Art

Integration
Project
NAME – Aditi Wadatkar
CLASS – X H
SUBJECT – Science
TOPIC –
Physics : Ancient lighting methods and sacred Buddhist
geometry
Chemistry : Comparision of minerals found in Maharashtra
and Sikkim
Biology : Biodiversity and traditional medicine of
Maharashtra and Sikkim
Index

• Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………………………3

• Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….………4

• PHYSICS :

Ancient lighting methods and Buddhist sacred geometry ………………………………………..5

• CHEMISTRY :

Comparsion of minerals found in Maharashtra and Sikkim ………………………………………13

• BIOLOGY :

Biodiversity and traditional medicines of Maharashtra and Sikkim …………………………….23

• Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………30

• References …………………………………………………………………………………………… 31

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Acknowledgement

I would like to my sincere gratitude to all those who helped make my Art Integration
Project possible.

First, I would like to thank my teachers Swati ma’am, Renuka ma’am and Pratibha
ma’am, as well as my principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project and also for her guidance, encouragement and feedback throughout
this project. their passion for art is truly inspiring.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents for their unwavering support and for
sourcing required materials.

In addition, I appreciate the time taken by my friends to provide peer feedback and
appreciate each other’s artwork.
Introduction

In this project we’ll be exploring the Ancient lighting methods in Maharashtra like
diyas and lanterns and the sacred geometry used in Sikkim by the buddists.

Also we’ll be studying the different types of minerals found in Maharashtra and
Sikkim in a contrasting manner.

This project will also be dealing with the biodiversity of Maharashtra and Sikkim and
the traditional medicines found in these states with their uses

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 PHYSICS
TOPIC – ANCIENT LIGHTING METODS AND
BUDDHIST SACRED GEOMETRY
Ancient Lighting Methods
and Buddhist Sacred
Geometry
Throughout history, the interplay of light and shadow has
captivated humanity, inspiring artistic and spiritual
expressions across cultures. From the ancient oil lamps of
India to the lanterns of East Asia, this journey explores
how the illumination of the past has shaped the sacred
geometry and symbolism of Buddhist traditions.

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 Lighting in Ancient Civilizations
Ancient Oil Lamps Lanterns of the East Candles and Torches
The diya, an ancient Indian In East Asian traditions, Across many ancient
oil lamp, has been used for lanterns have long been used civilizations, candles and
centuries in religious and to illuminate the path and torches were common
cultural rituals. Crafted from symbolize the enlightenment sources of illumination. The
clay, stone, or metal, these of the Buddha. From the flickering flames of these
lamps were fueled by paper lanterns of China to primitive light sources cast
vegetable oils and provided the intricate bamboo and dancing shadows and
a gentle, flickering glow that silk lanterns of Japan, these created a sense of mystery
illuminated sacred spaces. lighting fixtures have and spirituality within
become an integral part of sacred spaces.
cultural celebrations and
religious ceremonies.

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The Diya: A Timeless Indian Lamp
Origins Contemporary Usage
The diya, a traditional Indian oil lamp, has been used for Despite the advent of modern lighting, the diya
centuries as a source of light and a symbol of spiritual remains an integral part of Indian culture. These lamps
significance. Crafted from clay, stone, or metal, these lamps continue to be used in homes, temples, and public
were fueled by vegetable oils and provided a gentle, flickering spaces, preserving the timeless tradition and spiritual
glow. significance of this ancient lighting method.

1 2 3

Ritual Significance
Diyas are commonly lit during Hindu festivals, religious
ceremonies, and daily worship. The flame of the diya is
believed to symbolize the divine light within, and its
illumination is thought to dispel darkness and bring blessings.

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Lanterns of the East: Illuminating Traditions

1 Chinese Lanterns 2 Japanese Lanterns 3 Shared Symbolism

Lanterns have been an In Japan, lanterns have Across East Asian
integral part of Chinese been used to guide the cultures, lanterns are often
culture for centuries, used way, celebrate events, and associated with
in festivals, ceremonies, honor the dead. From the enlightenment, peace, and
and daily life. Crafted delicate paper lanterns of the letting go of past
from paper, silk, and the Obon festival to the burdens. The soft, warm
bamboo, these lanterns ornate stone lanterns of glow of the lanterns is
come in a variety of temple gardens, these believed to symbolize the
shapes and sizes, each lighting fixtures are illumination of the mind
with symbolic meaning. deeply rooted in Japanese and the path to spiritual
tradition. enlightenment.

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The Mandala: Symbolism and Light
The Mandala Symbolism of Light Meditative Practices
The mandala is a sacred In Buddhist art and architecture, The creation and contemplation
geometric design used in the interplay of light and shadow of mandalas are integral to many
Buddhist and Hindu traditions to is often used to symbolize the Buddhist meditation practices.
represent the universe and the duality of existence, the balance The intricate patterns and the
interconnectedness of all things. between enlightenment and focus on the play of light and
These intricate patterns are often ignorance. The mandala, with its shadow help practitioners achieve
used as a tool for meditation and concentric circles and radiant a state of deep concentration and
spiritual enlightenment. center, represents the illumination inner reflection.
of the mind and the attainment of
spiritual enlightenment.

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Light and Shadow in Buddhist Art

Symbolic Contrasts
In Buddhist art, the interplay of light and shadow is used to symbolize the
duality of existence, the balance between enlightenment and ignorance,
and the constant flux of the material world.

Dramatic Lighting
Buddhist artists often utilize dramatic lighting techniques, such as the use
of natural light through windows or the flickering glow of candles, to
create a sense of mystery and spiritual transcendence within their works.

Reflections and Silhouettes

The use of reflections and silhouettes in Buddhist art further enhances the
play of light and shadow, inviting the viewer to contemplate the
interconnectedness of the physical and the metaphysical realms.
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 CHEMISTRY
TOPIC- COMPARISION OF MINERALS FOUND IN
MAHARASHTRA AND SIKKIM
Introduction to Mineral Resources in India
1 India's Mineral 2 Significance of Mineral
3 Challenges and Opportunities
Diversity Wealth

India is endowed with a vast array Minerals play a crucial role in the While India's mineral wealth
of mineral resources, ranging economic development of the offers immense potential, the
from metallic ores to industrial country, serving as key inputs for sector faces challenges such as
and energy minerals. These industries, infrastructure, and environmental concerns, land
resources are unevenly distributed technological advancements. acquisition issues, and the need
across the country, with certain Efficient and sustainable for advanced extraction
regions like Jharkhand, utilization of these resources is techniques. Addressing these
Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and the essential for India's progress and challenges and leveraging the
Northeastern states being self-reliance. opportunities can unlock the true
particularly rich in mineral value of India's mineral resources.
deposits.

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Maharashtra: Mineral Wealth and Diversity
Metallic Minerals Industrial Minerals Energy Minerals

Maharashtra is endowed with a The state also boasts a diverse Maharashtra's mineral wealth
rich variety of metallic range of industrial minerals, extends to energy resources
minerals, including iron ore, such as limestone, dolomite, like coal and lignite, which are
manganese, bauxite, and clay, and silica sand. These found in the Chandrapur and
chromium. These resources are resources are crucial for the Nagpur regions. These
primarily found in the Nagpur, cement, ceramics, and glass resources play a vital role in
Chandrapur, and Sindhudurg industries, supporting the powering the state's energy
districts, contributing growth of Maharashtra's needs and contributing to its
significantly to the state's manufacturing sector. overall economic development.
industrial and economic
development.

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Sikkim: Mineral Deposits and Potential
Diverse Mineral Untapped Potential Opportunities for Growth
Resources
Sikkim's mineral wealth remains
Despite its small geographical largely untapped due to its With the right investment,
size, Sikkim is endowed with a challenging terrain, limited infrastructure development, and
wide range of mineral resources, transportation infrastructure, and technological advancements,
including copper, zinc, lead, environmental concerns. Sikkim's mineral resources could
graphite, dolomite, and limestone. Developing sustainable play a vital role in the state's
These resources are primarily extraction and processing economic growth, contributing to
concentrated in the northern and techniques while preserving the job creation, revenue generation,
eastern parts of the state, offering state's fragile ecosystem is and supporting the development
significant economic potential. crucial for unlocking the true of associated industries.
value of these resources.

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Comparison of Mineral Types and Quantities
Maharashtra Sikkim Comparative Outlook
Maharashtra is a major producer In contrast, Sikkim's mineral While Maharashtra has leveraged
of metallic minerals, such as iron resources, though diverse, remain its mineral resources to drive
ore, manganese, and bauxite, as largely untapped. The state is industrial growth, Sikkim faces
well as industrial minerals like endowed with deposits of copper, greater challenges in exploiting its
limestone and dolomite. The zinc, lead, graphite, dolomite, and mineral potential due to its rugged
state's diverse mineral wealth is limestone, primarily located in terrain and environmental
concentrated in the Chandrapur, the northern and eastern regions. concerns. Addressing these
Nagpur, and Sindhudurg districts, Developing sustainable extraction challenges through innovative
contributing significantly to its techniques and infrastructure is solutions and sustainable practices
industrial and economic crucial for unlocking the potential can help both states maximize the
development. of Sikkim's mineral wealth. benefits of their unique mineral
endowments.

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Sr.no. Name of the Mineral Availability of minerals in Maharashtra Availability of minerals in Sikkim

Maharashtra has a significant amount of iron ore,

with the largest deposits in the Gadchiroli district:
Reserves:
Dynamic delivery Maharashtra has an estimated 260.824 million
tonnes of iron ore reserves.
Distribution: The largest deposits are in the
Gadchiroli district (178 million tonnes), with the Yes, Sikkim has iron ore, primarily in the form of
remaining reserves in Sindhudurg (75.38 million pyrites and magnetite in the Bhotang area. The
1. Iron Ore tonnes) and Chandrapur (2.18 million tonnes). Bhotang and Pachekhani lodes are currently
Production: Maharashtra produces a little more mined and may be the only working mines in the
than 2% of India's iron ore. Himalayas.
Potential: With the right policies and actions,
Maharashtra could increase its production to 10%
of India's iron ore.
Location: The Surjagarth deposit in the Etapalli
tehsil of Gadchiroli is the largest iron ore deposit in
Maharashtra.

Yes, zinc ore is available in Sikkim, along with

copper and lead: Bhotang and RangpoThe
Sikkim Mining Corporation is currently
Yes, zinc ore is available in Maharashtra, with the
exploiting the copper-lead-zinc deposit in this
Nagpur district having the largest reserves at 8.27
2. Zinc Ore million tonnes. Zinc oreTotal reserves8.27 million
area. DikchuThe government is considering
exploiting the copper-zinc project in this area.
tonnesDistrictNagpur
The Mineral Exploration Corporation of India
(MECL) estimates that the total ore reserve is
about 0.45 million tonnes, containing 0.90%
17 zinc
 Yes, there are manganese deposits in Sikkim,
India: The Geological Survey of India (GSI)
Maharashtra is a leading producer of manganese
and the State Department of Mines, Minerals,
ore in India, and the state's manganese ore is found
and Geology have found large deposits of low
in the following districts:NagpurThe center-half of
value-high bulk minerals in Sikkim. The
the manganese ore belt is in the Kandri-Mansar
3. Manganese region of Nagpur district. BhandaraThe Dongri-
deposits are mostly found in the Daling Group
of rocks called Gorubathan Formation. The
Budruk and Sitasaongi areas of Bhandara district
manganese deposits in Sikkim are associated
contain manganese ore. SindhudurgHigh-grade
with the muscovite schist of Mansar formation.
manganese ore is found in this district.
The manganese ore in Sikkim has a quartzose
core alternating with layers of manganese ores.

Yes, Sikkim has copper deposits, and the state

is also exploring other base metals: Bhotang,
RangpoThe Sikkim Mining Corporation is
currently exploiting a copper-lead-zinc deposit
in this area. DikchuThe government is
Yes, copper is available in Maharashtra,
considering exploiting the copper-zinc project
India:ChandrapurCopper ore can be found in
in this area. The Mineral Exploration
Thanewasna and Dubarpeth in Chandrapur
4. Copper district.NagpurCopper ore can be found in Pular-
Corporation of India (MECL) estimates that
the ore reserve in this area is about 0.45
Parsodi, Ranbori-Kolar-Tambekhani, Ranmangli,
million tonnes. RorathangA closed copper
Kitari, and Thutanbori in Nagpur district.
mine in East Sikkim has trace amounts of
malachite, a copper ore. During the British era,
copper was extracted from this mine, but the
Sikkim government was unable to mine it after
almost 50 years
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 Yes, Maharashtra has bauxite deposits, and it is the Yes, bauxite is available in Sikkim, and the state has
fourth largest producer of bauxite in India:Bauxite other mineral resources as well. The Geological
depositsMaharashtra's bauxite deposits are mainly in Survey of India (GSI) and the State Department of
the South Konkan region of western Maharashtra. The Mines, Minerals and Geology have found large
state has bauxite deposits in the following districts: deposits of minerals in Sikkim, including bauxite.
Kolhapur, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Satara, Sindhudurg, However, large areas of the state remain unexplored.
Udgiri, Dhangarwadi, Ringewadi, Durgmanwadi, and
Waki (Shilo).Total reservesMaharashtra's total reserves
of bauxite and laterite deposits are 175 million tonnes,
5. Bauxite with 70% of those being high level
deposits.ProductionMaharashtra accounts for 9.87% of
India's bauxite production.Bauxite minesSome of the
bauxite mines in Maharashtra include:Sangli-
ShirodaKolhapur-Chandgad, Shahuwadi, and
RadhanagariSindhudurg-Sawantwadi, Vengurla,
Amboli GhatRatnagiri-Rajapur, DapoliRaigad-Roha,
Shrivardhan Murud

Yes, there are large deposits of limestone in Crystalline limestone has been reported from Chhangu
Maharashtra, particularly in the districts of Yavatmal, in Eastern Sikkim and Chungthang in North Sikkim.
Chandrapur, and Gadchiroli:YavatmalThe district with Sedimentary deposits of limestones are reported in
the largest limestone deposits, including the cement West Sikkim in Naya Bazar-Reshi-Namchi area and in
grade limestone in the Rajur, Mukutban, Sindola- the North Sikkim.
Paramodoh, Gowari-Pathri, and Velabai-Kurai
Limestone
6. areasChandrapurIncludes the cement grade limestone
in the Awarpur-Bakardi, Nokari-Kusumbi, Chandur-
Thutra, Gojoli Somanpalli, Chedwai-Bari, Nandgaon-
Ekodi, and Lakhmapur-Pimpalgaon
areasGadchiroliIncludes the cement grade limestone in
the Devalmari-Kate palli area
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 Maharashtra has large coal deposits and is India's sixth- Sikkim has coal reserves, but there are no coal fields
largest coal producer: Coal reserves: Maharashtra has in the state: Reserves: Sikkim's coal reserves were
5,576 million tonnes of coal reserves. Coal production: 0.101 ton billion in 2022, which was the same as the
Maharashtra's coal production capacity is 87 million previous year. A coal reserve of about 70,000 tonnes
metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA). In 2022-23, the has been established in Reshi, South Sikkim.
state produced about 63 MMT of coal. Coal-based Location: Coal occurrences are widespread in the
thermal power: Maharashtra has 11.3% of the country's Rangit Tectonic Window zone.
total coal-based thermal power capacity. Mining
7. Coal districts: The three mining districts of Chandrapur,
Nagpur, and Yavatmal support over 89,000 jobs in the
coal sector. Coalfield type: Maharashtra's coalfield is
Gondwana.

Yes, graphite is available in Maharashtra, India, and is Yes, graphite is available in Sikkim, particularly in the
found in the Sindhudurg district: West and North districts: Location: Graphite is found
GraphiteDistrictSindhudurgReserves870,000 tonnes as in the Chitre - Dariely and Dentam - Uttarey areas of
of April 1, 1995Graphite is often found in metamorphic West Sikkim. Composition: The graphite in Sikkim is
rocks like marble, schist, and gneisses, as well as in made up of 40–60% fixed carbon. Mining: Sikkim
coal beds and organic-rich shales. There are also has a small mining industry that extracts graphite and
suppliers of graphite powder and other graphite other minerals. The Bhotang and Pachekhani lodes are
8. Graphite products in Mumbai and Pune currently mined and may be the only working mines in
the Himalayas

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 Yes, sillimanite is available in Yes, sillimanite is available in Sikkim:
Maharashtra: Sillimanite production: In Roathak KholaSillimanite is found in the
February 2024, Maharashtra produced form of boulders and lensoidal bodies
73,000 tons of sillimanite. Sillimanite around the headwaters of Roathak Khola.
resources: The Directorate of Geology, The boulders alone have a tentative
Nagpur, states that sillimanite is found in reserve of over 1,000 tonnes. Changey
the Bhandara district of Maharashtra. KholaSillimanite and kyanite bearing
9. Sillimanite
MSMC's Pohara Sillimanite Mine: This schist is found in the high grade biotite of
mine in the Bhandara district is a major Changey Khola. Further studies are
producer of sillimanite-corundum- required in this area.
pyrophyllite. YumesamdungSillimanite laths are found
in a GHS sillimanite gneiss in
Yumesamdung in the upper Lachung
valley.

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 BIOLOGY
TOPIC - BIODIVERSITY AND TRADITIONAL
MEDICINE OF SIKKIM AND MAHARASHTRA
Biodiversity and Traditional
Medicine in Maharashtra and
Sikkim

India is home to a rich tapestry of biodiversity, with Maharashtra

and Sikkim being two states that have long traditions of utilizing
the medicinal properties of the diverse plant life found in their
respective regions. These traditional medicine practices not only
provide holistic healthcare solutions, but also serve as a testament
to the deep interconnection between humans and the natural world.

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Importance of Biodiversity in
Healthcare
Diverse Pharmacopeia Sustainable Solutions
The vast biodiversity of Maharashtra Traditional medicine practices that
and Sikkim harbors a treasure trove of utilize local biodiversity offer
medicinal plants, each possessing sustainable alternatives to synthetic
unique pharmacological properties pharmaceuticals, reducing the
that can be harnessed for a wide range environmental impact and promoting
of healthcare applications. the preservation of natural ecosystems.

Cultural Preservation
The traditional knowledge and practices surrounding the use of medicinal plants are
integral to the cultural identity of these regions, and their preservation is crucial for
maintaining the rich heritage of these communities.
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Traditional Medicine Practices in Maharashtra

Ayurvedic Tradition
1
Maharashtra has a long-standing tradition of Ayurvedic medicine, which utilizes a holistic approach to
healthcare by incorporating the use of medicinal plants, minerals, and lifestyle practices.

2 Folk Remedies
In addition to Ayurveda, Maharashtra is home to a rich tapestry of folk medicine practices passed down
through generations, often involving the use of locally-sourced medicinal plants.

3 Community-based Approach
Traditional medicine practitioners in Maharashtra often work closely with local communities, sharing
their knowledge and collaborating to ensure the sustainable use and conservation of the region's
diverse plant life. 25
Medicinal Plants and Their Uses in Maharashtra

Ashwagandha Turmeric Neem

This versatile herb is renowned Turmeric, a staple in Indian The neem tree is considered a
for its adaptogenic properties, cuisine, is also highly valued in "wonder plant" in Maharashtra,
helping to reduce stress and traditional medicine for its anti- with its leaves, bark, and seeds
boost overall well-being. It is inflammatory and antioxidant used to treat a wide range of
commonly used in Ayurvedic properties. It is used to treat a skin conditions and infections.
formulations. variety of ailments.

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 Traditional Medicine Practices in Sikkim
Sowa-Rigpa Diverse Landscapes Community Engagement
The diverse ecological landscapes Traditional medicine practitioners
Sikkim's traditional medicine
of Sikkim, from the high-altitude in Sikkim often work closely with
system is heavily influenced by
Himalayas to the lush subtropical local communities, passing down
the Tibetan Buddhist Sowa-Rigpa
forests, provide a rich array of their knowledge and involving
tradition, which emphasizes the
medicinal plants used in them in the sustainable harvesting
use of natural remedies and a
traditional practices. and use of medicinal plants.
holistic approach to healthcare.
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Medicinal Plants and Their Uses
in Sikkim
Cordyceps
This rare and highly sought-after fungus, found in the high-altitude
regions of Sikkim, is prized for its adaptogenic and immune-boosting
properties.

Rhododendron
The vibrant Rhododendron flowers and leaves are used in Sowa-Rigpa
to treat a variety of respiratory and circulatory conditions.

Ginger
A common ingredient in Sikkimese cuisine, ginger is also widely used
in traditional medicine to alleviate digestive issues and inflammations.
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Conclusion
The interplay of light and shadow has long been a source of fascination and
inspiration for human cultures, particularly in the realm of spirituality and
sacred art. From the ancient oil lamps of India to the lanterns of East Asia,
the illumination of the past has profoundly shaped the sacred geometries,
symbolic imagery, and meditative practices of Buddhist traditions. As we
continue to explore and experiment with light, form, and pattern, we are
inspired to uncover new ways of understanding the interconnectedness of
the physical and the metaphysical, and to carry the timeless wisdom of these
ancient traditions into the future.

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References
• Google

• Internet

• Gamma AI

• ChatGPT

• You tube

• NCERT Textbooks

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