CLASS IX - PHYSICS

WORK AND ENERGY

Work:

Work is done when a force produces motion.

The condition for a force to do work is that it should produce motion in an object.

The work done by a force on a body depends on two factors:

(i) Magnitude of the force

(ii) Distance through which the body moves (in the direction of force).

Define work:

Work done in moving a body is equal to the product of force exerted on the body and
the displacement moved by the body in the direction of force.

Work done(W) = Force(F) x displacement (s)

i.e W= F x s

Unit of work:

The unit of work is newton metre (Nm).The S.I unit of work is joule(J).

When a force of 1 newton moves a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own
direction ,then the work done is known as 1 joule.

Work done against gravity:

Work done against gravity is the amount of work done is equal to the product of weight
of the weight of the body and the vertical distance through which the body is lifted.

Work done when a body moves at an angle to the direction of force:

The work done in pulling a body will be equal to the product of horizontal component
of the force and distance moved by body.

W = F cos Ҩ x s

Where F = force applied

Ҩ = angle between the direction of force and direction of motion .

s = distance moved.

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 Work done when the force acts at right angles to the direction of motion :

W = F cos 900 x s

=Fx0xs

Work done , W = 0 (because cos 900 = 0)

When the displacement of the body is perpendicular to the direction of force ,no work is done.

The work done on a body moving in a circular path is also zero .This is because when a body
moves in a circular path ,then the centripetal force acts along the radius of the circle , and it is
at right angles to the motion of the body.

Positive, Negative and Zero work:

1. Work done is positive when a force acts in the direction of motion of the body .

2. Work done is negative when a force acts opposite to the direction of motion of the body.

3. Work done is zero when a force acts at right angles to the direction of motion of the
body.

ENERGY:

Energy is the ability to do work. Whenever work is done ,an equal amount of energy is
consumed.

Unit

The S.I unit of work is Joule . The energy to do 1 joule of work is called 1 joule of energy.

Forms of energy:

The various forms of energy include mechanical energy (kinetic energy, potential
energy),heat energy, chemical energy, electrical energy and light energy.

KINETIC ENERGY:

The energy of a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy.

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 Formula for kinetic energy:

The kinetic energy (K.E) of a moving body is measured by the amount of work it can
do before coming to rest.

Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with an initial velocity ‘u’. When a force
‘F’ is applied on it ,which displaces the object through a distance ‘s’ , and its velocity changes
to ‘v ’and it produces an acceleration ‘a’.

We know that

v2 - u2 = 2as

s = v2 – u2 / 2a

Work done(W) = F x s

We know from Newton’s II law of motion F= ma.

W = ma x ( v2 – u2 / 2a )

Or W = ½ m ( v2 – u2)

When the object starts from stationary position then u=0 ,then

W = 1/ 2 m v2

This work done is stored in the form of kinetic energy .

K.E = 1/2mv2

1.If the mass of a body is doubled ,then its kinetic energy also gets doubled.

2. If the mass of a body is halved ,then its kinetic energy also gets halved.

3. If the velocity of a body is doubled , then its kinetic energy becomes four times.

4.If the velocity of a body is halved ,then its kinetic energy becomes one – fourth.

POTENTIAL ENERGY:

The energy of a body due to its position or change in the shape is known as potential
energy (P.E)

The energy of a body due to its position above the ground is called gravitational potential
energy .

The energy of a body due to a change in its shape and size is called elastic potential energy.

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 Formula for potential energy (P.E):

Consider an object of mass ,’m’ . Let it be raised through a height ‘h’ from the
ground.

A force F is applied to raise it and it is equal to the weight of the object ‘mg’.

The work done on the object against gravity

W=Fxs
W= mg x h
Or W = mgh.
This work done is stored in the form of potential energy in the object.
P.E = mgh

Law of conservation of energy:

Statement : The energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Or

The total amount of energy remains the same although it may get converted from one form
to the other.

Conservation of energy of a freely falling body:

Let a body of mass’ m’ be placed at’ A’ at a height ‘h’ above ground.

Potential energy at A = mg h

Kinetic energy at A = 1/2m (0)2=0

Since the body is at rest at the time of releasing from A.

Sum of P.E and K.E at A = mg h + 0

= mg h………………………………………….(i)

At B .To determine velocity at B ,consider motion AB.

Here u =o (at A) v= vB(at B) a = g ,s = x

vB2- 0 = 2gx or vB2= 2gx

K.E at B = 1/2m vB2 = 1/2m(2gx) = mg x

P.E at B = mg(h -x) = mg h- mg x

Sum of P.E and K.E at B = mg x + (m g h- mg x) = mg h ………………….(ii)

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At C (just before touching the ground) .To determine the velocity vC at C , consider motion AC.

Here u =0 (at A) ; v = vc (at C) ; a = g ;s = h

Using v2 - u2 = 2as, we have

vC2_ 0 = 2gh or vC2 = 2gh

K.E at C = 1/2mvC2 = 1/2m(2gh) = mg h

P.E at C mg (0) = 0

Sum of P.E and K.E at C = mg h + 0 = mg h ………………………………(iii)

We find from equation (i), (ii), (iii) that the sum of K.E and P.E is constant (i.e)=mgh.

Thus the energy is conserved .

Transformation of energy :

The change of one form of energy into another form of energy is known as
transformation of energy.

Some examples of transformation of energy:

1 .Hydro electric Power house.

Potential energy Kinetic energy Electrical energy.

2. Thermal power house:

Chemical energy Heat energy Kinetic energy Electrical energy.

3. Electric motor:

Electrical energy Mechanical energy.

4.Electric Iron

Electrical energy Heat energy

5.Electric bulb

Electrical energy Heat energy Light energy

6.Radio:

Electrical energy Kinetic energy Sound energy.

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7.Steam engine :

Heat energy Kinetic energy

8. Car engine

Chemical energy Heat energy Kinetic energy

9.Battery or cell

Chemical energy Electrical energy

10.Gas stove

Chemical energy Heat energy

11. Solar water heater

Light energy Heat energy

12. Solar cell.

Light energy Electrical energy

Rate of Doing Work- POWER:

Power is defined as the rate of doing work.

Power (P) = Work done (W) / Time taken (t)

i.e P = W / t

Power (P) = Energy consumed (E ) / Time taken (t)

i.e P = E / t

Power is a scalar quantity.

The S.I unit of power is watt.
1 watt is the work done at the rate of 1 joule per second
1 watt is the energy consumed at the 1 joule per second.

Commercial unit of energy :

(1 kWh) 1kWh is the energy used in one hour at the rate of 1000J /s
One kWh is the amount of Electrical Energy consumed when an electrical appliance having a
power rating of 1 Kilowatt is used for one hour.

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