1, Define anesthesia detail type anesthesia and detail

purpose of anesthesia
 List at least 6 general anesthesia drugs with their properties purpose
and side effects for each
 List at least 10 regional anesthesia drugs with their properties
purpose and side effects for each
 List at least 20 local anesthesia drugs with their properties purpose
and side effects for each
Anesthesia is a medical treatment that causes a temporary loss of sensation or

awareness. It can be used for pain relief, relaxation, and to allow medical procedures

to be performed without causing discomfort to the patient.

General anesthesia drugs:

Propofol: Properties - rapid onset, short duration; Purpose - used for

induction and maintenance of anesthesia; Side effects - decreased blood

pressure, respiratory depression

Isoflurane: Properties - inhaled anesthetic; Purpose - used for general

anesthesia; Side effects - nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression

Ketamine: Properties - dissociative anesthetic; Purpose - used for induction

and maintenance of anesthesia; Side effects - hallucinations, increased heart

rate, high blood pressure

Sevoflurane: Properties - inhaled anesthetic; Purpose - used for general

anesthesia; Side effects - respiratory depression, low blood pressure

 Thiopental: Properties - ultra-short-acting barbiturate; Purpose - used for

induction of anesthesia; Side effects - respiratory depression, hypotension

Desflurane: Properties - inhaled anesthetic; Purpose - used for general

anesthesia; Side effects - airway irritation, increased heart rate

Regional anesthesia drugs:

Lidocaine: Properties - local anesthetic; Purpose - used for nerve blocks

and epidurals; Side effects - allergic reactions, numbness or weakness in the

injected area

Bupivacaine: Properties - long-acting local anesthetic; Purpose - used for

nerve blocks and epidurals; Side effects - cardiac toxicity, dizziness,

seizures

Ropivacaine: Properties - long-acting local anesthetic; Purpose - used for

nerve blocks and epidurals; Side effects - numbness, tingling, muscle

weakness

Chloroprocaine: Properties - short-acting local anesthetic; Purpose - used

for nerve blocks and epidurals; Side effects - headache, backache, nausea

Mepivacaine: Properties - intermediate-acting local anesthetic; Purpose -

used for nerve blocks and epidurals; Side effects - dizziness, drowsiness,

blurred vision
 Prilocaine: Properties - intermediate-acting local anesthetic; Purpose - used

for nerve blocks and epidurals; Side effects - methemoglobinemia, allergic

reactions

Local anesthesia drugs:

Benzocaine: Properties - ester-type local anesthetic; Purpose - used for

topical anesthesia; Side effects - skin irritation, allergic reactions

Tetracaine: Properties - ester-type local anesthetic; Purpose - used for

topical anesthesia; Side effects - burning or stinging at the application site,

allergic reactions

Dibucaine: Properties - ester-type local anesthetic; Purpose - used for

topical anesthesia; Side effects - skin irritation, allergic reactions

Pramoxine: Properties - amide-type local anesthetic; Purpose - used for

topical anesthesia; Side effects - skin redness, rash, itching

Lidocaine: Properties - amide-type local anesthetic; Purpose - used for

topical anesthesia and infiltration anesthesia; Side effects - numbness or

tingling at the application site, allergic reactions

Articaine: Properties - amide-type local anesthetic; Purpose - used for

infiltration anesthesia and nerve blocks; Side effects - swelling at the

injection site, allergic reactions.

2. Define endoscopy list purpose its indication and contra
indication
 Assemble necessary equipment
 write steps carefully
Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves inserting a flexible tube with a

camera and light into the body to examine internal organs or tissues. The purpose of

endoscopy includes diagnosing conditions such as ulcers, tumors, or gastrointestinal

bleeding. Its indications include symptoms such as abdominal pain, difficulty

swallowing, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Contraindications may include severe heart

or lung disease.

The equipment needed for steam inhalation includes a pot or bowl to hold the hot

water, water to create the steam, a towel to cover the head and trap the steam, and

essential oils (such as eucalyptus or peppermint) if desired for added therapeutic

benefits. The pot or bowl should be heat-resistant and large enough to hold the hot

water without spilling. The water should be boiled and then transferred to the pot or

bowl, and essential oils can be added to the water if desired. The towel is used to

create a tent over the head and trap the steam, allowing the individual to inhale the

steam for respiratory relief.

Equipment needed for endoscopy:

Endoscope is a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, used

to visually examine internal organs or cavities in the body.

Light source is a device that provides illumination for medical procedures,

often used in conjunction with an endoscope or other medical instruments.

Camera system is a set of components that capture and transmit images

from medical procedures, such as endoscopies, for viewing and analysis.

Monitor is a display screen used to view the images and video feed from

medical cameras and other equipment during procedures.

Biopsy forceps: are specialized instruments used to take tissue samples

from the body for examination and testing.

Cleaning and disinfection supplies: are used to sterilize and prepare

medical equipment for reuse, including brushes, detergents, and

disinfectants.

Sedation and anesthesia equipment: This includes medications and

equipment for sedating patients during the procedure, as well as anesthesia

machines and monitoring devices for patients who require deeper sedation

or general anesthesia.

Suction and irrigation devices: These are used to remove fluids and debris

from the area being examined and to irrigate the area with saline or other

solutions as needed.

Endoscope storage and transport containers: These are necessary for

safely storing and transporting endoscopes to prevent damage and

contamination.
Endoscope reprocessing equipment: This includes machines for cleaning,

disinfecting, and sterilizing endoscopes between uses to prevent the spread

of infection.

Personal protective equipment for the medical team: This includes

gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection to protect healthcare workers

from exposure to bodily fluids and other potential hazards during the

procedure.

Patient monitoring equipment: This includes devices for monitoring vital

signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation during the

procedure to ensure the patient's safety.

Intravenous access supplies: These are needed for administering

medications and fluids to patients during the procedure, as well as for

emergency situations.

Emergency medications and resuscitation equipment: This includes

medications and equipment for managing potential complications during the

procedure, such as allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, or respiratory distress.

Endoscopy accessories: These include additional tools and devices that

may be needed during the procedure, such as overtubes for guiding the

endoscope, retrieval devices for removing foreign objects, and other

specialized instruments.
Steps for endoscopy:

Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure and obtaining consent.

Position the patient on the examination table and administer sedation if

necessary.

Insert the endoscope through th

e mouth or rectum and guide it to the area of interest.

Examine the internal organs or tissues using the camera and light source.

Perform any necessary biopsies or interventions.

Remove the endoscope carefully and monitor the patient post-procedure.

3. Define bone marrow aspiration, list purpose, its
indication and contra indication.
 Assemble necessary equipment’s
 Write steps carefully.
Bone marrow aspiration is a medical procedure that involves removing a small

amount of bone marrow fluid and tissue for examination. Its purpose includes

diagnosing blood disorders, infections, or cancers. Indications for bone marrow

aspiration may include unexplained anemia, abnormal blood cell counts, or

unexplained fever. Contraindications may include severe bleeding disorders or

localized infections at the aspiration site.

Equipment needed for bone marrow aspiration:

Sterile needles

Syringes

Local anesthetic

Antiseptic solution

Biopsy tray

Bandages
Steps for bone marrow aspiration:

Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure and obtaining consent.

Position the patient on their side or abdomen and clean the aspiration

site with antiseptic solution.

Administer local anesthetic to numb the area.

Insert the needle into the bone marrow cavity and aspirate a small

amount of fluid and tissue.

Apply pressure to the site and bandage it after the procedure.

Monitor the patient post-procedure for any complications.

4. Define steam in halation, list purpose, its indication and
contra indication.
 Assemble necessary equipment’s
 Write steps carefully.
Steam inhalation is a home remedy that involves inhaling steam to relieve congestion

and respiratory symptoms. Its purpose includes loosening mucus, relieving sinus

pressure, and soothing irritated airways. Indications for steam inhalation may include

colds, sinus infections, or allergies. Contraindications may include severe asthma or

respiratory conditions.

Equipment needed for steam inhalation:

Pot or bowl

Water

Towel

Essential oils (optional)

Steps for steam inhalation:

Boil water in a pot or bowl.

Remove from heat and add a few drops of essential oils if desired.

Place the pot on a stable surface and sit with your face over the

steam.
Cover your head with a towel to trap the steam and inhale deeply for

5-10 minutes.

Take breaks if needed and be cautious of burns from the hot steam.

Repeat as necessary for relief of symptoms.