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    Digital Technology-5

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    Digital Technology-5

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    2 views7 pages

    Digital Technology-5

    Uploaded by

    Ganesh K

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    DATE : 25-11-2024

    COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
    G.Jeyakodi

    What is Computer Architecture?


    • Computer architecture refers to the design and organization of the
    c o m p o n e n t s t ha t ma ke up a c o m p u t e r s ys t e m , i n c l u d i n g
    t he hardware and how it interacts with software.
    • It deals with the structure of the processor, memory, input/output
    systems, and how they work together to execute instructions.
    • The goal of computer architecture is to optimize the performance,
    efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of computing systems.

    Block Diagram of a Computer


     Input Unit
    o Piece of computer hardware that allows the user to feed raw
    data tothe computer.
    o Examples: mouse, keyboard, microphone, webcam, joystick, etc.

    Central Processing Unit – CPU


    • The CPU, referred as the “brain” of the computer, is responsible for
    processing the data inside the computer system. It is also responsible for
    controlling all other components of the system.
    • The main operations of the CPU include four phases.
     Fetching instructions from the memory.
     Decoding the instructions to decide what operations to be preformed.
     Executing the instructions.
     Storing the results back in the memory.
    • This four-phase process is known as the CPU cycle.

    CPU subsystems
    • Arithmetic Unit (AU) – Perform arithmetic operations and stores theresults
    in a register. A small storage area present inside the CPU.
    • Logic Unit (LU) – Perform logical operations
    • Control Unit (CU) - Controls the flow of data and information

    • The CPU makes use of the following memory subsystems for carryingout its
    processing operations:

     Main Memory Unit

     Cache Memory

     Registers
    Memory Unit
    • Used to store the data for later reference. The smallest unit is bit
    (binary digit), which means either 0 or 1.

    Main Memory Unit


    • Internal or primary memory
    • Known as Random Access Memory
    • Temporary storage
    • Memory space of RAM is limited
    • Files and instructions are stored in secondary memory and copied
    during execution. Called as swapping.

    • Secondary memory examples:

     Hard disk drives (HDDs)

     Solid-state drives (SSDs)

     USB flash drives


    Cache Memory
    • Small, fast and expensive memory
    • Stores copy of the data that needs to be accessed frequently from themain
    memory
    • Processor first check the data in cache before read/write in main
    memory
    • Placed between CPU and the main memory
    • Availability of data in the cache is known as cache hit

    Registers
    • Temporary storage units. High-speed memory locations. Hold instructions,
    data and intermediate results that are currently being processed.
    • Types of registers:
     Program Counter (PC) to keep track of the next instruction to be
    executed.
     Instruction Register (IR) to hold instructions to be decoded by the
    control unit.
     Memory Address Register (MAR) to hold the address of the
    next location in the memory to be accessed.
     Memory Buffer Register (MBR) for storing data received from or sent to
    CPU.
     Memory Data Register (MDR) for storing operands and data.
     Accumulator (ACC) for storing the results produced by arithmetic and
    logic units.

    Internal Communication
    • CPU of the computer system communicates with the memory and theI/O
    devices in order to transfer data between them.
    • The CPU may communicate with the memory either directl y
    or through the cache memory.
    • Communication categories
     Processor to memory communication
     Processor to I/O devices communication
    Processor to Memory Communication
    • Processor load the address of the memory location where data is tobe
    read/write into MAR using address bus
    • After loading address processor issue read/write signal through
    control bus
    • Control bus carry the command
    • After receiving the control signal memory load data into MDR usingdata
    bus
    • Finally, the data is transferred

    Machine Cycle

     Represents how the machine language instruction is executed by the


    processor.
     Decode: Break down the instructions into different parts done by
    instruction decoder. Known as interpreting. Instructions are interpreted
    into two parts. Opcode (specify the operation), and Operand(specify the
    data)
    Bus
    • A bus is a set of wires that is used to connect the different internal
    components of the computer system for the purpose of transferring data as
    well addresses amongst them.
    • Types of Bus
     Data bus – transfer data
     Address bus – transfer address
     Control bus – manage the transfer of data
    Output Unit
    • Known as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
    • Display may be in the form of
     CRT - Cathode Ray Tube
     LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
     LED - Light Emitting Diode
    • Examples: Monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones,
    printers, etc.
    • Monitor is the most common visual device. It is rated by size, DPI, and
    resolution.

    Instruction Set
    • An i n s t r u c t i o n set is de f i ne d as a gro up of i n s t r u c t i o n s
    that aprocessor can execute to perform different operations.
    • Types
     Complex Instruction Set (CISC)
    •
    No. of instructions varies from 100 to 250
     Reduced Instruction set (RISC)
    • Few instructions ranging from 0 to 100
    Types of Computer Architecture
    1. ISA - Bridge between the software and hardware of a computer.
    Computers can only comprehend binary language(0and1), but humans
    can comprehend high-level language(if-else, while, conditions, and the
    like). plays a crucial role in user-computercommunications by translating
    high-level language into binary language.
    2. M i c r o a r c h i t e c t u r e - F o c us e s on the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of
    how instructions will be executed at a lower level. This is influenced by
    the microprocessor’s structural design.
    3. Client-server architecture - Multiple clients (remote processors)
    may request and get services from a single, centralized server in a client-
    server system (host computer).
    4. Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) architecture
    5. Mul tico re Ar chi te ctu re - A multico re a r c hi te ct ur e
    inte grates numerous processing cores onto only one integrated
    circuit.

    Examples of Computer Architecture

    1. Von Neumann architecture

    • Stores data and instructions in memory and executes them sequentially.

    • Hungarian-American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann


    in 1945.
    2.Harvard architecture

    • Refers to a memory structure in which the processor is


    connected to two independent memory banks via two independent
    sets of buses.

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