Chapter 7 - DC Machines Part II

Knowledge . Sincerity .
Excellence
KDJ20303
BASIC ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
SEMESTER 1 2024/2025
Chapter 7 :
Introduction to Electrical Machines:
DC Machines
(Part II)
KDJ 20303 – Basic Electrical Technology Knowledge . Sincerity . Excellence
Content
• Introduction to DC Machines
• The construction of DC Machine
• The Internal Generated Voltage and Induced torque
equations of real
• Power flow and losses in DC Machine
• DC Motors and Generators
4. Power Flow & Losses in DC

Machines
• DC generators take in mechanical power and produce
electric power while DC motors take in electric power and
produce mechanical power
• Efficiency
Pout
= x100%
Pin
Pout − Ploss
= x100%
Pin
Losses in DC Machine
The losses that occur in DC machine can be divided into 5 categories:
1. Copper losses (I2R)
2. Brush losses
3. Core losses
4. Mechanical losses
5. Stray load losses
Ia = armature current
Armature loss: Pf = I 2f R f
If = field current
Ra = armature resistance
Field loss: Pa = I Ra
2
a
Rf = field resistance
VBD = brush voltage drop
Brush drop loss: PBD = VBD I a
- Usually assumed to be 2V
Power Losses
1) Electrical or copper losses – the losses that occurs in the armature
and field winding.
2) Brush losses – the power lost across the contact potential at the
brushes.
3) Core losses – Hysteresis losses and Eddy current losses
4) Mechanical losses – The losses that associated with mechanical
effects.
Two basic types of - Two basic types of : Friction & Windage.
– Friction losses caused by the friction of the bearings in the machine.
– Windage are caused by the friction between the moving parts of the
machine and the air inside the motor casing’s
5) Stray losses (Miscellaneous losses) – losses that cannot placed in
one of the previous categories.
The Power Flow Diagram

Techniques for accounting for power losses in a machine
Pout = VTIL
For generator
Pout =  app 
For motor
5. DC Motors and DC Generators

DC Motor
There are four major types of DC motor in general
use:
a) Separately excited DC motor
b) Shunt DC Motor
c) Series DC Motor
d) Compounded DC Motor
The Equivalent Circuit of a DC Motor

RA
Armature circuit => voltage source, EA and a resistor RA.

The brush voltage drop => battery, Vbrush opposing the direction of current
flow in the machine.
The field coils, which produce the magnetic flux are represented by
inductor LF and resistor RF.
The separate resistor, Radj represents an external variable resistor used to
control the amount of current in the field circuit.
The brush voltage drop is often only a very tiny fraction of the
generated voltage in a machine so the voltage drop may be left
out or approximately included in the value of RA.
The internal resistor in the field coils is sometimes lump together
with the variable resistor, and the total is called RF.
a) Separately Excited DC motors
VF
IF =
RF
VT = EA + IA R A IL = IA
b) Shunt DC Motors
VT
IF = VT = E A + IA R A IL = IA + IF
RF
Example 1:
A 50hp, 250V, 1200rpm DC shunt motor with compensating
windings has an armature resistance of 0.06Ω. Its field
circuit has a total resistance of 50Ω, which produces a no
load speed of 1200rpm. There are 1200 turns per pole on the
shunt field winding. Find
1. The speed of this motor when its input current is 100A.
4. The induced torque of this motor for above conditions.
Solution Example 1:
VT = 250V n = 1200rpm
2n 2 x 1200 −1
= = = 125.67rads
60 60
E A = K
The relationship between the speeds and internal generated
voltages of the motor at two different load conditions is
E A1 = K1 (1)
The flux is constant and no armature
reaction
E A 2 = K2 (2)
E A1 K1
=
E A 2 K2
At no load,
n = 1200rpm
IA = 0A
E A1 = VT = 250V
VT 250
1) IA = IL − IF = IL − = 100 − = 95A
RF 50
EA at this load will be

EA = VT − IA R A = 250 − 95(0.06) = 244.3V
The resulting speed of this motor is

E A1 K1 𝒏𝒎𝟐 𝑬𝑨𝟐
= =
EA2 K2 𝒏𝒎𝟏 𝑬𝑨𝟏
𝑬𝑨𝟐 𝒏𝒎𝟏
E A 21 244.3x125.67 𝒏𝒎𝟐 =
2 = = = 122.8rads−1 𝑬𝑨𝟏
E A1 250
(𝟐𝟒𝟒. 𝟑 𝑽)(𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎)
=
𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑽
60 60x122.8
n2 = = = 1173rpm
2 2 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝒓𝒑𝒎
2) IA = 195A,
EA = 238.3V,
n2 = 1144rpm
3) IA = 295A,
EA = 232.3V,
n2 = 1115rpm
4)
Pconv = E A I A = ind 
E A IA
ind =

At IL = 100A
244.3x95
ind = = 189Nm
122.8
At IL = 200A
ind = 388 Nm
At IL = 300A
ind = 587 Nm
c) Series DC Motor
VT = E A + IA (R A + R s )
I L = I A = IS
d) Compounded DC Motor
A compounded DC motor is a motor with both a shunt and a series
field.
Current flowing into a dot produces a positive magnetomotive force.
If current flows into the dots on both field coils, the resulting
magnetomotive forces add to produces a larger total magnetomotive
force. It is called cumulative compounding.
Applications of DC motor types

Separately-excited dc motor applications:
i) Golf cars (buggy)
ii) Forklift
iii) Aerial lift equipment

DC Generator
There are five major types of DC generators:
a) Separately excited generator.
b) Shunt generator.
c) Series generator.
d) Cumulatively compounded generator.
e) Differentially compounded generator.
DC Generator
a) Separately excited generator. In a separately excited
generator, the field flux is derived from a separately power
source independent of the generator itself.
b) Shunt generator. In a shunt generator, the field flux is
derived by connecting the field circuit directly across the
terminals of the generator.
c) Series generator. In a series generator, the field flux is
produced by connecting the field circuit in series with the
armature of the generator.
DC Generator
d) Cumulatively compounded generator. In a cumulatively
compounded generator, both a shunt and a series field are present,
and their effects are additive.
e) Differentially compounded generator. In a differentially

compounded generator, both a shunt and a series field are present, but
their effects are subtractive.
• DC generators are compared by their voltages, power ratings,

efficiencies, and voltage regulations.
• Voltage regulation, VR is defined by
Vnl − Vfl
VR = x 100%
Vfl
a) Separately Excited Generator
IL = IA
VF
IF =
RF
VT = E A − I A R A
Example 2:
If no load voltage of a separately-excited dc
generator is 135V at 850 r/min, what will be the
voltage if the speed is increased to 1000 r/min?
Assume constant field excitation.
Solution Example 2:
V1 = 135V n1 = 850rpm
V2 = ? V n2 = 1000rpm
Constant field excitation means; if1 = if2 or
constant flux; 1 = 2
E A1 Kn1 n1
= =
E A 2 Kn 2 n 2
n2 1000
EA 2 = EA1 =( )135 = 158.8V
n1 850
b) Shunt DC Generator
IA = IF + IL
VT = E A − I A R A
c) Series DC Generator
I A = IS = I L
VT = EA − IA (R A + R S )
d) Cumulatively Compounded DC
Generator
Total Magnetomotive Force
Fnet = F F + FSE - FAR
N F I*F = N F I F + N SE I A − FAR
N SE I A FAR
with a long shunt connection I = IF +
*
F −
NF NF
IA = IF + IL
VT = EA − IA (R A + R S )
VT
IF =
RF
with a short shunt connection
Example 3:
A short-shunt compound generator delivers 50A at
500V to a resistive load.
The armature, series field and shunt field resistance
are 0.16, 0.08 and 200, respectively.
Calculate the armature current if the rotational losses
are 520W, determine the efficiency of the generator
Solution Example 3:
Pu = 520 W Pout = 500Vx 50A = 25000W
500
If = = 2.5A Ia = If + IL = 2.5A + 50A = 52.5A
200
Armature Copper Loss Pca = (Ia )2 Ra = (52.5)2 (0.16) = 441W
Series Field Copper Loss Pcf 2 = (Ia )2 Rf 2 = (52.5)2 (0.08) = 220.5W
Shunt Field Copper Loss Pcf1 = (If )2 Rf 1 = (2.5)2 (200) = 1250W

Friction + Stray + windage + etc = Pu = 520 W
Total Losses = (441 + 220.5 + 1250 + 520) = 2431.5W
Pout Pout
Efficiency, η = =
Pin Pout + Totallosses
25000
= = 0.9113 @ 91.13%
25000 + 2431.5
e) Differentially Compounded DC
Generator
Fnet = F F − FSE - FAR
N F I*F = N F I F − N SE I A − FAR
With a long shunt connection N SE I A FAR

I = IF −
*
F −
NF NF
N SE I A FAR
Equivalent shunt field current, I eq =− −
NF NF

Chapter 7 - DC Machines Part II

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 7 - DC Machines Part II

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 7 - DC Machines Part II

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Knowledge . Sincerity .

4. Power Flow & Losses in DC

The Power Flow Diagram

5. DC Motors and DC Generators

The Equivalent Circuit of a DC Motor

Armature circuit => voltage source, EA and a resistor RA.

a) Separately Excited DC motors

EA at this load will be

The resulting speed of this motor is

Applications of DC motor types

i) Golf cars (buggy)

iii) Aerial lift equipment

e) Differentially compounded generator. In a differentially

• DC generators are compared by their voltages, power ratings,

a) Separately Excited Generator

Series Field Copper Loss Pcf 2 = (Ia )2 Rf 2 = (52.5)2 (0.08) = 220.5W

Shunt Field Copper Loss Pcf1 = (If )2 Rf 1 = (2.5)2 (200) = 1250W

Fnet = F F − FSE - FAR

With a long shunt connection N SE I A FAR

You might also like