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    Lab-Report-4

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    Ahmed Tristan

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    Lab-Report-4

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    Ahmed Tristan
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    3 views9 pages

    Lab-Report-4

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Tristan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

    TECHNOLOGY

    COURSE NUMBER : EEE 102(H)


    LEVEL-1, TERM-1
    COURSE TITLE : ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS-I LABORATORY
    (EXPERIMENT PART)

    EXPERIMENT NUMBER-4
    Name of the Experiment: Time Responses of R-L and R-C Circuits with
    DC Excitation (Time Responses of First Order Systems)

    NAME: MD FAZLUR RAHMAN MOON

    STUDENT ID: 2306097

    SECTION: B1

    LAB GROUP: G6

    LAB PARTNERS’ ID: 2306093, 2306094, 2306095, 2306096

    DATE OF PERFORMANCE: 5/11/2024


    DATE OF SUBMISSION: 19/11/2024
    Objective
    The objective of this experiment is to study how R-L (resistor and inductor) and R-C (resistor and
    capacitor) circuits respond over time when connected to a DC supply. Using an oscilloscope, the voltage
    changes will be observed to analyze the circuit’s behavior. The experiment also explores the effect of
    the resistor, inductor, and capacitor on the time constant, which determines how quickly the circuit
    settles. This helps in understanding the basic behavior of first-order systems in simple circuits.

    Theory
    R-C Circuit: An RC circuit is a basic electrical circuit consisting of a resistor and a capacitor. It
    demonstrates how voltage and current change over time when a DC supply is applied or removed. The
    charging and discharging of the capacitor follow an exponential pattern, governed by the time constant
    τ=RC, which determines the speed of the process.

    Fig- R-C Circuit

    R-L Circuit: An R-L circuit consists of a resistor (R) and an inductor (L) connected in series or parallel. The
    resistor limits current flow and dissipates energy as heat, while the inductor resists changes in current
    by generating a back EMF. In a DC circuit, the current gradually increases to a steady value, governed by
    the time constant 𝜏=𝐿/𝑅. R-L circuits are used in filters, oscillators, and other signal-processing
    applications.

    Fig- R-L Circuit

    Step response for R-C circuit: The step response of a series RC circuit describes how the voltage across
    the capacitor behaves when a step input voltage V0 is applied at t=0. The voltage across the capacitor
    VC(t) increases over time as the capacitor charges and is given by:

    VC(t)=Vs+(V0−Vs) e−τt
    This equation shows that the voltage across the capacitor increases exponentially toward the applied
    step voltage V0, with the rate of increase determined by the time constant τ=RC.
    Step response for R-L circuit: The step response of a series R-L circuit describes how the current
    through the inductor behaves when a step input voltage V0 is applied at t=0. The current I(t)
    increases over time as the inductor allows more current to flow and is given by:

    IL(t)=Is+(I0−Is) e−τt

    The response exhibits exponential growth as the current gradually increases toward its steady-
    state value.

    Apparatus
     Resistor
     Capacitor
     Inductor
     Oscilloscope
     DC power supply
     Breadboard
     Function generator
     Connectors and jumpers

    Part 1: R-C Circuit

    Calculation

    Here,

    Value of Resistor = 975Ω

    Value of Capacitor = 1µF

    For Capacitor-

    Time constant τ = RC = 975 × 1 × 10-6 = 9.75 × 10-4s = 0.975ms

    Time period of pulse = 5τ = 5×0.975ms = 4.875ms


    1
    Frequency, f = 5τ = 205.128Hz
    1.Waveforrm of Supply Voltage
    To get the graph of supply voltage, we connected the channel 1 of oscilloscope across the voltage
    generator

    +
    CH-1

    Output

    Analysis

    As we have selected a square wave voltage on the function generator, we can see the output as square
    wave boxes. The voltage has a 5V offset, so the waveform appears above the 0V line.

    2.Waveform of Supply Voltage and Capacitor Voltage


    We connected channel-2 across voltage generator and channel-1 across the capacitor.

    + +
    CH-1
    CH-2

    - -
    Output

    Analysis

    Here, the capacitor voltage cannot change abruptly, so we see a smooth exponential curve. This
    happens because a capacitor resists sudden changes in voltage. As the capacitor charges or discharges,
    its voltage gradually increases or decreases.

    3.Waveform of Capacitor voltage and Resistor voltage


    We connected channel-1 across the resistor and channel-2 across the capacitor. We inverted the graph
    of the capacitor because channel-2 was connected in the reverse direction to prevent truncating the
    circuit.

    CH-1

    + -
    -
    CH-2

    Output
    Analysis

    Unlike the capacitor voltage, we can see sharp changes in the resistor voltage. This is because the
    voltage across the resistor directly follows the current, which can change quickly. Since the resistor
    doesn't resist changes in current, its voltage responds almost instantly to the input signal.

    Part-2: R-L Circuit

    Calculation

    Here,

    Value of Resistor = 975Ω

    Value of Inductor = 0.05H

    For Capacitor-
    𝐿
    Time constant τ = = 5.128 × 10-5s
    𝑅

    Time period of pulse = 5τ = 5× 5.128 × 10-5 s= 2.564 × 10-4s


    1
    Frequency, f = 5τ = 3900Hz
    1.Waveform of Supply Voltage
    To get the graph of supply voltage, we connected the channel-1 of oscilloscope across the voltage
    generator

    CH-1
    -

    Output:

    Analysis

    As we have selected a square wave voltage on the function generator, we can see the output as square
    wave boxes. The voltage has a 5V offset, so the waveform appears above the 0V line.

    2.Waveform of Supply voltage and Resistor voltage


    We connected channel-1 across the supply and channel-2 across the resistor.

    + +
    CH-2
    CH-1

    - -
    Output

    Analysis

    We can see a smooth exponential graph for the resistor voltage. This is because the inductor resists
    abrupt changes in current. As the current gradually increases or decreases, the voltage across the
    resistor also changes gradually. This results in a smooth-edged graph for the resistor voltage.

    3.Waveform of Resistor voltage and Inductor voltage


    We connected channel-1 across the inductor and channel-2 across the resistor. We inverted the graph
    of the resistor because channel-2 was connected in the reverse direction to prevent truncating the
    circuit.
    CH-1

    + -
    -
    CH-2

    Output

    Analysis

    Unlike the resistor voltage, the inductor voltage changed sharply, showing big spikes. This happens
    because the inductor resists sudden changes in current. When the current changes quickly (like with a
    square wave), the inductor creates high voltage spikes to oppose that change. These spikes happen
    because the inductor tries to stop the current from changing too fast.
    Discussion

    The experiment covers the basic aspects of first-order circuits. The frequency and other settings of the
    function generator were adjusted according to the instructions. While using the oscilloscope, we faced
    some challenges. The terminals of both channels on the oscilloscope were shorted, so we had to build
    the circuit carefully to avoid any short circuits. Overall, we aimed to get the most accurate output, but
    there may have been some errors due to the malfunctioning of the instruments.

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