
She runs every morning.

Compound Sentence:
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent
clauses joined by coordinating. conjunctions (and, but, or, so,
for, yet, nor) or a semicolon (;).

Example:
She runs every morning, and he cycles in the evening.

Complex Sentence:
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and
one or more dependent clauses. Dependent clauses cannot
stand alone as complete sentences.

Example: After she runs every morning, she feels

energized.
Compound-Complex Sentence:
A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more
independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Example: She runs every morning, and he cycles in the evening,
but if it rains, they exercise indoors.
The cat meowed and purred.
a) Simple Sentence
b) Compound Sentence
c) Complex Sentence
d) Compound-Complex Sentence

Although she was tired, she stayed up late to finish her project.
a) Simple Sentence
b) Compound Sentence
c) Complex Sentence
d) Compound-Complex Sentence

I like to read books, but my brother prefers watching movies.

a) Simple Sentence.
b) Compound Sentence
c) Complex Sentence
d) Compound-Complex Sentence

When the sun sets, the stars become visible.

a) Simple Sentence
b) Compound Sentence
c) Complex Sentence
d) Compound-Complex Sentence

The students studied hard, and they all passed their exams.
a) Simple Sentence
b) Compound Sentence
c) Complex Sentence
d) Compound-Complex Sentence
 Fragment

A fragment is a linguistic term used in the context of

sentences or phrases to describe an incomplete or unfinished
construction that lacks the necessary elements to function as
a standalone sentence. In other words, a fragment is a group
of words that may look like a sentence but does not express a
complete thought

Fragments are typically missing a subject, a verb, or both. They

can be caused by various factors, such as sentence structure
errors, missing components, or the incorrect use of
punctuation.

Here are a few examples of fragments:

"Running through the park."

(This is a fragment because it lacks a subject, such as "I" or

"They," and a verb to form a complete sentence.)

"After the game ended."

(Again, this is a fragment as it doesn't have a subject and verb

together.)

"Although I studied hard for the exam. But I didn't perform

well."

(Here, the first part before "But" is a fragment. To correct it, you
could remove the period and connect the two parts with a
comma or rephrase it as one sentence.)
 Fragment

Corrected: "Although I studied hard for the exam, I didn't

perform well."

"Jumped over the fence and landed safely."

(This is a fragment because it seems like it's missing a subject,

like "He" or "The cat," at the beginning to make a complete
sentence.)

Corrected: "He jumped over the fence and landed safely." or

"The cat jumped over the fence and landed safely."

In writing or formal communication, it is essential to avoid

fragments because they can lead to confusion or lack clarity.
Complete sentences convey more precise meanings and ideas.
 Error

Error identification rules are guidelines or criteria used to identify

errors or mistakes in various contexts, such as grammar, spelling,
programming code, or data analysis. These rules help to identify
and correct errors, ensuring accuracy and quality.

Here are 18 general rules that can be helpful in identifying errors:

1. Check for spelling mistakes and typos.

2. Look for grammatical errors, such as subject-verb agreement or
verb tense consistency.
3. Pay attention to punctuation errors, such as missing or
misplaced commas, periods, or quotation marks.
4. Check for capitalization errors, especially at the beginning of
sentences or for proper nouns.
5. Verify the correct usage of homophones (words that sound the
same but have different meanings), like "their" and "there."
6. Ensure that sentences are complete and have a clear subject
and predicate.
7. Watch out for sentence fragments or run-on sentences.
8. Check for agreement errors, such as mismatched pronouns or
verbs.
9. Look for parallelism errors in sentence structure or lists.
10. Verify the correct use of articles (a, an, the) before nouns.
 Error

11. Pay attention to word order errors, especially in questions or

inverted sentences.
12. Check for tense consistency within a sentence or paragraph.
13. Look for errors in verb forms, such as using the wrong verb
tense or form.
14. Verify the correct use of prepositions and their placement in
sentences.
15. Check for errors in subject-verb agreement, especially with
singular and plural nouns.
16. Watch out for errors in modifiers, such as misplaced or
dangling modifiers.
17. Pay attention to agreement errors in pronouns, especially in
gender or number.
18. Verify the correct use of idiomatic expressions or colloquial
phrases.

For Example
1)She is more intelligent then her sister.
Then > for fime. Example: I went to shopping then I went to
restaurant.
She is more intelligent than her sister.
Than > for comparison.
Example: He's smarter than him.
 Error

For Example

2)Girls education is important.

Girls' education is important.
Singular or plural
Example: My father's name is....
Example: Boys clothes are there.

3)What were your answer?

What was your answer?
was he, she, it, I or any singular name.
were we, they, you or plural names.
Example: My answer was.
Example: My answers were.

4)Every student are intelligent in class.

Every student is intelligent in class.
The word EVERY is followed by a singular verb. Example:
Everyone is going.

5)If I will visit to London, I will meet youυ.

If I visit to London, I will meet you. First Conditional:
"IF" Clause > Present Simple "Main" Clause > Future Simple
Example: If you work hard, you will get better.

6)Its Sunday morning.

It's Sunday morning.
It's it is Example: It's my turn.
Its > possessive-his/her Example: The rabbit ate its food. Every
boat has it's own sail. Every boat has its own sail.
 And I also want to suggest you that kindly understand the
techniques you are learning in a month just try to give it a
revision for two to three times so that it will become a part of
your memory and you never forget the techniques.

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BEST OF LUCK! FUTURE DOCTORS ❤❤❤