NUTRIENTS AND THEIR FUNCTION AND DEFIENCY

NUTRIENTS FOOD SOURCE FUNCTION DEFICIENCY

Needed for normal growth, Reduced resistance to
Eggs, milk, fish, tomatoes keep skin and eyes healthy, diseases, infection of
Vitamin A and carrot. increases resistance to eyes, night blindness,
Retinol diseases and a healthy skin. dry scaly skin and
retarded growth.
Yeast, nuts, eggs, milk, Needed for healthy skin Cracks at the mouth
green vegetables and beans. and eyes and good cell corners, dermatitis,
Vitamin B2 respiration inflames tongue and
Riboflavin damage to the
cornea.
Yeast, liver, eggs, milk, Healthy skin, digestive and Slow growth and skin
cereals, pork and nervous systems and cell diseases, pellagra
Vitamin B3 groundnuts. respiration involving diarrhea and
Niacin/Nicotinic acid mental disorder.
Orange, lemon, grape fruit, Increases resistance to Scurvy, reduced
tomatoes and green infection, help wounds to resistance to
Vitamin C vegetables. heal and essential for skin infection, easily
Ascorbic acid health. bruised skin
Milk, egg yolk, fish, fat, liver, Needed in the formation of
formed in the skin when it is strong bones and teeth and
Vitamin D exposed to sunlight. controls the use the body Rickets
Calciferol makes of calcium
Vegetables oil, eggs and Promotes fertility in Fertility disorders in
Vitamin E liver and butter animals animal
Tocopherol
Green vegetables, liver, egg
yolk, unpolished cereals.
Help in blood clotting Prolonged bleeding
Vitamin K
Phylloquinone
Milk, cheese, eggs and For the formation of strong Weak bones and
green vegetables bones and teeth and it is teeth (Rickets)
Calcium needed for the clotting of
blood
Fish, eggs, milk and cheese, For the formation of strong Weak bones and
Phosphorus meat, liver and wheat. bones and teeth teeth and dental
decay
Lean meat, liver, eggs, Required for building
beans, kidney and green hemoglobin in the blood. Anaemia
Iron leafy vegetables.
Sea food, and iodized table Needed for the normal Visible swelling of the
Iodine salt. functioning of the thyroid thyroid gland.
gland.
Table salt, green vegetables Important in the
Sodium functioning of all cell Muscular cramps
membranes
Vegetables, banana and For proper nerve impulse Problems in the
Potassium plantain transmission nervous system
Essential component of
plasma and needed for
Chlorine Table salt nerve and muscle action. Muscular cramps
Meat and leafy green
 vegetables, oats, nuts and Formation of bones and
Magnesium cheese teeth Rarely deficient
Protein from many sources; Component of certain
Sulphur dairy products, beans and amino acids and needed Beriberi
peas for muscle growth
Sea foods and yeast Help heal wounds and Poor healing and skin
Zinc products. needed for protein disorders
metabolism

ORGANIC ACID/BASE AND THEIR SOURCES

ORGANIC ACID/BASE SOURCES
Lactic Acid Breast milk and sour milk
Citric Acid Unripe lemon, oranges, pineapples salad and grape fruits
Palmitic acid Palm oil
Amino Acid Protein
Acetic Acid (Ethanoic acid) Vinegar, sour palm wine, beer
Methanoic acid Red Ants, bees
Salicylic acid Aspirin
Tartaric acid Grapes
Ascorbic acid Rancid butter, green vegetables, citrus and fresh fruits
Bee stings Bee
Hydrochloric acid Stomach
Tannic acid Tea

Commonly used multiples and their special names and symbols

PREFIX SYMBOL MULTIPLE
Kilo k 103
Mega M 106
Giga G 109
Tera T 1012
Centi c 10-2
Milli m 10-3
Micro μ 10-6
Nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12

ORGANISM RESPIRATORY
ORGAN
Mammals, reptiles, Lungs
garden snail, birds, cow,
lion, elephants
Fishes, tadpole Gills
Insect Trachea
Spider and scorpion Book lungs
Amphibians Skin, lungs and
buccal cavity
Earthworm skin
 NAME OF RADICAL RADICAL
Sulphate SO42-
Sulphite SO32-
Carbonate CO32-
dichromate CrO72-
Nitrate NO3-
Nitrite NO2-
Hydroxyl OH-
bicarbonate HCO3-
Permanganate MnO-
Phosphate PO43-
Ammonia NH4+

Alloy Composition USE

Brass Copper + Zinc Musical instruments
Bronze Copper + Tin Medals, statues, ornament
Solder Lead + Tin Joining cables, pipes
Steel Iron + Copper Blades of cutting tools
Magnalium Magnesium + Aluminum Scientific apparatus
Alnico Aluminum + Nickel + Cobalt Permanent magnet
Duralumin Aluminum + Copper Aeroplanes parts
Stainless Steel Iron + Nickel + Chromium Car parts, utensils, cutleries, crockery
Cupronickel Copper + Nickel currency

1. Mosquitoes have eyes use for detecting 19. The leads of the transistor are emitter,
motion. collector and base.
2. Larva is also called wigglers The emitter is the negative lead.
3. Larva has siphon for breathing The base is the terminal that activates the
4. Larva molt four times. transistor
5. Larva feeds on organic matter in the water The collector is the positive lead.
6. Pupa are called tumblers shaped like 20. Active region → emitter – base Fb and
commas. They do not feed, hence the resting collector base RB. Amplifications
stage Saturated region → the region is which
7. The pupal is found in a shell or case called transistor tends to behave as a closed
puparium switch. For switching
8. Puparium is broken using the ptilinum acts 21. The leaf-like structure that seals off the air
like a pneumatic hammer passage to the lungs during swallowing is called
9. Reproductive parts of the male mosquito epiglottis
develop with a day and it looks for female by 22. The voice box is called the Larynx
the sound of their wing beats for mating 23. The larynx is a short passage that joins the
10. Mosquito lays eggs on stagnant water, pharynx with the trachea.
grasses, bushes and swamps 24. The trachea is also known as the windpipe.
11. Mosquitoes don’t have ears instead they 25. The right lung has 3 lobes/sections and the
have antennae for detecting sound vibrations. left lung has 2 lobes.
12. Mosquitoes don’t have teeth, they have The right lung is bigger than the left lung.
proboscis. 26. What is the correct path air takes when it
13. Mosquitoes with proper cover from the sun enters the trachea on its way to the lungs.
and the wind comes out in the day. Trachea→ Bronchus→bronchioles→alveoli
14. World mosquito days occur on August 20. of the lungs → blood stream
15. Mosquitoes bites mammals. 27. The pulmonary capillaries is where the
16. Mosquitoes can’t transmit HIV/AIDS cause exchange of O2 and CO2 happens.
they can’t survive or replicate inside a mosquito 28. The serous membrane known as the pleura
17. Infected mosquito bite is dangerous. is divided into two linings. The outermost
18. Mosquitoes are attractive to CO2, heat membrane is known as the parietal pleura and
signature and moisture around our head.
the innermost membrane is known as the 54. Saliva helps in the digestion of starch
visceral pleura. 55. Which organ stores fat soluble vitamins
29. The visceral membrane lines the lungs. liver.
30. The parietal pleura is the outermost pleura 56. Hormones are chemical substances that act
and it lines the chest walls. like messengers in our body.
31. The space between the left and right lung is They control low cells and organs work,
called the mediastinum. The pleural is the stress, growth, mood temp, heart rate,
protective membrane of the lungs. metabolism, sexual EXAMPLE OF
32. The mediastinum contains the heart HORMONE WITH THEIR FUNCTIONS
33. The diaphragm is a large muscular partition, Insulin – (Pancreas) control glucose level
it lies between the chest and abdominal Oestrogen – Ovaries
cavities. Testosterone – Produced in the testicles
34. The intercostal muscles assist the Serotonin (Mood stabilizer)
diaphragm in changing the volume of the Melatonin – Sleep or staying awake
thoracic cavity by elevating and lowering the rib Cortisol (stress hormone) – adrenal gland –
cage to help you get of difficult situations
35. The overall process by which oxygen is Human growth hormone – pituitary gland –
taken from the air and transported to the body for stimulating growth
cells for metabolic process while CO 2 and water 57. Gland is an organ which produces and
are returned to the environment is respiration releases substances that perform specific
36. Large involuntary movement of air into and function in the body. Exocrine & Endocrine
out of the lungs is called Breathing/Pulmonary Glands
ventilation. E.g. of Exocrine – Pancreas, intestines,
Inhalation → air inside the lungs salivary glands, sweat glands, digestive
Exhalation → air outside the lungs glands and mammary gland
37. The instrument used to examine a person’s 4 main endocrine: Female ovaries, male
digestive tract is Endoscope. testes, pituitary, thyroid (neck), adrenal
38. Bile is produces by the liver gland – heart rate, metabolism, blood
39. HCl helps to activate pepsin in digestion pressure
40. Renin is the enzymes which help in the 58. Algae → Shrimp (krill) → blue whales
digestion of milk proteins 59. Grass →rabbit → fox
41. The total entire digestive tract from mouth 60. Bacteria’s are decomposers
to anus is about 9m long. 61. Organisms in food chain are grouped into
42. Lipase help to digest fat. categories called Trophic Level
43. Lipase is a protein made by the pancrease Producer’s → First trophic level
44. Protein digestion begins with the action of Consumers →Second, third, fourth trophic
an enzyme called Pepsin. level and decomposers.
Pepsin is the active protein-digesting 62. Producers are also known as autotrophs
enzyme of the stomach. 63. Autotrophs are usually plants or one-cell
45. Tippsin is the supportive enzyme in protein organism which make their own food.
digestion 64. Autotrophs make their own food through
46. Lysosome is a cell organ which helps in photosynthesis using sunlight, carbon dioxide
intracellular digestion. and water
47. The main components of a habitat are 65. Examples of autotrophs: Algae,
shelter, water, food and space. Phytoplankton →living organisms that live in
48. Algae is a microscopic aquatic organism the ocean, bacteria living in active volcanoes
that makes its own food through the process of use sulfur compound to produce their own food
photosynthesis. through a process called chemosynthesis.
49. Phosphorus helps in the spread of algae. 66. Top predators are also called apex
50. Vitamin B12 requires cobalt for its activity. predator/alpha predator
51. Energy is obtained for photosynthesis from 67. Edible fungi is mushroom
sunlight. 68. We also eat algae in edible seaweed like
52. Our bodies can synthesize Vitamin D on nori
exposure to sunlight. 69. Detritivores and decomposers are the final
53. Water soluble vitamins namely →B1, B2, part of food chain
B3, B6, B12,C
70. Detritivores are organisms that eat non- 92. Fertilization takes place in the fallopian
living plant and animals remains. E.g: tubes
71. Scavengers are dead/rotting biomass 93. Cervix and vagina forms the birth canal
eaters. –eg. Vulture, Dung beetle 94. The expelling of the fully formed young me
Decomposer – fungi & bacteria from the mother’s uterus after gestation period
72. Decomposers turn organic wastes into of 280 days/40 weeks is called
organic materials. parturition/labor
73. Decomposers return nutrient to the Parturition means childbirth
soil/ocean for use by autotrophs. Stages → Labor & Cervical dilation
Grass →Grasshopper → rat → snake → Cervical dilation & delivery of
hawk foetus
Algae → mosquito → larva → dragonfly → Delivery of foetus & delivery of
fish → raccoon placenta
74. Carnivores plant eat and get their nutrients Various terminology for parturition in different
from animals mammals.
E.g: Pitcher plant, Venus flytraps,  Dog – whelping
bladderworts  Cat – kittening
75. Organism with predator of its own is called  Swine – farrowing
Top/Alpha/Apex predator.  Sheep – lambing
76. Blue whale is a marine mammal, the largest  Cow - calving
animal to ever live.  Goat – kidding
77. CO2 is a greenhouse gas produced by  Rabbit – kindling
animals during respiration, used by plant during  Horse – foaling
photosynthesis and a by-product of burning 95. Protective membrane of the embryo.
fossil fuels. Chorion, amnion, allantois and yolk sac.
78. Carnivore organism that eat meat. 96. Chorion – outer, amniotic fluid for
79. The process by which some microbes turn mechanical injury, allantois – excretory,
CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates using energy nutrition, respiratory function.
obtained from inorganic chemical reactions is 97. Breech birth is when the baby comes out
called chemosynthesis. with the leg.
80. Organisms that break down dead organic 98. Caesarian section (operation) is used to
material is called decomposers remove a baby that cannot be delivered.
81. Decomposers are also called detritivores. 99. The mammary gland produces milk for
82. Ecosystem is a community and interaction feeding the baby ( lactating)-prolactin (pituitary
of living and non-living things in an area. gland)
83. Food web is also called food cycle. 100. Breast milk is rich in protein,
84. Energy flow through the ecosystem vitamins and minerals.
10% pass on 101. The first milk is called colostrum-
90% is lost as heat good for the baby because it contains anti-
Pyramid are the plane figures used. bodies
85. The living components of the ecosystem Is 102. Afterbirth is when the placenta of
the biotic factors. the baby comes out of the mother through the
Non-living component – abiotic factors. E.g. vagina.
Rainfall, sunlight, turbidity 103. The chemical bond that is formed by
86. The same kind of plants grown and the sharing of electrons between two atoms is
cultivated on a large scale at a place is called called covalent bond
crop 104. The chemical substance which have
87. The first step before growing crops is a bitter taste is base.
soil/land prepatation 105. Chemical name for common salt that
88. Human egg has a head, middle piece and we eat sodium chloride
tail → False. It is sperm 106. Greenocite is the ore of which
89. Eggs are produced by ovary chemical element cadmium
90. Baby development takes place in the uterus 107. Chemical formula for zinc blend –
91. The fertilized and developing embryo Zns commonly known as zinc sulfide
passes the oviduct to reach the uterus 108. Water is matter – True because it
has atomic mass of 18 amu and occupies space.
 109. Particles of matter have spaces 128. Mercury smallest and closest to sun. 3
between them. True called intermolecular months revolution. No moon. Surface of
spaces. mercury is like the moon. No atmosphere
110. Air does not occupy any space. and no life.
False, a balloon filled with air increase in 129. Venus -earth twin. Hottest. Traps heat
volume. from sun because of co2. Brightest planet.
111. Plants consume oxygen for Bright morning star. No moon.
respiration. True 130. Earth- one moon. Support life because of
112. Plants produce oxygen during the the oxygen, ozone, suitable temperature
process of making their own food. True and water.
113. Air helps in the movement of sailing 131. Earth spins (rotates) on its axis @ 360
yachts and gliders but plays no role in the fligh degrees within 24 hrs.
of birds and aeroplanes. False 132. Earth move about the sun (revolve) within
114. Forest influence climate, water cycle 365.1/4 days = 1 year
and air quality. True, in a forest, trees form the 133. Rotation- day and night. Revolution –
uppermost layer, followed by herbs and shrubs. seasons (summer, winter, autumn and
False – Trees, shrubs, herbs spring)
115. The forest keeps on growing and 134. Mars- red planet with dark patches. 2
changing and in regenerate. True moons
116. Forest protect the soil from erosion. 135. Jupiter name after Jove. Biggest planets
True (twice the size of all other planet put
117. Using good quality seed is the only together). Very cold and does not support
irritation to get high yield. False life. 10 hrs = I rotation. 12 years = I
118. Growing different crops in different revolution. 12 moons
seasons in the same field will deplete the 136. Saturn = 2 largest. 9 moons. Colorful rings.
soil of nutrients. False. Cold = no life.
119. All crop plants are sown as seeds in the 137. Uranus 5 moon. Cold = no life. Clockwise
field. False direction from east to west.
120. Cells of rout nodules of leguminous plants 138. Neptune 2 moon. Very Cold = no life
fix nitrogen. True 139. Planet are kept in their orbit by
121. Fleshly harvested grains must be dried gravitational and centripetal forces.
before storing. True 140. Dwarf planet = eight planets but very small
122. Sun is the biggest star. Made of burning with no moon. Pluto 2006 in Czech
gases. Hydrogen-70 and helium-27. 10x Republic.
bigger than Jupiter PLANET STAR
100x bigger the earth. The core, the Does not produce Produce light and
radiative zone and the convective zone. light and heat heat
Solar atmosphere= photosphere. Sun Solid and nature Burning gases
sustains life on earth because of its light smaller bigger
and heat. Does not twinkle twinkles
123. Stars are bigger than the earth but looks Move around the Stationery
smaller because of distance from the sun
earth. It is measured in light years. 141. Moon = no air, no poisonous gases, no
150million km. atmosphere. Revolution=rotation= 27 days
124. Other heavenly bodies are asteroids (tiny 8 hrs.
or minor planets between mars and 142. Earth- crust (lithosphere-silica and
Jupiter, type C,S,M), meteors (in earth’s alumina, sial), mantle (asthenosphere,
air), meteorites ( falling meteors) and mesosphere= molten rock [magma] =
comets ( orbit the sun) volcanoes= lava cos of pressure) and core
125. Galaxy-group of stars, earth is Milky Way (responsible for the magnetic field of the
galaxy. earth).
126. Planets-revolve around the sun in orbits. 143. Satellites = bodies going around the
The shape of the orbit are elliptical. planet. Moon satellite to earth. Earth
127. Planetary system- consist of all eight satellite to sun.
planets revolving around the sun. 144. First artificial = sputnik 1, by Soviet Union
(4th/Oct/1957).
145. Space rocket is space vehicle force through 169. Any trait given to offspring by parents are
space using engine. termed as inheritable characteristics.
146. Exchange of gases occurs in the alveoli 170. Some diseases such as sickle cell,
which helps to increase the surface area of baldness, hemophilia and red-green
the lungs to a great extent. colour blindness are all inheritable.
147. In the nasal cavity --trapping of foreign 171. The learnt characteristics are termed as
bodies, humidification of inhaled air, acquired characteristics.
warming of inhaled air. 172. 23 pairs of chromosomes. (46 in total, half
148. Glucose react with oxygen to produce from mom and half from dad). 22 number
energy in the tissues for cells use with co2 chromosomes called autosome and the sex
and water as by product. chromosomes called allosome/gonosome.
149. Trachea contains 16-20 cartilaginous rings 173. Offspring have common characteristics
which prevent the trachea from collapsing. with their parents because they have
150. Breathing through the mouth is not as genes that have been inherited from both
good as nose. Cos the nose has hair (cilia) parents.
and mucus to prevent bacteria from 174. Male produces equal number of X and Y
entering the body. chromosomes during ejaculation.
151. Pericardium covers the heart. 175. The correct equation for aerobic
152. Nitrogen is the main gas that makes up the respiration is : glucose + oxygen  co2 +
earth atmosphere H2O + energy
153. It takes the sun’s light 8 mins to reach the 176. Balanced eqn: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6C02 + 6H2O
earth. 177. In anaerobic respiration in yeast ethanol
154. Stephen hawking wrote a brief history of and carbon dioxide are produced.
time. 178. Carbon dioxide is tested by passing it
155. 206 bones are in the human body. through limewater (calcium hydroxide)
156. Isaac Newton is the physicist behind the and it turns milky (calcium carbonate).
concept of gravity. 179. Respiration occurs at all times.
157. Diamond is the hardest substance on 180. If carbon dioxide and oxygen are both
earth. released by plant it means photosynthesis
158. Chemical formula is the combination of is occurring faster than respiration.
letters that represent a compound and 181. During breathing in; the intercostal
expresses the number of atoms of the muscles contract, ribs move out and up,
different element forming the compound. thoracic volume increases.
159. Ovulation is the released of matured egg 182. During exercise; more oxygen is needed by
from an ovary into the fallopian tube. the cells therefore the body increases the
160. Planning the gap between children is called rate and depth of breathing.
family planning 183. Which element is present in protein but
161. Birth control- permanent (vasectomy, not in carbohydrates nitrogen
tubal ligation). Temporary (intrauterine 184. Protein- carbon, hydrogen oxygen and
devices, pills, condoms, abstinence, coitus nitrogen whiles carbohydrates/ Fats –
interruptus, spermicidal cream) carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
162. Teenage pregnancy is when a young girl 185. When iodine is added to food containing
(13-19) have unprotected sex and it results starch it turn from yellow- brown to blue
in pregnancy. black.
163. The contraction of the uterus to the end of 186. When Benedict’s solution is added to
the cervix is termed as labour. glucose in a water, a brick red precipitate
164. Having multiple sexual partners is termed forms.
as indiscriminate sex. 187. Glycogen is made from glucose.
165. Hereditary is the transfer of materials from 188. Proteins are needed for the repair of worn
parents to offspring through genes. out tissues.
166. Genes are the material that contains these 189. Fats contains more energy than
inheritable characteristics. carbohydrate and protein.
167. Genes are found on the chromosomes. 190. Ethanol can be used to test for fat.
168. Chromosomes are thread like structures 191. Communication systems – nervous and
that are found inside the nucleus of animal hormonal system.
(and plant) cell.
192. The nervous system- uses nerve/electrical 217. Medulla oblongata- heartbeat, breathing,
impulses to react quickly to stimuli. sneezing, coughing, BP, vomiting, yawning.
193. The hormonal/endocrine system uses 218. Spinal cord is enclosed in a vertebral
hormones to react slowly to stimuli. column as protection.
194. This coordination involves three 219. Spinal cord coordinates reflex action.
components- stimuli, messages and Conduct nerves impulses.
response. 220. Enzymes are proteins that acts as
195. The central nervous system consist of the biological catalyst, that is speed up
brain and the spinal cord. reactions.
196. Stimuli are changes within an organism’s 221. Enzymes are substrate specific to release
environment that is responded to that are the products.
detected by receptors. 222. Amylasestarchsimple sugar/glucose
197. A nerve cell/neurons carries information in 223. Proteaseproteinamino acid
the form of nerve impulses from the 224. Lipaselipidsglycerol and fatty acid
receptor to the coordinator. 225. Inhibitors are molecules that partially fit
198. The coordinator – brain and spinal cord into an enzyme’s active site but are not
199. A neurone carries information from the broken down. Substrate can’t enter. RRR
coordinator to an effector. 226. When temperature increases to the
200. An effector is a muscle that can be about optimum, the kinetic energy of the
response to a stimuli. enzymes and substrate increases causing
201. Receptors and effector are connected to the activities of the enzymes. Beyond the
the central nervous system by neurons. optimum, the active site of the enzyme
202. The axon is a long extension of the becomes denatured.
cytoplasm. 227. Fats are large molecules made from
203. The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that acts smaller units of fatty acids and glycerol
as insulators and speed up nerve impulses. 228. Protein are made from amino acids
204. A small gap between two neurons is called 229. Artificial insemination – introduction
synapse. sperm into a female’s cervix for the
205. Reflex action – involuntary, sudden, purpose of achieving pregnancy.
sudden, instinctive unlearned, no thinking 230. Conception- the process of becoming
time and rapid response to stimuli to avoid pregnant involving fertilization and
potential damage condition. implantation of the embryo in the uterus.
206. Voluntary actions – involves thinking time, 231. Ration – food allowed for a given animal
conscious thought. for a day.
207. Reflex arc is the path travelled by an 232. Zoonotic diseases affect both animals and
impulse during a reflex action. human.
208. There are 3 neurones and 2 synapses 233. Examples: rabies, anthrax, bird flu,
involved in a reflex arc. 234. Different types of meat:
209. The sensory neurone carries information Beef - cattle
from the receptor to the coordinator Pork - pig
(spinal cord) Mutton - sheep
210. The association neurone joins the sensory Chevron - goat
neurone to the motor neurone. 235. Overcrowding in the poultry house which
211. The motor neurone carries information gives less opportunity for exercise and the
from the coordinator to then effector. less active birds pick up vices is termed as
212. The brain is part of the CNS but does not crowding
from part of producing reflex action. 236. The condition whereby birds of a flock
213. The brain consist of a large number of attack their pen mate and eat its flesh is
nerve cells(neurons) termed as cannibalism.
214. Part of the brain- cerebrum (forebrain), 237. Cutting the beaks of birds to prevent
cerebellum (midbrain), medulla oblongata cannibalism is termed as Debeaking.
(hindbrain) 238. The act of removing and identifying non-
215. Cerebrum- voluntary activities laying or low producing hens from laying
216. Cerebellum- muscle coordination and ones is termed as culling.
balance
 239. The acts of egg-laying hens develop their 261. The north – south polarities of an
embryo under favorable condition and electromagnet can be determined with the help
hatching them is termed as incubation. of clock face rule.
240. Brooding is the act of sitting on eggs to A current carrying loop works like an
incubate them. electromagnet. The polarity of this magnet
241. Hatching is the act of producing baby can be understood with the help of clock
chicks. face rule.
242. Feeding relationship are represented by If the current is flowing in anti-clockwise
food chains and web direction, then the face of the loop shows
243. The arrow points in the direction of the North Pole. On the other hand, if the
energy flow thus the organisms who is current is flowing in clockwise direction, the
doing the feeding. face of the loop shows the South Pole.
(Sun) periphyton → mosquito larva → 262. At the neutral point the net magnetic field is
Gambusia → River blue heron → Alligator zero.
244. Ecological pyramids are shapes of pyramid 263. The two poles of the magnet are the points
used to show the difference in the amount of where N and S poles of the molecular magnets
energy at each trophic level in a food web. are left free or uncoupled.
245. Types of ecological pyramids 264. Why are coils left in the North south direction
a. Pyramid of energy – relative amount of when knowing the intensity of magnetic field
energy/Kcal around an electromagnet?
b. Pyramid of biomass – relative amount of In the North-South direction the magnet
organic matter/kg/A. field becomes free, thus the geomagnetic
c. Pyramid of numbers – number of does not influence it.
individual organisms. 265. How can we find the polarity when current
246. Not all ecological pyramids are uniform in flows through a solenoid?
structure. If the direction of current flow in the end
247. Thylakoid traps light energy for of the solenoid is in the clockwise
photosynthesis. (Dylacoid) direction.
248. Chloroplast is composed of protein and Anti-Clockwise → North Pole is formed
lipids. there.
249. The cell wall is made up of cellulose. 266. Write the methods to increase the strength of
250. The cell membrane is made of protein and magnetic field around a current carrying
lipids. solenoid.
251. Prokaryotic cell is a single-celled organism a. Increased the number of turns.
that lacks a nucleus and other membrane – b. Increase the intensity of current
bound organelles. c. Increase the cross-sectional area of the
252. All prokaryotic cells are unicellular organism core.
253. Examples of prokaryotic cells are bacteria, 267. The resisting force that keeps a body at rest
archaea and cyanobacteria (blue-green or motion is inertia.
algae) 268. Force is measured with forcemeter like
254. Prokaryotic are divided into two distinct bathroom scale and spring balance.
groups. Bacteria and archaea. 269. Effects of forces- changes shape, direction,
255. They have mesosomes for respiration. decrease speed, acceleration,
256. Some are autotrophic and some are 270. Types of forces- gravity, centripetal,
saprotrophic. centrifugal, electrostatic, magnetic, tensional,
257. Prokaryotic cells multiply by binary fission. compressional, frictional, attractive and
258. The series of organisms that are linked with repulsive.
each other through a process of eating and 271. Gravity pulls all object towards the center of
being eaten form a food chain. the earth. Constant all over the earth’s
259. Each level in a food chain is called trophic surface. It is greatest at the center but
level. diminishes as one moves away from the
260. A food chain therefore is called energy flow earth’s surface. Approximated to be 10 m/s2.
chain? Why? 272. Force of gravity acting on a body is weight.
A food chain is called as an energy flow W=mg in Newton.
chain as energy is transferred from one 273. Centripetal force keeps a body moving in a
trophic level to the higher trophic level. circular path, negotiating a curve.
274. Centrifugal force keeps a body from the 300. Surface tension result in liquid from cohesion.
central point, planet in the orbit. 301. Straw, water pump, bicycle pump, hydraulic
275. Electrostatic force is the force that exist car jack, syringe, enema bulb work on
between electric charges on a stationery pressure.
body, plastic comb passing through the hair. 302. Circulatory system is the transport system in
276. Magnetic force is the force exerted of humans.
magnetic material by a magnet. 303. Composition. Blood-liquid with dissolved
277. Tensional force is the force produced when a substances, heart– pumping machine,
stretched or compressed material is released, vessels- media
catapult and rubber band. 304. Blood is red in human because it contains is
278. Compressional force is the force produced contains hemoglobin an iron containing
when a compressed spring is released. compound.
279. Frictional force resist motion between two 305. Blood in crabs and other less organisms are
sliding surfaces in contact. Nature of surface. blue, because it contains haemocyanin a
280. Importance of friction- helps in walking, copper-containing substance.
sharping tools, writing, movements of 306. Composition of blood- liquid part (blood
machine parts, cars from skidding off, brake plasma) and solid part (corpuscles/blood
system. cells)
281. Demerit of friction- wear and tear in shoes 307. The straw colored part of blood with
and machines, reduces efficiency, generate dissolved substances is called blood plasma.
heat. Waste, gases, hormones, minerals, food,
282. Ways of preventing friction- greasing/oiling, blood protein (fibrinogen, albumin, globin).
polishing the surface, use of ball bearings 308. Blood cells – red blood cells (erythrocyte),
283. Types of friction- limiting, static, dynamic, white blood cells (leucocytes) and platelets
viscosity. (thrombocytes).
284. Surface tension is the ability of a liquid to 309. Red blood cells – transport oxygen and
behave as if they were stretch elastic skin. It remove CO2. White blood cells- fight diseases.
exist between molecules on the surface of Plates- blood clot.
water. Red blood cells White blood cells
285. Surface tension varies from one liquid to the round, discs irregular
other Biconcave
286. Surface tension makes it possible for liquid to Small, numerous Large, few
assume the least surface area with a spherical No nucleus Nucleus
shape. hemoglobin no hemoglobin
287. Surface tension can be reduced by the use of 310. 2 white blood cells- phagocyte (eaters) and
kerosene, soap, detergent, oil. lymphocyte (antibodies)
288. Mosquito lava can stand on water when 311. Blood clot formation – The fibrinogen is
surface tension is reduced. converted to fibrin. The mesh of fibres form
289. Raincoat, tents, canvas, and umbrella work after exposure of the plates is called fibrin.
on the principle of surface tension. 312. Function of blood- protection, regulation,
290. Attractive forces are adhesion and cohesion. transportation.
291. Cohesion – molecules of the same kind 313. Heart – muscular organ, 2 halves by the
292. Adhesion – molecules of different kind septum, 4 chambers (auricle/atrium,
293. Capillarity is the ability of a liquid to rise or ventricle). Walls of the ventricle are thicker
fall in a narrow tube. than the auricle. 4 valves (tricuspid, bicuspid,
294. Pressure = force/area in Pa which is 2 semi-lunar valves)
influenced by weight and surface area. 314. The bicuspid/mitral valve separate the left
295. Pressure in the air is called air pressure. side and tricuspid valve separate the right
296. Sailing boat, aeroplanes and windmills work side
on pressure. 315. Oxygenated blood is an oxygen rich and
297. Liquid pressure – increases with depth, acts nutrient containing blood. Deoxygenated
equally in all direction, at the same depth is blood contains CO2 and waste. LOT, RTD
the same, changes with density. 316. The pumping action the heart to distribute
298. Factors that determines the pressure in liquid blood is termed as heartbeat. The brain
– density and height of the column. controls heartbeat. Systolic and diastolic = 1
299. Formula = density*height*acceleration (ᵨhg) heartbeat = 72-75.
317. Blood vessel – arteries, veins and capillaries. 332. Blood groups= A, B, AB, O. blood group is
Walls of the artery ( outer coat, elastic tissue, inherited.
endothelium, with lumen) 333. The technique of replacing lost blood of a
318. Arteries person is called blood transfusion.
Aorta – biggest, carries blood to all tissues 334. O is a universal donor. AB is a universal
Carotid- upper part (head and hands) recipient. AB has no antibodies in it.
Hepatic – liver 335. When two blood are incompatible they stick
Mesenteric – gut content (stomach) together are will clump/agglutinate which
Renal- kidney can lead to death.
Iliac – lower body (trunk and legs) 336. Clouds are condensed form of atmospheric
Pulmonary – deoxygenated blood from the moisture consisting of small water droplets of
right atrium to the lungs tine ice crystals.
319. Veins 337. Formation of clouds, water vapour in the air
Pulmonary vein- oxygenated blood (lungs to is cooled until it condenses producing visible
heart) clouds droplets or ice particles. This particles
Posterior- upper body are small and sustain in the air by currents.
Anterior- lower body. 338. Factors affecting clouds formation-
319. Blood flow in humans and other mammals is temperature and wind.
Double circulation 339. Types of clouds- cirrus, cumulus, stratus.
320. This means that blood from any part of body 340. Cirrus- thin high white clouds composed of ice
enter the heart for the first then sent to the particles, fuzzy edges and indicate fine
lungs for oxygenation and from there to the weather. 8 km above earth
heart again for redistribution. 341. Cumulus- large puffy thicker. Composed of
321. Diseases of the circulatory system- high water droplets, storm indicators. 3-6 km
blood pressure (hypertension), hypotension, above earth
leukemia (cancer of the blood), varicose vein, 342. Stratus- water droplet, rain bearers. 1.6 km
haemorrhoids (piles). above earth.
322. The force of the blood pushing against the 343. Effects of clouds formation- results in rainfall,
walls of the arteries is termed as blood poor visibility in driving and piloting.
pressure. 344. Seasons in Ghana – wet (rainy) and dry
323. The blood pressure goes up when the heart is (harmattan) season
pumping blood to the whole body called the 345. Wet season – March to October. south-west
systolic pressure and goes down when the monsoon winds
heart is relaxed and receiving blood from the 346. Dry season – November to March. North east
tissues termed as the diastolic pressure. trade winds or the tropical continental air
324. Blood pressure is measured with mass.
sphygmomanometer. An inflatable device 347. Elements of climate- rainfall, temperature,
with a gauge that is wrapped around the arm humidity, speed of wind, dxn of wind.
for measuring BP. 348. The Ghana meteorological service
325. Two readings=both important=1 number department provide information on the
pressure during systolic and 2 pressure weather.
during diastolic. 349. Sun dial is used to measure time by the
326. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of position of the sun.
mercury, mm Hg. 350. Weather satellite is a satellite that is used to
327. Children 80/45, 30=120/80, 40=140/85. BP provide information on the weather.
changes during the day. Goes up when you 351. Weather chart is a chart that gives the
are awake and comes down when you are summary of the weather conditions at a given
asleep. May go up when angry, prolonged time.
laughter, nervous and active. 352. Weather chart prepared over a long period of
328. HBP=140/90 also called the silent killer. one year is a climate chart.
329. Massive blood loss is hemorrhage. 353. Prediction of the weather within 24hrs is
330. Diuretics are drugs taken to cause the body to called weather forecasting.
produce excessive amount of urine. 354. A person who studies the weather is called
331. Cardiac arrest/ heart failure is caused by lack meteorologist.
of blood circulation. 355. A substance is acidic or basic depending on
the type of ion it produces.
356. Acids produces hydrogen ions (H+). Taste
sour. Proton Donors.
357. Base produces hydroxyl ions ( OH -). Taste
bitter. Proton Acceptors.
358. Some substances such as NH3, water, salt are
neutral because in a solution they produce
equal number of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions
359. Acidic gas- HCl. Acidic liquid- nitric acid. Solid
acid- benzoic acid.
360. Organic acid produce in the lab- HCl, Ascorbic
acid, Ethanoic acid.
361. Soluble base is called an alkali. E.g. caustic
soda (sodium hydroxide), potassium
hydroxide (caustic potash), calcium hydroxide
(slaked lime)
362. Oxides of copper and zinc though bases are
not alkalis because they are not soluble in
water.
363. Device with numbers ranging from 0-14 used
for measuring acidity or basicity of a
substance is pH scale.
364. An electronic device used to measure the pH
of a solution is called pH meter.
365. A substance which changes colour in an acid
and a different colour in a base is called acid-
base indicators. E.g. litmus paper, methyl
orange-PRY and phenolphthalein- CCR
366. Methods of obtaining salt- neutralization,
metal and acid, acid and carbonate.
367.