PsfO

rf/ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg

l;sfO pknlAw
— ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{
— ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf JolSt, kl/jf/ / :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf vf]hL
ug{
— kl/jf/ / sIffsf]7fdf x'g] ljjfbsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkgdf
;xefuL x'g

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^ 73

 kf7
! ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt

xfd|f] ;dfhdf y'k|} /fd|f k|rng / k/Dk/fx¿ 5g\ . sltko k|rngx¿ ;dfh ljsf;df
afwf kfg]{ k|s[ltsf klg 5g\ . o:tf k|rngx¿n] ;fdflhs ;d:of lgDTofpg ;S5g\ .
;dfhsf k|rlnt d"No dfGotf ljk/Lt dflg;n] ckgfPsf ultljlwnfO{ g} ;fdflhs
;d:of elgG5 . rf]/L 8s}tL, nfu'kbfy{ b'Jo{;g, w"dkfg, 3/]n' lx+;f, dBkfg, af]S:fL
k|yf, wfdL emfFj|mL, 5'jf5't, bfphf] k|yf cflb ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[lt;Fu ;DalGwt tnsf 36gfx¿ cWoog u/f}F M
36gf !
l/tfsf] 3/glhs xf]6nx¿ 5g\ . tL xf]6ndf :yfgLo dflg;x¿ dfbskbfy{ ;]jg u/]/
emu8f u5{g\ . pgsf a'af klg ;f] xf]6ndf dfbskbfy{ ;]jg ug{ hfG5g\ . pgn]
/S;L vfPsf] lbg 3/df emu8f k5{ . a'afn] cfdfnfO{ s'6\g] / ufnL ug]{ ubf{ l/tfnfO{
gdHhf nfU5 . o:tf] 3/]n' lx+;fn] cfkm"nfO{ k9\g dg gnfUg], a]r}gL x'g] ;fy} cfdf
klg 6f]nfO/xg] / sfd ug{ dg gnfUg] s'/f l/tf atfpFl5g\ . 3/df j[4 xh'/afnfO{
pkrf/ ug]{ / lgoldt cf}ifwL v'jfpg] j|md 5'6]sf] 5 . cfkm"nfO{ 5f]/f a'xf/Ln] x]nf
u/]sf] pxfFsf] u'gf;f] 5 .
74 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^
36gf @
/fds];/Lsf ufpFdf clxn] klg af]S;L k|yf sfod 5 . pgsf ufpFdf c;xfo dlxnfnfO{
af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf oftgf lbg] ul/G5 . pgsf ufpFdf s'g} dflg; la/fdL xF'bf
wfdLemfFj|mLnfO{ b]vfpg] ul/G5 . oL ;d:of b]lvg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f clzIff / cGwljZjf;
xf] . cfly{s / r]tgf:t/ sdhf]/ ePsf 7fpFx¿df clxn] klg o:tf] k|yf sfod}
5 . o:tf] k|yfdf ljZjf; ubf{ la/fdLsf] plrt pkrf/ geO{ d[To' klg x'g ;S5 .
To;}n] o:tf k|yfsf] lj?4 xfdL ;a}n] cfjfh p7fpg'kb{5 .
36\gf #
ljj|mdsf] ufpFdf cem} klg sf]xLsf]xLn] tNnf] hft, csf]{ hft eGb} 5f]Ol56f] ug]{ u/]sf
5g\ . sfg'gn] g} ug'{ gx'g] elgPsf] o:tf] sfo{ pgnfO{ dg k/]sf] 5}g . em}emu8f x'g],
c¿nfO{ xf]Rofpg] o:tf sfo{ /f]Sg afnSnadfkm{t ;lj|mo /xg] pgn] ;f]r agfPsf
5g\ . 5'jf5't ug]{nfO{ b08 lbg'kg]{ pgsf] ;'emfj 5 .
36gf $
lxhf] k|x/Ln] OF6fe6\6fdf sfd ul//x]sf kfFr
hgf afnaflnsfnfO{ p4f/ u/]sf] 5 . !@
jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf tL afnaflnsfx¿ ufpFaf6
sf7df8f}F cfPsf] atfOPsf] 5 . sd pd]/sf
afnaflnsfnfO{ >ddf nufpFbf pgLx¿df lx+;f
x'g] / pgLx¿sf] dfgl;s zf/Ll/s ljsf;df
afwf k'U5 . pgLx¿nfO{ p4f/ u/L cleefjssf]
lhDdf nufOPsf] k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5 .
oL dfly lbOPsf 36gfx¿ ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf
ljs[ltsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . o;afx]s 5fpk8L tyf bfOhf] k|yf, afnljjfx, dfgj a]rlavgsf
36gf klg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . h'jftf; / dfbskbfy{sf] ;]jg h:tf ljs[ltx¿ klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf
k|rlnt 5g\ . o:tf vfnsf ljs[ltn] ;fdflhs ;d:of a9fpg] x'bF f xfdL ;a} ;r]t x'gk' 5{ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^ 75

 cEof;
!= ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[lt eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= tkfO{F{sf] ;d'bfodf ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[ltsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
#= 3/]n' lx+;fn] kfg]{ s'g} b'O{cf]6f c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= afn>d eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < afnaflnsfnfO{ uf/f] sfddf nufpFbf kg]{ c;/x¿
n]Vg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= tkfO{F{sf] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf k|rlnt ;d:of / To;sf sf/0f ;dfj]z u/L :yfgLo
kqklqsfsf nflu ;dfrf/sf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
@= ;fdflhs ;d:of lj?4 r]tgfd"ns uLt jf sljtf tof/ kf/L sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
#= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f a9fpg] sf/0fx¿sf] vf]hL u/L k|fKt
ljj/0f sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

76 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^

 kf7 ;fdflhs ;d:of /
@ ljs[ltsf] ;dfwfg
cluNnf] kf7df ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] lyof] .
of] kf7df ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf sf/0f / c;/ klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf]
vf]hL ul/Psf] 5 .
;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿
!= r]tgfsf] sdL M r]tgfsf] sdLsf sf/0f JolStn] s] s'/f l7s / s] a]l7s eg]/
5'6\ofpg ;Sb}g . ;d:ofsf sf/0f / c;/ klxrfg ug{ klg ufx|f] k5{ . h;n]
ubf{ j|mdzM ;fdflhs ;d:of a9\b} hfG5 . ljs[ltnfO{ a9fjf ldN5 .

@= cGwljZjf; M tYo / k|df0flag}

k/Dk/fb]lv dfgL cfPsf sltko
rng÷k|yf ;Eo ;dfhsf nflu
afws aGg ;S5g\ . s;}sf]
clwsf/ xgg\ x'g ;S5 . zflGt
/ ljsf;df afwf k'Ug ;S5 .
To:tf vfnsf k|rng dfGg'nfO{
cGwljZjf; elgG5 . k'/fgf /fd|f df}lns k|rngx¿ klg 5g\ . tL k|rngx¿nfO{
;do ;fGble{s ¿kdf ckgfpFb} hfg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f /
;Ddfgdf ;xof]u k'U5 .
#= ul/aL M ;fdflhs ;d:of b]lvg'df ul/aLn] klg e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . ul/aLn]
ubf{ g} dflg;x¿ pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfneGbf wfdLemfFj|mLsxfF hfg afWo x'G5g\ .
ul/aLn] ubf{ JolStsf] r]tgfdf k|efj k5{ . afnljjfx, dlxnf lx+;f h:tf 36gf
klg 36\g] u5{g . ul/aLsf sf/0f gful/sn] :jf:Yo pkrf/ gkfpg], tfultnf]
vfg]s'/f vfg gkfpg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^ 77

$= a]/f]huf/L M a]/f]huf/Ln] klg ;fdflhs ;d:of l;h{gf ug{ dbt u5{ .
a]/f]huf/ ePsf sf/0fn] dflg;x¿ c;fdflhs sfddf ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\ .
rf]/L 8s}tLsf 36gfx¿ a9\g ;S5g\ . ljleGg s'nt / b'Jo{;gdf nfUg] vt/f
/xG5 . h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf czflGt k}bf x'G5 .
;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
xfd|f] ;dfhdf w]/} lsl;dsf ;d:of / ljs[ltx¿ 5g\ . ltgsf sf/0fx¿ klg ljleGg
5g\ . c;n ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 .
o:tf ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] cGTo ug{ xfdL ;r]t x'g'k5{ . oL ;d:of / ljs[lt cGTo ug{
lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
!= hgr]tgf M ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] d'Vo sf/0f hgr]tgfsf] cefj xf] .
To;}n] xfdLn] hgr]tgf hufpg] vfnsf sfo{j|mdx¿ u/]/ dflg;x¿nfO{ hfu?s
agfpg ;S5f}F . cGt/lj|mof, ¥ofnL, k|eftk]m/L, ;8s gf6s, uLt, sljtf cflbsf
dfWodaf6 hgr]tgf hufpg ;lsG5 .
@= /f]huf/L l;h{gf M ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] d"n sf/0f a]/f]huf/L klg xf] .
/f]huf/L gx'gfn] dflg;x¿ c;fdflhs ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\ . /f]huf/L
eof] eg] dflg;sf] r]tgfsf] :t/ klg a9\5 . k'm;{b klg sd x'G5 . /f]huf/Ln]
ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . o;/L /f]huf/L l;h{gfn] ;fdflhs ;d:of
/ ljs[lt ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 .
#= sfg'gsf] kfngf M b]zsf] sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{ ;a} gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] .
;a}n] sfg'gsf] kfngf u/]df s;}sf] clwsf/ xgg\ x'g kfpFb}g . sfg'gsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ePdf 3/]n' lx+;f, 5'jf5't, dlxnf lx+;f, r]lna]6L a]rljvg
cflb ;d:of / ljs[lt sd ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf ljs[lthGo Jojxf/
/ 36gfx¿ x'Fb}gg\ . zflGtk"0f{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
$= d]nldnfk M xfdLn] cfk;L d]nldnfksf] ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug'{k5{ . kfl/jfl/s /
;fdflhs d]nldnfk eof] eg] ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:ofaf6 5'6sf/f kfOG5 .
;dfhdf zflGt / ;b\efj sfod x'G5 . d]nldnfkn] cfk;L ;DaGw alnof]

78 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^

 x'G5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dha't x'G5 . cfk;L ;DaGw alnof] eof] eg] ;fdflhs
;d:of / ljs[lt cGTo ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 .

cEof;
!= ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
@= sfg'gsf] kfngf ubf{ s;/L ;fdflhs ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 <
#= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= tkfO{F{sf] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt ;d:of, ltgsf c;/ / ;dfwfgsf pkfo vf]hL u/L
sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
@= h]i7 gful/snfO{ ul/g] b'Jo{jxf/ hl6n ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 eGg] ul/G5 .
o;;DaGwL sIffdf 5nkmn u/]/ sf/0f, c;/ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ vf]hL
ug'{xf];\ .
#= ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfox¿ ;dfj]z u/L uLt, sljtf,
syf jf gf6s tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / ljBfnosf] jflif{s sfo{j|md jf cGo s'g}
;df/f]xdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfO{F{ a:g] :yfgLo txn] dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 s] s:tf lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .
;DalGwt j8f jf ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsf uP/ vf]hL ug'{xf];\ / k|fKt ljj/0fsf
cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^ 79

 kf7 ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgdf
# JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf
sIffdf tLg hgf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;d"xut ¿kdf sIff sfo{ ubf{ ;fdflhs ;d:of /
ljs[lt ;dfwfg;DaGwL tof/ kf/]sf ljrf/x¿ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
v]nd'lg /fhj+zL
zLif{s M ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt cGTo ug{ JolStsf] e"ldsf
;dfhsf] ljsf; g} JolSt JolSt ldn]/ x'G5 . JolStsf] afgL, Jojxf/n] ;dfhnfO{
k|efj kfb{5 . To;}n] ;fyLx¿ xfdLn] cgfjZos ¿kdf c¿sf] b]vfl;sL ug'{ x'Fb}g .
c;n afgLJojxf/ b]vfpg'k5{ . k|To]s JolStn] 5'jf5't, lx+;f, afn>d h:tf ;d:of
/ ljs[lt la?4 cfjfh p7fpg'k5{ . cgfjZos vr{ gug]{ / cGwljZjf;k|lt ljZjf;
gug]{ c7f]6 lng'k5{ . :jf:ynfO{ xflg ug]{ afgL Jojxf/ / vfglkg klg ug'{x'Fb}g .
To:tf] Jojxf/ c¿n] u/]sf] b]v]df ;Demfpg'k5{ . ;dfhsf k|ltli7t JolStx¿n] klg
Jojxf/ ubf{ cfk\mgf Jojxf/ c¿n] klg cg'z/0f ug{ ;S5g\ egL ;r]t x'g'k5{ . unt
;ª\ut / c¿sf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ ;dfhnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ sfddf nfUg' x'Fb}g .
JolStn] l7s a]l7s 5'6\ofP/ dfq s'g} sfd ug'{k5{ . JolStsf] Jojxf/ 3/ kl/jf/ /
3/ kl/jf/sf] Jojxf/ ;dfhdf b]lvG5 . k|To]s JolSt cfgf afgL Jojxf/k|lt ;r]t
ePdf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt cGTo ug{ ;3fp k'U5 . wGojfb .
hok|sf; yf?
zLif{s M ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgdf kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf
kl/jf/ xfd|f] klxnf] ljBfno xf] eg] cfdfa'af klxnf] lzIfs x'g\ . kl/jf/n] ;fdflhs
;d:of / ljs[lt cGTo ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . kl/jf/df x'g] lj|mofsnfkn]
JolStsf] cfr/0f / afgLJojxf/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;a} cleefjsn] cfk\mgf afnaflnsfsf]
pHHjn eljZosf] ;kgf b]v]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu pxfFx¿n] ;fg}b]lv c;n afgL
/ Jojxf/ l;sfpg'x'G5 . pxfFx¿af6 ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug{ klg xfdLn]

80 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^

l;ls/x]sf x'G5f}F . o;} u/L pxfFx¿n] cfk\mgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cfgLafgL / ;ª\utsf] klg
hfgsf/L /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 .
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ g} ;fdflhs ljs[ltdf ;+nUg ePdf To;sf] k|ToIf k|efj c¿
;b:odf kb{5 . kl/jf/df cleefjsn] dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{, lx+;f ug]{, h'jftf; v]Ng]
cflb u/]df afnaflnsfdf klg To:tf] aflgsf] ljsf; x'g ;S5 . s;}sf cleefjs
;dfh;]jf ug]{, c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug]{ ug'{x'G5 eg]
Tof] Jojxf/ afnafnlnsfn] klg l;Sg] x'G5g\ . -hgfp 3G6L aH5_
To;}n] cleefjsn] cfk\mgf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;w}F /fd|f] s'/f l;sfpg'k5{ . v/fa
cfr/0fsf] 9fs5f]k ug'{ x'Fb}g . To;}n] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf
dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5, wGojfb ∕
wgdfof d'lvof
zLif{s M ;fdflhs ;d:of ljs[lt lj?4 :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e"ldsf
:yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yf eGgfn] ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsf, :jf:Yo s]Gb|, cfdf ;d"x,
o'jf Snj, k|x/L rf}sL, u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ eGg] a'lemG5 . xfd|f] ljBfno klg
Ps ;+:yf xf] . o:tf ;+:yfx¿ s'g} /fli6«o :t/sf x'G5g\ eg] s'g} :yfgLo :t/sf
x'G5g\ . oL ;+:yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{, c;/x¿af/] atfpg / ;d:of
la?4 r]tgf hufpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . o:tf ;+:yfx¿n] ;d:ofdf k/]sfnfO{ p4f/
klg u5{g\ . xfd|f] ljBfnodf afnSna 5 . o;n] afnclwsf/sf nflu / afn ljjfx
la?4 cfjfh p7fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . kNnf] ufpFsf] cfdf ;d"xn] dBkfg pTkfbg,
;]jg tyf h'jftf; lj?4 r]tgfd"ns sfo{j|md ub{5 . k|x/L rf}sLn] ck/fw lgoGq0f
ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .
xfd|f] ljBfnon] lzIffdfk{mt r]tgf hufpg ;xof]u ub{5 . a]nf a]nfdf ¥ofnL, uf]i7L
cfof]hgf u/]/ klg ;d:of / ljs[lt x6fpg ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . j8f sfof{non]
;d:of / ljs[lt lj?4sf] sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog ub{5 . cGTodf ;dfhsf k|rlnt
;d:of / ljs[lt lj?4 ul/g] sfo{j|mddf xfdL ;xefuL x'g'k5{ . o;n] ;d:of ;dfwfgdf
dbt ub{5 . ;a} hgf Psh'6 eP/ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf nfuf}F eGg] cfx\jfg ub}{ d]/f
egfO oxL cGTo u5'{, wGojfb .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^ 81

 cEof;
!= :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yf eGgfn] s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
@= tkfO{F{sf] ;d'bfodf s'g s'g :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ 5g\ <
#= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf tkfO{F{n] v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
$= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf lzIfs / ljBfnosf] e"ldsf n]Vg'xf];\ .
^= :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yfn] ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf v]n]sf] e"ldsf ;+jfbsf ¿kdf
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= sIffdf ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf JolStsf] e"ldsfaf/] 5nkmn u/L k|fKt
lgisif{ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
@= :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yfsf k|ltlglwnfO{ sIffdf cfdGq0f u/L ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt
lj?4 pxfFx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf ultljlw ;'Gg'xf];\ . pxfFn] JoSt u/]sf ljrf/ l6kf]6 klg
ug'x{ f];\ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yfsf] e|d0f ug'{xf];\ . tL ;ª\3;+:yfn]
;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf v]n]sf] e"ldsf / eljiosf] of]hgf ;dfj]z u/L k|ltj]bg
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

82 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^

 kf7
$ ljjfb
ljrf/ / a'emfOsf] leGgtfnfO{ ljjfb elgG5 . ToxL ljjfb a9\b} uPkl5 åGå l;h{gf
x'G5 . To;}n] åGå JolSt JolStlar pTkGg x'g] a]d]n, v6k6 / dgd'6fj xf] . åGå
JolSt JolSt, ;d"x ;d"x, ;dfhx¿sf lar, ;ª\3;+:yfsf lardf x'G5 . kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿ lardf klg åGå x'G5 . tnsf] pbfx/0fn] kl/jf/sf] åGånfO{ ;ª\s]t u5{ M
/fd]z sIff ^ df k9\5g\ . pgL ljBfnoaf6 3/ kms]{kl5 Psl5g l6=eL= x]g{ vf]H5g\ .
cfdfn] u[xsfo{ ug{ / k9\g eGg'x'G5 . of] s'/f pgnfO{ dg kb}{g . To;}n] cfdf /
/fd]zsf] ljrf/ ldNb}g . ljrf/ gldn]kl5 b'j} hgfnfO{ l/; p7\5 / ljjfb l;h{gf x'G5 .

;latfn] e/v/ !@ sIff kf; u/]sL l5g\ . pgL lzIff ljifo k9]/ eljZodf lzIfs
aGg rfxlG5g\ . pgsf a'af pgnfO{ 8fS6/ agfpg rfxg'x'G5 . To;}n] lj1fg k9\g
s/ ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . pgnfO{ a'afsf] s'/f dg kb}{g . pgL lj1fg k9\g rfxGgg\ .
oxfF ;latf / a'aflardf ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5 .
dflysf b'O{cf]6f pbfx/0fn] kl/jf/df x'g] ljjfbnfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 . kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿sf ljrf/df cfpg] leGgtfn] ljjfb l;h{gf u5{ . dfof ddtfsf] cefj,
cgfjZos vr{ tyf JolStut ?lr / cfgLafgL h:tf ljifonfO{ lnP/ kfl/jfl/s
ljjfb x'G5 . To:tf ljjfbx¿ ;dodf g} Joj:yfkg geP åGå l;h{gf x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ubf{ klg ljjfb eO{ åGå l;h{gf x'G5 . kl/jf/df
x'g] ljjfbdf ljrf/ gldNg', unt ;"rgf, km/s ;f]rfO cflbn] c;/ ub{5 . slxn]sfxLF
k':tfsf] cGt/n] klg ljjfb x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . kl/jf/sf s'g} ;b:o nfu' kbfy{ jf dfbs
kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{ ePdf klg ljjfbsf] l;h{gf x'g ;S5 .
ljjfb x'g' /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og . xfdLn] ;dod} o;sf sf/0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
ug'{k5{ . ljjfbsf sf/0fn] kl/jf/df e}memu8f eP/ kl/jf/ g} l5Gg leGg x'g klg
;S5 . kfl/jfl/s åGå a9\g ;S5 . To:tf] x'g glbg kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ Psfk;df
s'/f ug],{ :ki6 gePsf ljifonfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ sfd ug'k{ b{5 . cfk"meGbf ;fgf jf 7'nfsf] s'/f

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^ 83

;'Gg'k5{ . ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g] wf/0ff ljsf; ug'k{ 5{ . h;n] ubf{ kl/jf/sf] ljjfb ;dfwfg
ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . To;}n] ljjfb x'gfsf sf/0f a'em] / ToxLcg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ul/of] eg]
To;af6 ljjfb ;dfwfg x'G5 .
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, ljBfno klg Pp6f ;dfh xf] . oxfF ljleGg ljrf/ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿
cfPsf x'G5g\ . tL ljBfyL{x¿ lardf klg ljleGg ljifodf ljjfb x'g ;S5 .
sIffsf]7fdf a;fOFsf] cj:yf, ;x tyf cltl/St lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf, g]t[Tj ug]{
s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;S5 . v]ns'bsf ;fwg / v]ns'bdf ;xeflutf ;DaGwdf klg
ljBfyL{x¿lar ljjfb x'g ;S5 . oxL ljjfbnfO{ ;dodf g} Joj:yfkg u/]df åGåsf]
cj:yf l;h{gf x'g kfpFb}g .
sIffsf]7fdf x'g] ljjfbsf sf/0fx¿
;dodf g} yfxf kfpg'k5{ .
ljz]if u/]/ sIff lzIfsn] a;fOsf
sf/0f x'g] ljjfbsf] Joj:yfkg
ug'{k5{ . v]ns'bsf ;fd|uLx¿
cfnf]kfnf] u/]/ ljt/0f ug'{kb{5 .
;x tyf cltl/St lj|mofsnfkdf ;a}
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]
/0fgLlt ckgfpg'k5{ . ljjfb ldnfpg
lzIfsx¿n] dWo:tstf{sf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'{k5{ . ljjfbsf sf/0fx¿
klxrfg u/]/ ToxLcg';f/ ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿ ckgfpg'k5{ . ljBfyL{x¿lar cfTdLo efjgf ljsf; u/fpg'k5{ . df}sf
gkfPsfx¿nfO{ df}sf lbg'k5{ . ;xof]ufTds l;sfO jftfj/0f tof/ kfg'{k5{ . kIf
ljkIfdf t6:y eP/ pgLx¿sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbg'k5{ . o;} u/L sdhf]/ / cAan
5fq 5fqfx¿nfO{ kl/l:yltcg';f/sf ljleGg ultljlw tyf lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL
u/fpg'k5{ . sIffsf]7fdf x'g] ljjfb ;dfwfgdf lzIfsx¿, ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks
klg plQs} rgfvf] x'g'k5{ . ;a}sf] k|of;n] o:tf ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5g\ eg] ljBfnon]
k|ult xfl;n ug{ ;S5 .

84 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^

 cEof;
!= ljjfb eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= ‘ljjfb a9\b} uPdf åGå x'G5’ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
#= kl/jf/df x'g] ljjfb eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
$= kl/jf/df x'g] ljjfbsf sf/0fx¿ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ <
%= sIffsf]7fdf x'g] ljjfbsf sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfo rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= ljjfb jf åGå;DaGwL ;dfrf/, n]v, /rgf cflb ;ª\sng u/L sIffsf]7fdf
6fF:g'xf];\ .
@= ljBfnodf x'g] åGåsf] ;dfwfgdf sIff lzIfssf] e"ldsf sIffdf 5nkmn u/L
k|fKt lgisif{ ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
#= 3/df x'g] ljjfb ;dfwfgdf cleefjssf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn u/L
lgisif{ lgsfNg'xf];\ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
;dfhdf ePsf ljjfb ;dfwfg;DaGwL ultljlwx¿ cfgf cleefjs;Fu ;f]w]/ k|fKt
ljj/0f sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^ 85

 kf7
% ljjfb ;dfwfg
xfdLn] cluNnf] kf7df JolSt JolStlar x'g] c;xdlt, c;dembf/L / ljrf/sf] a]d]nsf]
sf/0f ljjfb l;h{gf x'g] s'/f u/]sf lyof}F . ljjfb;Fu hlxn] klg ;xdlt / ;dfwfgsf]
s'/f hf]l8G5 . ljjfb cGTo ug{ ul/g] k|of; ljjfb ;dfwfg xf] . dgd'6fj, c;xdlt
;a} x6]/ Psfk;df ldn]/ a:g'k5{ .
ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ / ;defjsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . o;sf] Pp6f
pbfx/0f x]/f}F M
s'nfsf] kfgL nufpg] ;Gbe{df /ldtfsf a'af / /f]lgzsf a'afx¿lar emu8f eof] .
emu8f a9\b} hfFbf l5d]sLx¿ klg b'O{ ;d"xdf ljeflht eP . Pp6f ;d"xn] /ldtfsf
a'afnfO{ / s]xL dflg;n] /f]lgzsf a'afnfO{ ;dy{g u/] . /f]lgzsf a'afsf] s'/f ;'Gg]
dfG5] sd lyP . pgL l/;fpFb} j8fWoIfsxfF k'u] . j8fWoIfn] b'j} kIfnfO{ af]nfP .
klxnf /ldtfsf a'afsf s'/f ;'g] . To;kl5 /f]lgzsf a'afsf s'/f ;'g] . s'/f
;'lg;s]kl5 pgn] /ldtfsf a'afn] klxnf uNtL u/]sf] s'/f kQf nufP . /f]lgzsf
a'afn] cgfjZos d'v 5f]8\g' x'Fb}gYof] eg]/ ;DemfP . b'j} kIfnfO{ ca cfOGbf emu8f
gu/L ldn]/ a:g cg'/f]w u/] . clxn] pgLx¿ ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ . .
bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ eGgfn] b'O{ kIf, ;d"x, JolStlar ePsf] ;~rf/nfO{ a'emfpF5 . ljjfb
;dfwfgsf nflu dWo:ystf{n] åGå/t b'j} kIfsf] s'/f ;'Gg'k5{ . pxfFx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf
;a} s'/f atfpg] / cfjZostfcg';f/ k|ltk|Zg klg ug'{kb{5 . ;xL ;"rgf k|fKt
ePdf dfq k|efjsf/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;xh x'G5 . t;y{ ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu ;~rf/
l;k dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . bf]xf]/f] s'/fsfgLn] Pscsf{nfO{ a'‰g ;3fpF5 . cfk"mnfO{ lrQ
ga'e]msf s'/f /fVgfn] csf]{ kIfn] :ki6 x'g kfpF5 . b'j} kIfn] lht dx;'; ug]{ cj:yf
l;h{gf x'G5 .
slxn]sfxLF ;fyLx¿lar v]Ng] j|mddf emu8f x'G5 t/ xfdL kIf ljkIf lnG5f}F . o:tf]
ug'{x'Fb}g . kIf ljkIfdf gnfuL jf:tljs s'/f a'em]/ dfq lzIfsnfO{ atfpg'k5{ . To;f]
ul/of] eg] uNtL ug]{n] uNtL dx;'; ug{ kfpF5 / uNtL gug]{n] b08 kfpFb}g . o;f]

86 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^

ePdf d]nldnfk sfod x'G5 . xfdLn] klg ;fyLx¿lar x'g] ljjfbdf ;defj /fv]/
;d:of ;dfwfgsf] k|of; ug'{k5{ .

cEof;
!= ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
#= tkfO{F{n] ljjfb ;d:of ;dfwfgdf s'g} e"ldsf v]n]sf] eP pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
$= ljjfb ;dfwfgdf ;~rf/sf] s] e"ldsf x'G5, n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= ;defj eg]sf] s] xf] < ljjfb Joj:yfkgdf ;defjsf] dxŒj n]Vg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= sIffdf x'g] åGåsf] ;dfwfgdf dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsfaf/] ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L
k|fKt lgisif{ sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
@= åGå Joj:yfkg;DaGwL n]v, /rgf, ;dfrf/ ;ª\sng u/L ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ .
#= ;fyL ;fyLlarsf] ljjfb jf emu8fnfO{ Joj:yfkg u/]sf] 36gf pNn]v u/L
;dfrf/sf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff, sIff–^ 87