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State Head of state Head of government

Supreme Leader – Hibatullah

Afghanistan Acting Prime Minister – Hasan Akhund
Akhundzada

Albania President – Bajram Begaj Prime Minister – Edi Rama

Algeria President – Abdelmadjid Tebboune Prime Minister – Nadir Larbaoui

Episcopal Co-Prince – Joan Enric

Vives i Sicília
Co-Prince's Representative – Josep Maria
Mauri Prime Minister – Xavier Espot
Andorra
French Co-Prince – Emmanuel Zamora
Macron[α]
Co-Prince's Representative – Patrick
Strzoda

Angola President – João Lourenço

King – Charles III[β]

Antigua and Barbuda Prime Minister – Gaston Browne
Governor-General – Sir Rodney Williams

Argentina President – Javier Milei

Armenia President – Vahagn Khachaturyan Prime Minister – Nikol Pashinyan

King – Charles III[β]

Australia Prime Minister – Anthony Albanese
Governor-General – Sam Mostyn

Austria President – Alexander Van der Bellen Chancellor – Karl Nehammer

Azerbaijan President – Ilham Aliyev Prime Minister – Ali Asadov

King – Charles III[β]

Bahamas, The Prime Minister – Philip Davis
Governor-General – Dame Cynthia A. Pratt

King – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Prime Minister – Prince Salman

Bahrain
Khalifa bin Hamad Al Khalifa

Bangladesh President – Mohammed Shahabuddin Chief Adviser – Muhammad Yunus

Barbados President – Dame Sandra Mason Prime Minister – Mia Mottley

Chairman of the All-Belarusian People's Assembly – Alexander

Lukashenko[1]
Belarus
Prime Minister – Roman
President – Alexander Lukashenko[γ]
Golovchenko

Prime Minister – Alexander De

Belgium King – Philippe
Croo

King – Charles III[β]

Belize Prime Minister – Johnny Briceño
Governor-General – Dame Froyla Tzalam

Benin President – Patrice Talon

King – Jigme Khesar Namgyel

Bhutan Prime Minister – Tshering Tobgay
Wangchuck

Bolivia President – Luis Arce

Bosnia and Herzegovina High Representative – Christian Schmidt[δ]

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State Head of state Head of government

Presidency[ε]
Chairwoman of the Council of
Members: Željka Cvijanović (Chairwoman) · Ministers – Borjana Krišto
Denis Bećirović · Željko Komšić

Botswana President – Duma Boko

Brazil President – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Brunei Sultan and Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah

Bulgaria President – Rumen Radev Acting Prime Minister – Dimitar Glavchev

President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration – Ibrahim Traoré

Burkina Faso Interim Prime Minister – Apollinaire

Interim President – Ibrahim Traoré
Kyélem

Prime Minister – Gervais

Burundi President – Évariste Ndayishimiye[γ]
Ndirakobuca

President of the People's Party – Hun Sen[2]

Cambodia
King – Norodom Sihamoni Prime Minister – Hun Manet

Cameroon President – Paul Biya[γ] Prime Minister – Joseph Ngute

King – Charles III[β]

Canada Prime Minister – Justin Trudeau
Governor General – Mary Simon

Prime Minister – Ulisses Correia e

Cape Verde President – José Maria Neves
Silva

President – Faustin-Archange
Central African Republic Prime Minister – Félix Moloua
Touadéra[γ]

Chad President – Mahamat Déby Prime Minister – Allamaye Halina

Chile President – Gabriel Boric

General Secretary of the Communist Party – Xi Jinping

China
President – Xi Jinping Premier – Li Qiang

Colombia President – Gustavo Petro

Comoros President – Azali Assoumani

Congo, Democratic Republic of

President – Félix Tshisekedi Prime Minister – Judith Suminwa
the

Prime Minister – Anatole Collinet

Congo, Republic of the President – Denis Sassou Nguesso
Makosso

Costa Rica President – Rodrigo Chaves Robles

Croatia President – Zoran Milanović Prime Minister – Andrej Plenković

First Secretary of the Communist Party – Miguel Díaz-Canel

Cuba Prime Minister – Manuel Marrero
President – Miguel Díaz-Canel
Cruz

Cyprus President – Nikos Christodoulides

Czech Republic President – Petr Pavel Prime Minister – Petr Fiala

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State Head of state Head of government

Denmark King – Frederik X Prime Minister – Mette Frederiksen

Prime Minister – Abdoulkader

Djibouti President – Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[γ]
Kamil Mohamed

Dominica President – Sylvanie Burton Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit

Dominican Republic President – Luis Abinader

East Timor President – José Ramos-Horta Prime Minister – Xanana Gusmão

Ecuador President – Daniel Noboa

Prime Minister – Mostafa

Egypt President – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Madbouly

El Salvador President – Nayib Bukele

President – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Prime Minister – Manuel Osa Nsue

Equatorial Guinea
Mbasogo[γ] Nsua

Eritrea President – Isaias Afwerki

Estonia President – Alar Karis Prime Minister – Kristen Michal

Ngwenyama – Mswati III

Eswatini Prime Minister – Russell Dlamini
Ndlovukati – Ntfombi

Ethiopia President – Taye Atske Selassie Prime Minister – Abiy Ahmed

Fiji President – Ratu Naiqama Lalabalavu Prime Minister – Sitiveni Rabuka

Finland President – Alexander Stubb Prime Minister – Petteri Orpo

France President – Emmanuel Macron[α] Prime Minister[3] – Michel Barnier

Chairman of the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions – Brice Oligui
Nguema
Gabon
Transitional President – Brice Oligui Interim Prime Minister – Raymond Ndong
[4] Sima
Nguema

Gambia, The President – Adama Barrow

Georgia President – Salome Zourabichvili Prime Minister – Irakli Kobakhidze

Germany President – Frank-Walter Steinmeier Chancellor – Olaf Scholz

Ghana President – Nana Akufo-Addo

Prime Minister – Kyriakos

Greece President – Katerina Sakellaropoulou
Mitsotakis

King – Charles III[β]

Grenada Governor-General – Dame Cécile La Prime Minister – Dickon Mitchell
Grenade

Guatemala President – Bernardo Arévalo

Chairman of the National Committee of Reconciliation and Development – Mamady

Doumbouya
Guinea
Interim President – Mamady Doumbouya Prime Minister – Bah Oury

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State Head of state Head of government

Prime Minister – Rui Duarte de

Guinea-Bissau President – Umaro Sissoco Embaló
Barros

Guyana President – Irfaan Ali[γ] Prime Minister – Mark Phillips

President – Transitional Presidential

[ζ]
Council

Leslie Voltaire (President)

Acting Prime Minister – Alix Didier Fils-

Haiti Other members:
Edgard Leblanc Fils · Fritz Jean · Laurent Aimé[9]
Saint-Cyr · Emmanuel Vertilaire · Smith
Augustin · Louis Gérald Gilles · Frinel
Joseph (observer) · Régine Abraham
(observer)

Honduras President – Xiomara Castro

Hungary President – Tamás Sulyok Prime Minister – Viktor Orbán

Prime Minister – Bjarni

Iceland President – Halla Tómasdóttir
Benediktsson

India President – Droupadi Murmu Prime Minister – Narendra Modi

Indonesia President – Prabowo Subianto

Iran Supreme Leader – Ali Khamenei[η] President – Masoud Pezeshkian

Prime Minister – Mohammed Shia'

Iraq President – Abdul Latif Rashid
Al Sudani

Ireland President – Michael D. Higgins Taoiseach – Simon Harris

Prime Minister – Benjamin

Israel President – Isaac Herzog
Netanyahu

Italy President – Sergio Mattarella Prime Minister – Giorgia Meloni

Prime Minister – Robert Beugré

Ivory Coast President – Alassane Ouattara[γ]
Mambé

King – Charles III[β]

Jamaica Prime Minister – Andrew Holness
Governor-General – Sir Patrick Allen

Japan Emperor – Naruhito[θ] Prime Minister – Shigeru Ishiba

Jordan King – Abdullah II Prime Minister – Jafar Hassan

Kazakhstan President – Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Prime Minister – Oljas Bektenov

Kenya President – William Ruto

Kiribati President – Taneti Maamau

Emir – Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al- Prime Minister – Ahmad Al-

Kuwait
Jaber Al-Sabah Abdullah Al-Sabah

Chairman of the Cabinet of

Kyrgyzstan President – Sadyr Japarov[γ]
Ministers – Akylbek Japarov

Laos General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party – Thongloun

Sisoulith

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State Head of state Head of government

Prime Minister – Sonexay

President – Thongloun Sisoulith
Siphandone

Latvia President – Edgars Rinkēvičs Prime Minister – Evika Siliņa

Lebanon President – Vacant Prime Minister – Najib Mikati

Lesotho King – Letsie III Prime Minister – Sam Matekane

Liberia President – Joseph Boakai

Chairman of the Presidential Prime Minister – Abdul Hamid

Libya
Council – Mohamed al-Menfi Dbeibeh

Prince Regnant – Hans-Adam II

Liechtenstein Prime Minister – Daniel Risch
Regent – Hereditary Prince Alois

Lithuania President – Gitanas Nausėda Prime Minister – Ingrida Šimonytė

Grand Duke – Henri

Luxembourg Prime Minister – Luc Frieden
Lieutenant-Representative – Guillaume

Madagascar President – Andry Rajoelina Prime Minister – Christian Ntsay

Malawi President – Lazarus Chakwera

Yang di-Pertuan Agong – Ibrahim

Malaysia Prime Minister – Anwar Ibrahim
Iskandar

Maldives President – Mohamed Muizzu

Interim Prime Minister – Choguel Kokalla

Mali Interim President – Assimi Goïta[γ]
Maïga

Malta President – Myriam Spiteri Debono Prime Minister – Robert Abela

Marshall Islands President – Hilda Heine

President – Mohamed Ould Prime Minister – Mokhtar Ould

Mauritania
Ghazouani Djay

Prime Minister – Navin

Mauritius President – Prithvirajsing Roopun
Ramgoolam

Mexico President – Claudia Sheinbaum

Federated States of Micronesia President – Wesley Simina

Moldova President – Maia Sandu Prime Minister – Dorin Recean

Minister of State – Didier

Monaco Sovereign Prince – Albert II
Guillaume

Prime Minister – Luvsannamsrain

Mongolia President – Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
Oyun-Erdene

Montenegro President – Jakov Milatović Prime Minister – Milojko Spajić

Morocco King – Mohammed VI Prime Minister – Aziz Akhannouch

Mozambique President – Filipe Nyusi[γ] Prime Minister – Adriano Maleiane

Chairman of the State Administration Council – Min Aung Hlaing

Myanmar
Acting President – Min Aung Hlaing Prime Minister – Min Aung Hlaing

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State Head of state Head of government

Prime Minister – Saara

Namibia President – Nangolo Mbumba[γ]
Kuugongelwa

Nauru President – David Adeang

Nepal President – Ram Chandra Poudel Prime Minister – K. P. Sharma Oli

Netherlands King – Willem-Alexander Prime Minister – Dick Schoof

King – Charles III[β] Prime Minister – Christopher

New Zealand
Governor-General – Dame Cindy Kiro[ι] Luxon

Nicaragua President – Daniel Ortega

President of the National Council for the

Prime Minister – Ali Lamine
Niger Safeguard of the Homeland –
Zeine[10]
Abdourahamane Tchiani

Nigeria President – Bola Tinubu

General Secretary of the Workers' Party – Kim Jong Un

North Korea President of the State Affairs
Premier – Kim Tok Hun
Commission – Kim Jong Un

President – Gordana Siljanovska-

North Macedonia Prime Minister – Hristijan Mickoski
Davkova

Norway King – Harald V Prime Minister – Jonas Gahr Støre

Oman Sultan and Prime Minister – Haitham bin Tariq

Pakistan President – Asif Ali Zardari Prime Minister – Shehbaz Sharif

Palau President – Surangel Whipps Jr.

Prime Minister – Mohammad

Palestine President – Mahmoud Abbas
Mustafa

Panama President – José Raúl Mulino

King – Charles III[β]

Papua New Guinea Prime Minister – James Marape
Governor-General – Sir Bob Dadae

Paraguay President – Santiago Peña

Prime Minister – Gustavo

Peru President – Dina Boluarte[γ]
Adrianzén

Philippines President – Bongbong Marcos

Poland President – Andrzej Duda Prime Minister – Donald Tusk

Portugal President – Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Prime Minister – Luís Montenegro

Prime Minister – Sheikh

Emir – Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al
Qatar Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin
Thani
Jassim Al Thani

Romania President – Klaus Iohannis Prime Minister – Marcel Ciolacu

Russia President – Vladimir Putin Prime Minister – Mikhail Mishustin

Rwanda President – Paul Kagame Prime Minister – Édouard Ngirente

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State Head of state Head of government

King – Charles III[β]

Saint Kitts and Nevis Prime Minister – Terrance Drew
Governor-General – Dame Marcella Liburd

King – Charles III[β]

Saint Lucia Prime Minister – Philip J. Pierre
Acting Governor-General – Errol Charles

Saint Vincent and the King – Charles III[β]

Prime Minister – Ralph Gonsalves
Grenadines Governor-General – Dame Susan Dougan

O le Ao o le Malo – Afioga Prime Minister – Fiamē Naomi

Samoa
Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Mataʻafa

Captain Regent[κ] – Francesca

Civerchia Secretary for Foreign and Political
San Marino
Affairs – Luca Beccari
Captain Regent[κ] – Dalibor Riccardi

São Tomé and Príncipe President – Carlos Vila Nova Prime Minister – Patrice Trovoada

Prime Minister – Mohammed bin

Saudi Arabia King – Salman
Salman

Senegal President – Bassirou Diomaye Faye Prime Minister – Ousmane Sonko

Serbia President – Aleksandar Vučić Prime Minister – Miloš Vučević

Seychelles President – Wavel Ramkalawan

Chief Minister – David Moinina

Sierra Leone President – Julius Maada Bio[γ]
Sengeh

President – Tharman
Singapore Prime Minister – Lawrence Wong
Shanmugaratnam

Slovakia President – Peter Pellegrini Prime Minister – Robert Fico

Slovenia President – Nataša Pirc Musar Prime Minister – Robert Golob

King – Charles III[β]

Solomon Islands Prime Minister – Jeremiah Manele
Governor-General – David Tiva Kapu

Prime Minister – Hamza Abdi

Somalia President – Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
Barre

South Africa President – Cyril Ramaphosa

South Korea President – Yoon Suk-yeol[γ]

South Sudan President – Salva Kiir Mayardit

Spain King – Felipe VI Prime Minister – Pedro Sánchez

President – Anura Kumara Prime Minister – Harini

Sri Lanka
Dissanayake[γ] Amarasuriya

Sudan [λ] Acting Prime Minister – Osman Hussein

Transitional Sovereignty Council

Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (Chairman)

Other members:[14][15]
Malik Agar (Deputy Chairman) · Shams al-
Din Khabbashi · Yasser al-Atta · Ibrahim
Jabir Karim · El Hadi Idris Yahya · El Tahrir
Abubakr Hajar · Raja Nicola · Abdulgasim

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State Head of state Head of government

Bortom · Yousef Jad Karim · Abdelbagi al-
Zubeir · Salma Abdeljabbar

Suriname President – Chan Santokhi

Sweden King – Carl XVI Gustaf Prime Minister – Ulf Kristersson

Federal Council[μ]
Switzerland Members: Viola Amherd (President) · Karin Keller-Sutter (Vice President) · Guy Parmelin ·
Ignazio Cassis · Albert Rösti · Élisabeth Baume-Schneider · Beat Jans

Prime Minister – Mohammad

Syria President – Bashar al-Assad[γ]
Ghazi al-Jalali

Tajikistan President – Emomali Rahmon[γ] Prime Minister – Kokhir Rasulzoda

Tanzania President – Samia Suluhu Hassan[γ] Prime Minister – Kassim Majaliwa

Prime Minister – Paetongtarn

Thailand King – Maha Vajiralongkorn
Shinawatra

Prime Minister – Victoire Tomegah

Togo President – Faure Gnassingbé[γ]
Dogbé

Tonga King – Tupou VI Prime Minister – Siaosi Sovaleni

Trinidad and Tobago President – Christine Kangaloo Prime Minister – Keith Rowley

Tunisia President – Kaïs Saïed[γ] Prime Minister – Kamel Madouri

Turkey President – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Chairman of the People's Council – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow[16]

Turkmenistan
President – Serdar Berdimuhamedow

King – Charles III[β]

Tuvalu Governor-General – Sir Tofiga Vaevalu Prime Minister – Feleti Teo
Falani

Prime Minister – Robinah

Uganda President – Yoweri Museveni[γ]
Nabbanja

Ukraine President – Volodymyr Zelenskyy Prime Minister – Denys Shmyhal

Prime Minister – Sheikh

President – Sheikh Mohamed bin
United Arab Emirates Mohammed bin Rashid Al
Zayed Al Nahyan
Maktoum

United Kingdom King – Charles III[β] Prime Minister – Keir Starmer

President – Joe Biden

United States
President-elect – Donald Trump

Uruguay President – Luis Lacalle Pou

Uzbekistan President – Shavkat Mirziyoyev[γ] Prime Minister – Abdulla Aripov

Vanuatu President – Nikenike Vurobaravu Prime Minister – Charlot Salwai

President of the Governorate –

Vatican City (Holy See) Sovereign – Pope Francis
Cardinal Fernando Vérgez Alzaga

Venezuela President – Nicolás Maduro

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State Head of state Head of government

General Secretary of the Communist Party – Tô Lâm

Vietnam
President – Lương Cường Prime Minister – Phạm Minh Chính

Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Prime Minister – Ahmad Awad bin

Yemen
Council – Rashad al-Alimi Mubarak

Zambia President – Hakainde Hichilema

Zimbabwe President – Emmerson Mnangagwa

Other states
The following states are in free association with a UN member state.

State Associated with Head of state Head of government

King – Charles III[ν]

Cook Islands New Zealand Prime Minister – Mark Brown
King's Representative – Sir Tom Marsters

King – Charles III[ν]

Niue New Zealand Prime Minister – Dalton Tagelagi
King's Representative – Dame Cindy Kiro[ι]

The following states control at least part of their territory and are recognised by at least one UN
member state.

State Also claimed by Head of state Head of government

President – Aslan
Abkhazia Georgia Prime Minister – Aleksander Ankvab
Bzhania

Republic of China People's Republic President – Lai

Premier – Cho Jung-tai
(Taiwan) of China Ching-te

President – Vjosa
Kosovo Serbia Prime Minister – Albin Kurti
Osmani

President – Ersin
Northern Cyprus Cyprus Prime Minister – Ünal Üstel
Tatar

General Secretary of the Polisario Front – Brahim Ghali

Sahrawi Republic Morocco President – Brahim Prime Minister – Bouchraya
Ghali Hammoudi Bayoun

President – Alan Prime Minister – Konstantin

South Ossetia Georgia
Gagloyev Dzhussoyev

The following states control their territory, but are not recognised by any UN member states.

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State Also claimed by Head of state Head of government

Somaliland Somalia President – Muse Bihi Abdi

Transnistria Moldova President – Vadim Krasnoselsky Prime Minister – Aleksander Rozenberg

Other governments
These alternative governments control part of their territory and are recognised as legitimate by at
least one UN member state.

Government State Head of state Head of government

Leader of Ansar Allah – Abdul-Malik al-Houthi[17]

Supreme Political
Council Yemen Chairman – Mahdi al- Prime Minister – Abdel-Aziz bin
Mashat Habtour

Syrian National Prime Minister – Abdurrahman

Syria President – Hadi al-Bahra
Coalition Mustafa

These alternative governments control part of their territory, but are not recognized as legitimate
by any UN member states.

Government State Head of state Head of government

Supreme Commander of the Libyan National Army – Khalifa Haftar

Government of
Libya Chairman of the Presidential
National Stability Acting Prime Minister – Osama Hammad[18]
Council – Mohamed al-Menfi[ξ]

Hamas Chief in the Gaza Strip – Mohammed Sinwar

Hamas Head of the Government
government in Gaza Palestine
President – Mahmoud Abbas[ο] Administrative Committee – Essam al-
Da'alis

National Unity Prime Minister – Mahn Win Khaing

Acting President – Duwa Lashi La
Government Myanmar Than

Commander-in-Chief of Tahrir al-Sham – Abu Mohammad al-Julani[19]

Syrian Salvation
Syria President of the General Shura
Government
Prime Minister – Ali Keda
Council – Mustafa al-Mousa

These alternative governments do not control their territory but are recognized as legitimate by at
least one UN member state.

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Government State Head of state Head of government

Coordination Council Belarus President and Head of the Cabinet – Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

National Assembly (2015) Venezuela President of the National Assembly – Dinorah Figuera[20]

Sui generis entities

Entity Head of entity Head of government

President of the European Council – President of the European Commission –

European Union
Charles Michel[21] Ursula von der Leyen[22]

Sovereign Military Prince and Grand Master – John T. Grand Chancellor – Riccardo Paternò di
Order of Malta Dunlap Montecupo

See also
President of the Republic
List of countries by system of government
List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office
List of current monarchs of sovereign states
List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents
List of current interior ministers
List of current foreign ministers
List of current finance ministers
List of current defence ministers
List of current legislatures
List of current presidents of legislatures
List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
List of leaders of dependent territories
List of oldest living state leaders
List of national governments
Lists of state leaders
Lists of state leaders by century
List of state leaders in the 21st century
List of state leaders in 2024

Notes
α. The President of France and the French Co-Prince of Andorra are positions held by the same
person.
β. Charles III is separately and equally monarch of 15 sovereign states known collectively as the
Commonwealth realms. In each of these states (with the exception of the United Kingdom,
where he permanently resides), he is represented at the national level by a governor-general.
γ. In this state, the president is both head of state and head of government; the office of prime
minister may exist in these states, but it does not direct executive power—nor does the
Kyrgyzstani Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, the Peruvian President of the Council of
Ministers, or the Sierra Leonean Chief Minister.
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δ. The high representative is an international civilian overseer of the Dayton Agreement with
authority to dismiss elected and non-elected officials and enact legislation.
ε. The three-member Bosnian presidency is the head of state collectively.
ζ. The council will exercise certain presidential powers until a new president is elected or until
February 7, 2026, whichever comes first. The presidency has been vacant since the
assassination of Jovenel Moïse in 2021.[5][6][7][8]
η. According to articles 89 to 91 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme
Leader of Iran is the head of state, and the President is the head of government. The President
is required to gain the Supreme Leader's official approval before being sworn in before
Parliament, and the Supreme Leader also has the power to dismiss the elected President at
any time.
θ. The constitution of Japan does not define a formal head of state, but the Emperor by unwritten
constitutional convention fulfills the functions and duties of this role.
ι. The Governor-General of New Zealand and the King's Representative of Niue are positions
held by the same person.
κ. The Captain Regent representing the party with a plurality of seats in the legislature of San
Marino, the Grand and General Council, exercises more legislative power than the Captain
Regent belonging to the opposition.
λ. The Transitional Sovereignty Council is the collective head of state of Sudan per the 2019 Draft
Constitutional Declaration. While the council was intended to be a unity government
incorporating civilian and military elements that used consensus decision making, Chairman
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who is also Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces, has
monopolized power.[11][12][13]
μ. The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is collectively head of state and government. As a
party to the Council, the President serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
ν. Charles III is head of state of the Cook Islands and Niue in his capacity as King in Right of New
Zealand. He is represented in each of these states by a King's Representative.
ξ. Al-Menfi is also considered head of state by the internationally-recognized Government of
National Unity. Hamada is disputing the premiership of Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, with the backing
of the House of Representatives and the Libyan National Army.
ο. Internationally-recognized president also recognized by Hamas since the Palestinian Unity
Government of June 2014

References
1. Rudenka, Arsien (16 April 2024). "У Беларусі фармуецца УНС. Топ-7 простых пытанняў
пра новы дзяржаўны орган" (https://belsat.eu/news/11-04-2024-u-belarusi-farmuetstsa-uns-t
op-7-prostyh-pytannyau-pra-novy-dzyarzhauny-organ) [The ABPA is being formed in Belarus:
Top 7 simple questions about the new state organ]. Belsat TV (in Belarusian). Retrieved
12 May 2024.
2. Cai, Derek; Head, Jonathan (7 August 2023). "Cambodia: PM's son Hun Manet appointed next
ruler in royal formality" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66391334). Singapore: BBC
News. Retrieved 7 August 2023. "Hun Sen will however retain leadership of the ruling
Cambodian People's Party - a position political analysts say still gives him ultimate control." •
Murphy, Matt (6 August 2023). "Hun Sen: Cambodia election result confirms expected win for
PM" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66417165). BBC News. Retrieved 7 August 2023. "
[Hun Sen] is expected to become president of the Senate early next year and will serve as
acting head of state when King Norodom Sihamoni is abroad."
3. "Les cohabitations" (https://www.vie-publique.fr/parole-dexpert/270319-les-cohabitations). vie-
publique.fr (in French). 7 July 2018. "Dans ce cadre [cohabitation], le caractère dyarchique (à
deux têtes) de l'exécutif apparaît pleinement, puisque le chef de l'État, élu au suffrage
universel direct, perd sa fonction de direction de l'exécutif au profit du Premier ministre,
responsable devant l'Assemblée nationale."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government 13/15