1 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

Exercise – 1: Basic Objective Questions

Theory of Acids and Bases 4. The correct order of acid strength is
1. A weak acid, HA has a Ka of 1.00 10 . If 0.100 mole 5 (a) HClO<HClO2<HClO3<HClO4
of this acid is dissolved in 1 L of water, the percentage (b) HClO4<HClO<HClO2<HClO3
of acid dissociated at equilibrium is closest to (c) HClO2<HClO3<HClO4<HClO
(a) 99.0% (b) 1.00% (d) HClO4<HClO3<HClO2<HClO
(c) 99.9% (d) 0.100% Ans. (a)
Ans. (d) Sol. The acidity of the oxo acids follow the order
Sol. HA  H   A  HXO < HXO 2 < HXO 3 < HXO 4 .
2
H   A   H   i.e., HClO < HClO 2 < HClO 3 < HClO 4 . This is
Ka        
 HA   HA  because the acid strength of oxyacids of the same
halogen increases with increase in oxidation state of
H   Ka  HA the halogen. Thus Cl in HClO4 is in highest oxidation
state (+7) and hence strongest acid, while in HClO(Cl
 1 105  0.1 is in +1 oxidation state) is weakest acid.
 1 106  1 103 5. Conjugate base of NH3 is
actual ionisation (a) NH4 (b) NH2

molar concentration (c) NH 2 (d) N2
3
10 Ans. (c)
  10 2
0.1 Sol. Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a single proton.
% of acid dissociated = 102 100  1% 
2.
–
The conjugate base of NH2 is NH 3  H  + NH 2
acid base
2–
(a) NH3 (b) NH 6. The conjugate acid of HPO4 is
2–

+ –
(c) NH4 (d) N3 (a) H2PO4
–
(b) PO4
3–

Ans. (b) (c) H3PO4 (d) H3PO3

Sol. Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a single proton. Ans. (a)
 The conjugate base of NH 2 will have one less

Sol. Conjugate acid-base pairs differ by a single proton.
proton than NH2 which means NH2 is acting as the 

acid (proton donor). 
 
H2PO4  H + HPO42

acid base
NH 2  N H 2   H 
– 7. Review the equilibrium and choose the correct
3. Cl is the conjugate base of

statement HClO4 + H2O 
+
 H3O + ClO4
–
(a) HClO4 (b) HCl
(c) HOCl (d) HClO3 (a) HClO4 is the conjugate acid of H2O
+
Ans. (b) (b) H3O is the conjugate base of H2O
+
Sol. Conjugate acid-base pair differ by a single proton. (c) H2O is the conjugate acid of H3O
 –
(d) ClO4 is the conjugate base of HClO4
HCl  H  + Cl 
Acid base
Ans. (d)
Sol. According to Bronsted - Lowry concept, an acid is a
proton donor in aqueous solution.

HClO4 + H2O  H3O + ClO4
+ –
2 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

Since HClO4 is an acid, therefore its conjugate base is 10. According to Lowry and Bronsted system, the chloride
ClO . ion (Cl–) in aqueous solution is a
4
(a) Weak base (b) Strong base
(c) Weak acid (d) Strong acid.
Theory of Acids and Bases
Ans. (a)
8. Of the given anions, the strongest Bronsted base is Sol. The reaction of chloride with water is as shown:
(a) ClO– (b) ClO3 HCl  H 2 O  H 3O  Cl
(c) ClO 2 (d) ClO 4 Since HCl is a strong acid, therefore its conjugate
base (chloride ion) is weak.
Ans. (a) 11. According to Lewis concept, acid is
Sol. We know that, for the acidic strength of oxy acids. (a) Proton donor
1. Consider the oxidation states of central metal ion. (b) Electron pair donor
Higher the oxidation number, higher will be its (c) Electron pair acceptor
acidic strength. (d) Proton acceptor.
2. If the two have same oxidation states, then go for Ans. (c)
the number of oxygens attached to it. More the Sol. According to Lewis concept of acids and
number of oxygens attached, higher will be its bases, an acid is a substance which can accept a lone
acidic strength. pair of electrons whereas a base is a substance which
Higher the acidic strength, it has weak conjugate can donate a lone pair of electrons.
base. 12. The conjugate base of HPO24 is
Therefore, HClO has lesser number of oxygens (a) PO34 (b) H2PO4
attached to it. This is a weak acid. It has strong (c) H3PO4 (d) H3PO3.
conjugate base. Ans. (a)
Hence, option A is correct. Sol. The reaction phosphoric acid in water is as follows-
9. The conjugate base of a weak acid is
(a) a strong base HPO24  H 2 O  H 3O  PO34
(b) a weak base Therefore, PO34 is the conjugate base.
(c) a neutral specie
13. In the reaction I 2  I   I3 the Lewis’s base is
(d) may be a weak or strong base.
(a) I2 (b) I–
Ans. (a)
Sol. The strength of acid can be measured by its (c) I3 (d) None.
ability to lose a proton. A strong acid completely Ans. (b)
ionizes in water while the weak acids partially Sol. We Know that,
dissociates and forms equilibrium with both the acid According to Lewis concept of acids and bases, an
and conjugate base in the solution.
acid is a substance which can accept a lone pair of
For e.g. Acetic acid is a weak acid because it
electrons whereas a base is a substance which can
dissociates partially and establishes equilibrium with
donate a lone pair of electrons.
its conjugate base.
Here I  is giving electron pair to I2 molecule.
CH3COOH  CH3COO  H
Strong conjugate base has a weak acid. Since Therefore I2 is a Lewis’s acid and I  is a Lewis’s base.

CH3COOH is weak acid, therefore its conjugate

base is strong.
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 3

14. BF3 is acid according to 17. Which of the following molecules acts as Lewis
(a) Lewis acid?
(b) Arrhenius (a) (CH3)3B (b) (CH3)2O
(c) Bronsted and Lowery (c) (CH3)3P (d) (CH3)3N
(d) Madam Curie. Ans. (a)
Ans. (a) Sol. B  CH3 3 is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar
Sol. According to Lewis concept of acids and bases, an acid structure. The central atom present in these have
is a substance which can accept a lone pair of electrons incomplete octet due to shortage of electrons.
whereas a base is a substance which can donate a lone
pair of electrons. Therefore, it can accept electrons from any Lewis’s
base and can act as Lewis’s acid.
BF3 is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar structure.
The central atom boron present in it has incomplete 18. Which one of the following molecular hydrides acts as
octet due to shortage of electrons. Therefore, it can a Lewis’s acid?
accept electrons from any Lewis’s base and can act as (a) CH4 (b) NH3
Lewis’s acid. (c) H2O (d) B2H6
15. Which of the following is not Lewis’s acid ?
Ans. (d)
(a) BF3 (b) AlCl3
Sol. B (Boron) in diborane is sp3 hybridized. The central
(c) FeCl3 (d) PH3. atom present in these have incomplete octet due to
Ans. (d) shortage of electrons. Therefore, it can accept electrons
Sol. Out of the given compounds, PH3 has complete from any Lewis’s base and can act as Lewis’s acid.
octet with no shortage of electrons. So, it will not 19. Which of the following is least likely to behave as
Lewis’s base?
accept electrons.
BF3 is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar structure. (a) OH (b) H2O
AlCl 3 , FeCl 3 are ionic solids and they have crystal (c) NH3 (d) BF3
structure. The central atom present in these have Ans. (d)
incomplete octet due to shortage of electrons. Sol. BF3 is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar structure. The
Therefore, they can accept electrons from any Lewis’s
central atom present in these have incomplete octet due
base and can act as Lewis’s acid.
16. The strongest conjugate base is to shortage of electrons. It can accept electrons from
(a) NO 3 (b) Cl– any Lewis’s base and can act as Lewis’s acid.
Therefore, it is least likely to behave as base.
(c) SO 24  (d) CH3COO–.
20. Arrange NH 4 , H 2 O, H 3 O  , HF and OH in increasing
Ans. (d) order of acidic nature.
Sol. The strength of acid can be measured by its (a) H 3 O   NH 4  HF  OH   H 2 O
ability to lose a proton. A strong acid completely (b) NH 4  HF  H 3 O   H 2 O  OH 
ionizes in water while the weak acids partially
dissociates and forms equilibrium with both the acid (c) HO   H 2 O  NH 4  HF  H 3 O 
and conjugate base in the solution. (d) H 3 O   HF  H 2 O  NH 4  OH 
For e.g. Acetic acid is a weak acid because it Ans. (c)
dissociates partially and establishes equilibrium with Sol. Among the given species, correct order of increasing
its conjugate base. acidic strength is HO   H 2 O  NH 4  HF  H 3 O  .
CH3COOH  CH3COO  H OH– is basic (i.e. it tends to gain a proton) and hence is
least acidic. H2O is neutral species. H3O+ is most acidic
Strong conjugate base has a weak acid. Since
as it readily loses proton.
CH 3 COOH is weak acid, therefore its conjugate
base is strong.
4 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

21. Pure water is kept in a vessel and it remains exposed to very strong, thus its tendency to dissociate as
atmospheric CO2 which is absorbed, then its pH will be H  F  H   F is very low.
(a) Greater than 7 (b) Less than 7 24. A monoprotic acid in 1.00 M solution is 0.01% ionised.
(c) 7 The dissociation constant of this acid is
–8 –4
(d) Depends on ionic product of water (a) 1 × 10 (b) 1 × 10
–6 –5
Ans. (b) (c) 1 × 10 (d) 10
Sol. Less than 7. Atmospheric CO2 will dissolve in water Ans. (a)
Sol. Monoprotic acid dissociates as HA   H   A 
and form H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) which will make the
pH of solution drop below 7. α  0.01%
22. Which equilibrium can be described as an acid-base  α  0.0001  104
reaction using the Lewis’s acid-base definition, but not Ka
using Bronsted-Lowry definition ? α 
C
(a) NH3 + CH3COOH  CH3COO– + NH 4
 
2
 K a = α 2 C = 10 4 1
(b) H2O + CH3COOH  H3O + CH3COO + –
 K a = 10 8
(c) 4 NH3 + [Cu (H2O)4]2+  [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 4 H2O
25. The following equilibrium exists in aqueous solution,
(d) 2 NH3 + H2SO4  2NH4 + SO 24  CH3COOH  – +
 CH3COO + H if dil. HCl is added,
Ans. (c) without change in temperature, the
–
Sol. According to Bronsted - Lowry concept, an acid is a (a) Concentration of CH3COO will increase
–
proton donor in aqueous solution. Similarly, base is (b) Concentration of CH3COO will decrease
a proton acceptor. (c) The equilibrium constant will increase
According to Lewis concept of acids and bases, an (d) The equilibrium constant will decrease
acid is a substance which can accept a lone pair of Ans. (b)
electrons whereas a base is a substance which can Sol. CH 3 COOH is a weak acid, in the presence of HCl
donate a lone pair of electrons. (strong acid) its dissociation is suppressed (common ion
In option, A, B and D, clearly there is donation effect). This causes CH 3 COO  ions to associate with
and acceptance of proton takes place. H thus decreasing the acetate ion’s concentration in
But in option C, there is the involvement of loss- solution according to Le Chatelier’s principle.
gain of electron pairs only. 26. The degree of dissociation of 0.1 M HCN solution is
2 2
 Cu  H 2 O  4   4NH 3   Cu  NH 3  4   4H 2 O 0.01%. Its ionisation constant would be
–3 –5
(a) 10 (b) 10
Firstly, water is coordinated to copper by donation (c) 10
–7
(d) 10
–9

of electrons. Then, it is removed from this complex

Ans. (d)
by withdrawing all electrons.
Ka
Sol. α
C
Dissociation of Weak Acids and Bases
 
2
 K a = α 2 C = 104  0.1
23. Which of the following is the weakest acid?  K a = 10  8  10  1
(a) HF (b) HCl
 K a = 10 9
(c) HBr (d) HI
Ans. (a) 27. Degree of dissociation of 0.1 N CH3COOH is
–5
Sol. The bond in HF molecule is the shortest as compared (Dissociation constant = 1 × 10 )
to the rest as F is a very small atom. This makes H-F (a) 10
–5
(b) 10
–4

–3 –2
(c) 10 (d) 10
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 5

Ans. (d) CH 3COOH  CH 3COO  +H +

Sol. C = 0.1 N
Given,[CH 3COOH]= 0.2N
Ka 10  5
α  [H + ]= 0.2× 40/100 = 0.08N
C 0.1
32. The K a of an acid is 3.2 105 . The degree of
α  104
dissociation of the acid at concentration of 0.2M is
 α  102 (a) 6.0  10 2 (b) 1.26 10–2
28. 0.2 molar solution of formic acid is ionized 3.2%. Its
(c) 40  10 –4 (d) 0.04  103
ionization constant is
(a) 9.6 × 10
–3
(b) 2.1 × 10
–4
Ans. (b)
(c) 1.25 × 10
–6
(d) 4.8 × 10
–5
Sol. We know that for weak acids Ostwald dilution law is
Ans. (b) as follows-
Sol. C = 0.2 M K a  Cα 2
3.2
α  0.032 α  K a / C  3.2 105 / 2  101
100
α  1.26  10 2
Ka
α
C
Ostwald's Dilution Law
K a = α 2C

 
2
 K a = 32  10 3  0.2 33. For a weak acid HA, Ostwald’s dilution law is
represented by the equation
 K a = 2.1  10  4
c 2c
29. The values of dissociation constants of some acids (at (a) K a  (b) K a 
1  2
1 
25°C) are as follows. Indicate which is the strongest
Kac  2c
acid in water (c)   (d) K a 
–2 –4 1 c 1 2
(a) 1.4 × 10 (b) 1.6 × 10
(c) 4.4 × 10
–10
(d) 4.3 × 10
–7 Ans. (b)
Ans. (a) α2c
Sol. Using Ostwald’s dilution law K a =
Sol. The higher the value of Ka the stronger is the acid. 1 α
– –10
30. Aqueous solution of acetic acid contains 34. Concentration CN in 0.1 M HCN is [Ka = 4 × 10 ]
(a) CH3COO– and H+ (a) 2.5 × 10 M
–6 –6
(b) 4.5 × 10 M
–6 –6
(b) CH3COO–, H3O+ and CH3COOH (c) 6.3 × 10 M (d) 9.2 × 10 M
(c) CH3COO–, H3O+ and H+ Ans. (c)
Ka H 

(d) CH3COOH, CH3COO– and H+.
Sol. α 
Ans. (b) C C
Sol. Acetic acid is a weak acid because it dissociates partially  H   Ka  C
and establishes equilibrium with its conjugate base.
CH3COOH  H 2 O  CH3COO  H3O   H    4  10 10  0.1
31. The hydrogen ion concentration of 0.2 N CH3COOH  H   6.3 106 M
which is 40% dissociated is
 H   CN 
(a) 0.08 N (b) 0.12 N
(c) 0.80 N (d) 1.2 N. for HCN

Ans. (a) CN   6.3106 M

Sol. We know that-
6 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

35. At infinite dilution, the percentage ionisation for both Sol. To calculate the concentration of water in terms
strong and weak electrolytes is of molarity-
(a) 1% (b) 20% Molarity= moles of solute in 1 litre of the solution.
(c) 50% (d) 100% Volume =1litre.
Ans. (d)
Mass = 1Kg=1000 grams
Sol. According to Ostwald dilution law,
Number of moles = 1000/18.
K a  C 2 /1  
Molarity=1000 /18 /1  55.55M
The ionization degree is directly proportional to the
39. The hydrogen ion concentration of a 10–8 M HCl aq.
dilution. Hence, the percentage is 100%.
36. A monoprotic acid in 1.00 M solution is 0.01% ionized. solution at 298K (Kw = 10–14) is
The dissociation constant of this acid is (a) 1.0  10 4 M (b) 1.10 107 M
(a) 1108 (b) 1104 (c) 9.525 108 M (d) 1.0  10 9 M
6 5
(c) 110 (d) 110 Ans. (b)
Ans. (a) Sol. In aqueous solution of 10–8 M HCl, [H+] is based upon
Sol. For weak electrolytes, according to Ostwald’s dilution the concentration of H+ ion of 10–8 M HCl and
law, K a  C  2 concentration of H+ ion of water.
Kw of H2O = 10–14 = [H+][OH–]
Here, C  1,   0.01%  0.001  1  10 4 Or [H+] = 10–7 M (due to its neutral behaviour)
 K a  C 2  11 10 4   1 10 8
2
So, in aqueous solution of 10–8 M HCl,
[H+] = [H+] of HCl + [H+] of water
 10 8  10 7  11  10 8 M
Self-ionization of Water  1.10  10 7 M.
40. At 90oC, pure water has H3O+ ion concentration of 10-6
37. For a pure water, mol/L. The Kw at 90oC is
(a) pH increases and pOH decreases with increase in (a) 10–5 (b) 10–14
temperature (c) 10–12 (d) 10–3
(b) pH decreases and pOH increases with increase in Ans. (c)
temperature Sol. K w   H   OH    10 6   10 6 
(c) both pH and pOH increase with increase in
temperature
 1012  H
   OH  


(d) both pH and pOH decrease with increase in 41. The concentration of [H+] and concentration of [OH–]
temperature of a 0.1 aqueous solution of 2% ionised weak
Ans. (d) monoprotic acid is [ionic product of water = 1×10–14]
(a) 0.02 × 10–3 M and 5 × 10–11 M
Sol. As pure water is heated its degree of dissociation ‘  ’
(b) 1 × 10–3 M and 3 × 10–11 M
increases which means  H   and  OH   both
(c) 2 × 10–3 M and 5 × 10–12 M
increases. (d) 3 × 10–2 M and 4 × 10–13 M.
 K W increases.
Ans. (c)
 pH and pOH both decreases. However, the solution Sol. We know that, degree of ionization can be found as-
will remain neutral as  H     OH  
  [ H  ] 100 / [ HA]
38. The concentration of water molecules in pure water at [ H  ]    [ HA] / 100
298 K is
(a) 10–7 M [ H  ]  2  0.1/ 100
(b) 55.5 M  H    2  103 M
(c) 5.55 M
(d) 7.26 M K w   H   OH  

Ans. (b) 10 14  2  10 3  OH  

IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 7

OH    1014 / 2  103 Therefore, it has pH <7.

45. Which of the following solutions will have the highest
OH    5  1012 pH value ?
42. 2H 2 O  H3 O  OH  , K w  11014 at 25ºC hence Ka (a) 0.01 M NaOH (b) 0.02 M CH3COONa
(c) 0.10 M NaHCO3 (d) 0.10 M H2SO4.
is :
(a) 1 1014 (b) 5.55 103 Ans. (a)
(c) 18 10 17
(d) 1.00 10 7 Sol. A will be most basic. Because NaOH is a
Ans. (c) strong base. Therefore, it has high pH value.
Sol. Here K a is the acid dissociation constant and K w is the pOH  log[OH ]
ionic product of water which is given
log[102 ]  2
K w  1.0  10  14 .
pH  pOH  14
We know that, K a  K w .
H 2O  pH  14  2  12.
Now 25  C , the concentration of water is In option B, it is a base salt.
 H2O  55.55M . In option C, it is a weak acid salt.
In option D, it is a strong acid
Putting all the values in the above equation we get,
Kw 46. The pH of solutions A, B, C, D are respectively 9.5,
Ka  2.5, 3.5, 5.5, The most acidic solution is
 2O 
H
(a) A (b) B
10 14
 Ka  (c) C (d) D
55.55
Ans. (b)
 K a  18  10 17
Sol. Out of the given values of pH, lesser the value
Hence, option (C) is the correct one.
means more acidic. Because, an acid has always
pH <7. Therefore, pH=2.5 is most acidic in nature.
pH Scale
47. The pH of a 0.005 molar aqueous solution of
Sulphuric acid is approximately
43. The term pH comes from (a) 0.005 (b) 1
(a) pure hydrogen content (c) 2 (d) 0.1
(b) “potenz de hydrogen” which implies potential of
Ans. (c)
Hydrogen
Sol. From the given conditions, we know that-
(c) purity of hydrogen ions in solution
(d) name of the scientist associated. pH   log[H + ]

Ans. (b) for H 2SO 4 n=2 Thus  H +   0.01

 
Sol. The term pH comes from ‘potenz’. This means the and,  log[H + ]   log  0.01 =2.0
potential or power of hydrogen. Therefore,
pH  2
pH   log  H   .
48. 4g of NaOH are put into 10 litres of water. The pH of
44. A soda water bottle has pH the resulting solution will be
(a) < 7 (b) > 7 (a) 2 (b) 1
(c) = 7 (d) unpredictable. (c) 12 (d)13.
Ans. (a) Ans. (c)
Sol. Soda water has carbonic acid present in it. So, it will Sol. Number of moles of NaOH = 4/40= 0.1
be acidic. Molarity =0.1/10= 0.01M
The reaction of soda water is-
Concentration of  OH    10 2 M
H 2 O  CO2  H 2 CO3
8 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

pOH   log[OH  ] 52. The solution of hydrochloric acid has pH = 4, the

molar strength of this solution is
pOH   log[10 2 ]
(a) 4.0 (b) 0.4
pOH  2 (c) 0.0001 (d) 0.04.
pH  14  2  12. Ans. (c)
49. The pOH value of a solution whose hydroxide ion Sol. From the given conditions, we know that-
concentration is 6.2 × 10–9mol/litre is
Given,pH  4
(a) 8.21 (b) 6.21
(c) 7.75 (d) 7.21 pH   log[H ]
Ans. (a)  log[H ]  4
Sol. From the given conditions, we know that- [H ]  104  0.0001
[OH  ]  6.2  109 molL1 53. The number of H+ in 1 cc of solution of pH = 13 is
9 (a) 6.023 × 107 (b) 1 × 10–13
pOH   log[6.2  10 ]
(c) 6.023 × 10 13
(d) 1 × 1016.
pOH  8.2
Ans. (a)
50. Four grams of NaOH solid are dissolved in just enough
Sol. From the given conditions, we know that-
water to make 1 litre of solution. What is the [H+] of the
Given,pH  13
solution ?
(a) 10–2 moles/litre (b) 10–1 moles/litre pH   log[H ]
(c) 10 moles/litre
–12
(d) 10–13 moles/litre.  log[H ]  13
Ans. (d) [H ]  1013
Sol. Number of moles of NaOH= 4/40= 0.1 1 litre solution has=1013 moles of hydronium ion.
Molarity =0.1/1= 0.1M 1 ml or cc solution has=1013 1/1000 moles of hydronium ion.
Concentration of  OH    10 1 M =1016  6.0231023  6.023107 hydrogen ions.

Since,[H  ][OH  ]  10 14 moles/litre 54. Which of the following has highest pH?
M M
[OH  ]  10 14 / 10 1 (a) KOH (b) NaOH
4 4
[H  ]  10 13 moles/litre. M M
(c) NH 4 OH (d) Ca  OH 2
51. Calculate the OH– ion concentration of NaOH of 4 4
which pH is 12. Ans. (d)
(a) 10–2 (b) 10–12 Sol. pH of solution   OH  
(c) 10 –9
(d) 10–7. For Ca(OH)2 n = 2,
Ans. (a) For all other given compounds n = 1
Sol. From the given conditions, we know that- M
Hence, Ca  OH 2 solutions will give highest
Given, pH  12 4
concentration of OH–.
pH   log[H  ] Hence, it has highest pH.
 log[H  ]  12 55. If the pH value is 4.5 for a solution then what is the H+
concentration?
[H  ]  1012
(a) 3.162  105 mol / L (b) 31.62  103 mol / L
[H  ][OH  ]  1014 molL1
(c) 0.3162 105 mol / L (d) 3.162  108 mol / L
1012 [OH  ]  10 14 molL1
Ans. (a)
[OH  ]  102 molL1
Sol.  H    10  pH
 104.5 mol / L  100.5 105
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 9

 10 105  3.162 105 mol / L After dilution the volume becomes double of the
original volume.
pH Calculation of Acids and Bases 101 105
  H   in the solution is  .
2 2
56. What is the pH value of N/1000 KOH solution For the pH to rise to 2 the  H   due to the first
–11
(a) 10 (b) 3
th
(c) 2 (d) 11 1
solution needs to reduce by
Ans. (d) 10
Sol. pOH of 103 N KOH is But it has reduced only
1
. In addition to that H ions
pOH = 3 2
have also come from second solution. Therefore, pH
and pH + pOH = 14 at 250 C rises from 1 but does not reach 2.
 pH = 11  1 < pH < 2
–9
57. The pH of a 10 M solution of HCl in water is 59. The dissociation constants of monobasic acids A, B, C
–4
(a) 8 (b) – 8 and D are 6 × 10 , 5 × 10–5, 3.6 × 10–6 and 7 × 10–10
(c) Between 7 and 8 (d) Between 6 and 7 respectively. The pH values of their 0.1 molar aqueous
Ans. (d) solutions are in the order :
(a) A < B < C < D (b) A > B > C > D
Sol. For 109 M HCl , concentration of acid is quite (c) A = B = C = D (d) None of these
less. Ans. (a)
Whenever, H  from strong acid is  106 M, Sol. From the dissociation constants, it is clear that the
contribution of H 2 O is to be added. strength of the acids is in the order A > B > C > D.
Thus, H2 O  H  OH All the acids have been taken at the same concentration
however the  H   in all the solutions will not be the
HCl  H   Cl 
same as the extent of dissociation in each case will be
Total, H solution   H  HCl  H  H O
  
2 different. The stronger the K a value, the more it will
Using charge balance relation, dissociate therefore it will produce a larger  H   .
 H    Cl    OH 
  

 pH of its solution will be lower. pH will follow

K order
 H   10  w
 9

 H  A < B < C < D.

2 60. The pH of a solution is increased from 3 to 6; its H+ ion
  H    109   H    K w concentration will be :
(a) reduced to half
Let,  H   be x
(b) doubled
Then, x 2  109  x  1014 (c) reduced by 1000 times
Solving for x (d) increased by 1000 times
x  1.01107 Ans. (c)
Thus, pH   log  H    [H  ]  1.01107 Sol. pH =  log 10  H  

= 6.9 When pH changes by 1 unit  H   changes 10 times.

58. Equal volumes of two solutions of hydrochloric acid
Therefore, if pH increases by 3 units.  H   reduces by
are mixed. One solution has a pH 1 while the other has
a pH 5. The pH of the resulting solution is : 1000 times.
(a) less than 1 (b) Between 1 and 2 61. A solution contains 10ml of 0.1 N NaOH and 10 ml of
(c) 3 (d) Between 4 and 5 0.05 Na2SO4. pH of this solution is
Ans. (b) (a) 7 (b) Less than 7
Sol. The concentration of H+ ions in both solutions before (c) Greater than 7 (d) Zero.
dilution is 101 M and 10 5 M respectively. Ans. (c)
10 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

Sol. Sodium sulphate consists of strong acid and strong M eq of HCl  10  101  1
base hence its aqueous solution will be neutral
M eq of NaOH  10 101  1
i.e. pH=7. NaOH is a strong base. Therefore, it will be
a basic solution with pH >7. Thus both are neutralised.
62. A solution of an acid has pH = 4.70. Find out the 1 M eq of NaCl which does not hydrolyse.
concentration of OH– ions (pKw = 14) pH  7.
(a) 5 × 10–10 M (b) 4 × 10–10M 65. What will be the pH of a solution formed by mixing
(c) 2 × 10 M
–5
(d) 9 × 10–4 M 40 ml of 0.10 M HCl with 10 ml of 0.45 M NaOH
Ans. (a) (a) 12 (b) 10
Sol. We know that- (c) 8 (d) 6
Ans. (a)
pH  log[ H  ]
Sol. We know that number of moles= molarity  volume
log[H  ]  4.70
For NaOH= 0.45  0.01=0.0045 mol
[H  ]  1.99 105  2  10 5 For HCl= 0.1  0.04= 0.004 mol
K w  [H  ][OH  ]  1014 HCl  NaOH  NaCl  H 2 O

2 105 [OH  ]  1014 For complete neutralization, excess amount of NaOH

present= 0.0045-0.004mol= 0.0005 moles.
[OH  ]  1014 / 2 105
Also, total volume = 0.04+0.01= 0.05L
[OH  ]  0.5  109  5 1010
Now, concentration of hydroxyl ions
63. The pH value of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is
approximately 1. The approximate pH value of 0.05 M = 0.0005/0.05= 0.01M
sulphuric acid is most likely to be pOH  log (0.01)
(a) 0.05 (b) 1 pOH  2
(c) 0.5 (d) 2
pH  pOH  14
Ans. (b)
pH  14  2  12
Sol. From the given conditions, we know that-
HCl  H   Cl pH Calculation of Weak Acids and Bases
0.1 0 0  t = 0
66. The pH of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of a weak acid
0 0.1 
0.1 t eqm.  (HA) is 3. What is its degree of dissociation ?
(a) 1% (b) 10%
H 2 SO4  2H   SO 42 
(c) 50% (d) 25%
0.05 0 0  t =0  Ans. (a)
0 0.1 0.1  t eqm.   H  +
HA  A
[H + ]will have same ionic concenteration. Sol. initial C O O
So, the pH value of 0.05 M sulphuric acid will be at equilibrium C  C C C
equal to 1.   H    C 
64. What will be the pH of the solution obtained by
mixing 10 cc of N/10 HCl and 10 cc of N/10  103  C  pH = 3, H   103 
NaOH ?  
(a) 0 (b) 2  103  101  
(c) 7 (d) 4.0
   102
Ans. (c)
Sol. We know that- %   102 100  1%
67. A is an aqueous acid; B is an aqueous base. They are
diluted separately, then
(a) pH of A increases and pH of B decreases
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 11

(b) pH of A increases and pH of B decreases till pH in Sol. pK w = 13.4

each case is 7
that means, pH + pOH = 13.4
(c) pH of A and B increase
(d) pH of B and A decrease Thus, pH of pure water is 6.7.
Ans. (a) If measured pH of the solution is 7 then solution is
basic.
Sol. pH =  log10  H   71. In decimolar solution, CH3COOH is ionised to the
As both the solution are diluted, in solution A  H   extent of 1.3%. If log 1.3 = 0.11, what is the pH of the
solution ?
decreases. Therefore, pH increases. In solution B (a) 3.89 (b) 4.89
 OH   decreases. (c) 2.89 (d) unpredictable.
 pOH increases. Ans. (c)
 pH decreases. Sol. From the given conditions, we know that-
68. An acid solution of pH = 6 is diluted hundred times. CH 3COOH  CH 3 COO   H 
The pH the solution becomes :
(a) 6.95 (b) 6 0.1 0 0
(c) 4 (d) 8 0. 1(1- ) 0.1 0.1
Ans. (a)  
K a  [H ][CH 3COO ] / [CH 3COOH]
Sol. When an acid solution is diluted 100 times its  H   1.3
α
1 100
becomes of the original  H  
100 th [H  ]  0.11.3  102
[H+]  106 M . After dilution  H    10 8 M . pH   log[H  ]
 By calculation pH = 8 pH  3  log1.3  3  0.11  2.89
However, pH of an acid solution cannot be greater than 72. The pH of 0.5 M aqueous solution of HF
7. Therefore, the answer is 6.95. (Ka = 2 × 10–4) is
69. What is the pH of a 0.015 M Ba(OH)2 solution ? (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 10
(a) 1.82 (b) 1.52
(c) 12.48 (d) 12.18 Ans. (a)
Ans. (c) Sol. From the given conditions, we know that-
Sol. Ba  OH 2  Ba 2   2OH  K a  C 2
  K a /C  2  10 2
Thus,  OH    0.015  2  0.03M
[H  ]   C  0.5  2  102  102
pOH =  log  OH  
pH   log[ H  ]

=  log 3 102  pH   log102  2.
= 2  log 3  1.52 73. 10–6 M NaOH is diluted by 100 times. The pH of
diluted base is
And, pH + pOH = 14
(a) Between 6 and 7 (b) Between 10 and 11
 pH = 14 – 1.52 (c) Between 7 and 8 (d) Between 5 and 6.
= 12.48 Ans. (c)
70. At a certain temperature the value of pKw is 13.4 and
Sol. From the given conditions, we know that-
the measured pH of solution is 7. The solution is
Given,
(a) Acidic
(b) Basic [OH  ]  106
(c) Neutral
(d) Unpredictable After dilution, solution has =106 /100 =108
Ans. (b)
12 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

Total [OH  ]  108  10 7 salt   10

pOH  log (1.1 10 7 ) acid  1
pOH  7  0.041  salt  :  acid   10 :1
 6.95 76. The principal buffer present in human blood is
 pH  pOH  14 (a) NaH2PO4 + Na2HPO4
 pH  14  6.95  7.05 (b) H3PO4 + NaH2PO4
(c) CH3COOH + CH3COONa
Buffer Solutions (d) H2CO3 + HCO3
Ans. (d)
74. The pKb of CN  is 4.7. The pH of solution prepared by Sol. Our blood consists of serum which is a protein. The
mixing 2.5 mol of KCN of 2.5 mol of HCN in water buffer system present in blood is H2 CO3 +NaHCO3 . A
and making the total volume up to 500 mL is buffer solution resists the change occurred in pH.
(a) 10.3 (b) 9.3 Therefore, pH value of blood does not change by a
(c) 8.3 (d) 4.7 small addition of any acid or a base.
Ans. (b) 77. What is the pH of a buffer solution which is 0.250 M in
Sol. KCN and HCN make an acidic buffer solution. benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, and 0.150 M in sodium
2.5 mole benzoate, C6H5COONa, if K a for benzoic acid is 6.5 ×
Molarity of KCN  1000  5 Molar 10–5 ?
500
(a) 3.40 (b) 3.97
2.5 mole (c) 4.19 (d) 4.41
Molarity of HCN   1000  5 Molar
500 Ans. (b)

pK b of CN = 4.7 Sol. C 6 H 5 COOH + C 6 H 5 COONa forms acidic Buffer.
that means pK a of HCN = 9.3 C6 H5COO 
Thus, pH = pK a  log
pH  pK a  log
salt  C6 H5COOH
acid  0.15
pH  9.3  log1  9.3

 pH = -log 6.5 105  log  0.25
75. For preparing a buffer solution of pH 6 by mixing  4.188   0.22 
sodium acetate and acetic acid, the ratio of the
concentration of salt and acid should be (Ka = 10 )
–5 = 3.97
(a) 1 : 10 (b) 10 : 1 78. Calculate the pH of a buffer prepared by mixing 0.10
(c) 100 : 1 (d) 1 : 100 mol of sodium formate and 0.05 mole of formic acid in
Ans. (b) 1.0 L of solution. [HCO2H : Ka =1.8 × 10–4]
Sol. pH = 6 therefore the solution is an acidic buffer. (a) 1.8 × 10–4 (b) 3.44
(c) 4.05 (d) 5.31
Using Henderson Hassel Balch equation.
Ans. (c)
pH = pK a + log
salt  Sol. HCOOH + HCOONa forms acidic Buffer
acid  Thus,
 K a = 105  pK a = 5 mole of formate ion
pH = pKa + log
mole of formic acid
 6  5  log
salt 
acid  pH = 3.745 + log
0.1
0.05
 log
salt   1  pH = 4.05
acid 
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 13

79. A certain buffer solution contains equal concentration base.

of X  and HX. The Kb for X  is 10–10. The pH of the Option (a) has a strong acid HCl
buffer is Option (c) has a strong base NaOH
(a) 4 (b) 7 Option (d) also has a strong base NaOH
(c) 10 (d) 14
So, all of these cannot form buffer.
Ans. (a) 82. The acidic buffer solution can be prepared by mixing
Sol. If K b for X is 1010 then K a for HX (Its conjugate solutions of
(a) Sodium acetate and acetic acid
acid) is 104 .
(b) Ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide
Thus, (c) Sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate
X  (d) Sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide.
pH = pK a  log   Ans. (a)
 HX
Sol. We know that an acidic buffer consists of weak acid
 X   and its salt with a strong base. Acetic acid is a weak
 pH = 4  log acid and sodium acetate its salt with strong base NaOH.
 HX Therefore, it is an acidic buffer. Whereas, sulphuric
  X     HX  acid is a strong acid.
A basic buffer solution consists of a weak base
Thus, pH = 4
80. A mixture of a weak acid (say acetic acid) and its salt (such as ammonium hydroxide) and its salt (such as
with a strong base (say sodium acetate) is a buffer ammonium chloride).
solution. Which other pair of substances from the 83. A buffer solution of pH 9 can be prepared by mixing
following may have a similar property ? (a) CH3COONa and CH3COOH
(a) HCl and NaCl (b) NaOH and NaNO3 (b) NaCl and NaOH
(c) KOH and KCl (d) NH4OH and NH4Cl. (c) NH4Cl and NH4OH
(d) KH2PO4 and K2HPO4.
Ans. (d)
Sol. In option A, HCl is a strong acid along with its salt. Ans. (c)
Therefore, it is not a buffer. Sol. A basic buffer solution consists of a weak base (such
as ammonium hydroxide) and its salt (such as
In option B, NaOH is a strong base along with its ammonium chloride).
salt. Therefore, it is not a buffer. It will form the basic buffer of pH 9.
In option C, KOH is a strong base along with its 84. One litre of a buffer solution containing 0.01 M
salt. Therefore, it is not a buffer. NH4Cl and 0.1 M NH4OH having pKb of 5 has pH of
In option D, it is a basic buffer which consists of a (a) 9 (b) 10
weak base (such as ammonium hydroxide) and its (c) 4 (d) 6.
salt (such as ammonium chloride). Ans. (b)
81. Buffer solution can be obtained by mixing aqueous Sol. We know that, ammonium hydroxide and ammonium
solution of chloride is a basic buffer. So, to calculate its pH we
(a) CH3COONa and excess HCl have-
(b) CH3COONa and CH3COOH
pOH  pK b  log[salt] / [base]
(c) NaOH + NaCl
(d) CH3COOH and excess NaOH. pOH  5  log 0.1
pOH  4
Ans. (b)
and, pH  14  4  10
Sol.
We know that an acidic buffer consists of weak acid
and its salt with a strong base. Acetic acid is a weak
85. A certain buffer solution contains equal
acid and sodium acetate its salt with strong
concentration of X– and HX. the Ka for HX is 10–8.
base NaOH. Therefore, it is an acidic buffer.
The pH of the buffer is
For a buffer to form, it cannot have a strong acid or
14 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

(a) 3 (b) 8 89. The pKa value of NH3 is 5. Calculate the pH of the
(c) 11 (d) 14. buffer solution, 1 L of which contains 0.01 M NH4Cl
Ans. (b) and 0.10 M NH4OH
(a) 4 (b) 6
Sol. We know that, loss of proton from HX belongs to an
(c) 8 (d) 10
acidic buffer. So, to calculate its pH we have- Ans. (d)
pH = pK a +log [conjugate base]/[acid]
pOH  pK b  log
salt 
Sol.
pH  pK a  log[X  ]/[HX]  base
pH  log[108 ]+log1 (i.e. [X  ]=[HX]) 0.01
 pOH  5  log 4
pH = 8 0.10
86. Solution of 0.1 N NH4OH and 0.1 N NH4Cl has pH  pH  pOH  14
9.25. The pKb of NH4OH is  pH  14  4  10
(a) 9.25 (b) 4.75 90. In a mixture of a weak acid and its salt, the ratio of
(c) 3.75 (d) 8.25 concentration of acid to salt is increased ten-fold. The
pH of the solution
Ans. (b)
(a) Decreases by one
Sol. We know that, it is a basic buffer. (b) Increases by one-tenth
NH 4 OH  NH +4  OH - (c) Increases by one
(d) Increases ten-fold
and, NH 4 Cl  NH +4  Cl Ans. (a)
Given, pH  9.25 Sol. The solution is an acidic buffer.
and, pOH  14  9.25  4.75
Since, pH = pK a + log
salt  or
pOH  pK b  log[salt] / [base] acid 
4.75  pK b  log1 (if [salt]=[base])
pH = pK a - log
acid 
pK b  4.75
salt 
87. Which of the following pairs constitutes a buffer?
(a) HNO2 and NaNO2 (b) NaOH and NaCl
If the ratio
acid  increases 10 times log acid 
(c) HNO3 and NH4NO3 (d) HCl and KCl salt  salt 
Ans. (a)
Sol. A pair of HNO2 and NaNO2 constitutes a buffer, increases by 1.
because HNO2 a weak acid and NaNO2 is a salt of  pH decreases by 1.
weak acid (HNO2) with strong base (NaOH). Hence, it 91.
–10
The dissociation constant of HCN is 5 × 10 . The pH
is an example of acids buffer solution. of the solution prepared by mixing 1.5 mole of HCN
88. Consider the following solutions of equal and 0.15 moles of KCN in water and making up the
concentrations. 3
total volume to 0.5 dm is
A = NH4Cl B = CH3COONa (a) 7.302 (b) 9.302
C = NH4OH D = CH3COOH (c) 8.302 (d) 10.302
A buffer solution can be obtained by mixing equal Ans. (c)
volumes of
Sol. The solution of HCN and KCN in water is an acidic
(a) C and D (b) A and B
buffer.
(c)A and C (d) C and D
Ans. (c) No. of moles 1.5
Sol. A solution with reserve acidity a basicity is knows as
 HCN  Total volume  0.5  3M
buffer solutions. It is of two types:
0.15
(i) Acidic buffer solution a mixture of weak acid and  KCN  0.5
 0.3M
its salt with strong base.
(ii) Basic buffer solution a mixture of weak base and its
pH = pK a + log10
salt 
salt with strong acid.
e.g. NH4OH + NH4Cl acid 
 A and C both form a buffer solution.
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 15

0.3 94. A physician wishes to prepare a buffer solution at pH =

 
 pH =  log10 5 1010  log
3 3.58 that efficiently resists a change in pH yet contains
only small conc. of the buffering agents. Which one of
pH =   9.3   1 the following weak acid together with its sodium salt
pH = 9.3  1= 8.3 would be best to use?
(a) m-chloro benzoic acid (pKa = 3.98)
92. How many moles of HCOONa must be added to 1L of (b) p-chlorocinnamic acid (pKa = 4.41)
0.1 M HCOOH to prepare a buffer solution with a pH
of 3.4 ? (Given : Ka for HCOOH = 2 × 10–4); (c) 2, 5-dihydroxy benzoic acid (pKa = 2.97)
(10-0.3 = 0.5) (d) Acetoacetic acid (pKa = 3.58).
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.05 Ans. (d)
(c) 0.1 (d) 0.2 Sol. We know that pH of acidic buffer is-
Ans. (b) pH  pK a  log[salt] / [acid]
Sol. HCOOH and HCOONa forms acidic Buffer pH  pK a if [salt]  [acid]
Using Henderson – Hasselbalch equation, we have
pK a  3.58 given for acetoacetic acid.
pH = pK a  log
Conjugate base 
Therefore, pH  3.58
 Acid 
As the final volume of both conjugate base and acid in Relationship Between Ka and Kb for a
buffer solution will be same, we can replace
Conjugate Pair
concentration with no. of moles,
Thus, 95. HCN is a weak acid (Ka = 6.2 × 10–10). NH4OH is a
no. of moles of conjugate base weak base (Kb = 1.8 × 10–5). A 1M solution of NH4CN
pH = pK a  log
no. of moles of acid would be :
moles of HCOO  (a) strongly acidic (b) weakly acidic
 pH = pK a  log (c) neutral (d) weakly basic
0.1 moles of HCOOH
Ans. (d)
moles of HCOO 
 3.4 = 3.7  log Sol.  NH4 CN  H 2 O
HCN  NH 4 OH 
0.1
NH 4 CN undergo both cationic and anionic hydrolysis
moles of HCOO 
 0.3 = l og and pH is calculated as per the formula
0.1
1
0.1 pH =  pK a  pK b  pK w 
  100.3 2

moles of HCOO pK w  14
0.1 0.1 pK a  9.21
 moles of HCOO  0.3   0.05
10 2
pK b  4.74
93. The pH of blood does not appreciably change by a
small addition of acid or a base because blood Thus, pH = 9.2 (weakly basic)
(a) contains serum protein which acts as buffer 96. Ka for HF is 3.5 × 10–4. Calculate Kb for the fluoride
(b) contains iron as a part of the molecule ion.
(c) can be easily coagulated (a) 3.5 × 10–4 (b) 1.0 × 10–7
(d) is body fluid. (c) 2.9 × 10 –11
(d) 1.0 × 10–14
Ans. (a) Ans. (c)
Sol. Our blood consists of serum which is a protein. The Sol. HF and F are conjugate Acid-Base pair (CABP) for
buffer system present in blood is H2 CO3  NaHCO3 . CABP,
A buffer solution resists the change occurred in pH. Ka  Kb = K w
Therefore, pH value of blood does not change by a
small addition of any acid or a base. Kw 10 14
 Kb    2.86 1011
K a 3.5  104
16 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

Ans. (c)
Salt Hydrolysis Sol. NH 4 Cl  NH 4  Cl

97. Aq. solution of sodium cyanide is NH 4 react with H 2 O as follows

(a) Acidic (b) Amphoteric  NH 4 OH  H 
NH 4  H2 O 
(c) Basic (d) Neutral
Ans. (c) Thus, solution is acidic due to free H
103. The pH of 0.1 M solution of the following salts
Sol. NaCN  Na  + CN  increases in the order :
CN reacts with H 2 O to give OH which renders (a) NaCl < NH4Cl < NaCN < HCl
solution basic (b) HCl < NH4Cl < NaCl < NaCN
98. The solution of strong acid and weak base (FeCl3) is (c) NaCN < NH4Cl < NaCl < HCl
(a) Acidic (b) Basic (d) HCl < NaCl < NaCN < NH4Cl.
(c) Neutral (d) none of these Ans. (b)
Ans. (a) Sol. NaCl; Neutral solution; pH = 7
Sol. The strong acid HCl will react with weak base NH 4 Cl ; Cation undergoes hydrolysis; pH less than 7
Fe  OH 3 to give a solution of FeCl3 . The solution NaCN; anion undergoes hydrolysis; pH greater than 7
will be acidic due to cationic hydrolysis and formation HCl; strong acid
of free  H   ions in the solution. Thus, pH in increasing order
 HCl < NH 4 Cl < NaCl < NaCN
99. Which one of the following salts gives an acidic
solution in water 104. Aqueous solution of sodium acetate is
(a) CH3COONa (b) NH4Cl (a) Neutral (b) Weakly acidic
(c) NaCl (d) CH3COONH4 (c) Strongly acidic (d) Alkaline.
Ans. (b) Ans. (d)
Sol. NH 4 Cl is the salt of weak base NH 4 OH and strong Sol. Hydrolysis of sodium acetate gives sodium
acid HCl. The resulting solution is acidic due to hydroxide and acetic acid. Sodium hydroxide is a
cationic hydrolysis. strong base. Whereas, acetic acid is a weak acid. It
100. An aqueous solution of aluminium sulphate would makes the overall solution as basic.
show 105. A white salt is readily soluble in water and gives a
(a) An acidic reaction colourless solution with a pH of about 9. The salt
(b) A neutral reaction would be
(c) A basic reaction (a) NH4NO3 (b) CH3COONa
(d) Both acidic and basic reaction (c) CH3COONH4 (d) CaCO3.
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
Sol. Al 2  SO 4 3 Aluminium Sulphate is a salt of strong acid
Sol. As after dissolution in water, the salt gives basic pH, it
H 2 SO 4 and weak base Al  OH 3 . is evident that the salt is formed by a strong base and a
weak acid
101. An aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is alkaline
because sodium carbonate is a salt of For the following given salts,
(a) Weak acid and weak base HNO 3  NH 4 OH  NH 4 NO 3
(b) Strong acid and weak base
(c) Weak acid and strong base (Strong acid + Weak base)
(d) Strong acid and strong base CH 3 COOH  NaOH  CH 3 COONa
Ans. (c) (Weak acid + Strong base)
Sol. Na 2 CO3 is the salt of H 2 CO 3  weak acid and NaOH- CH 3 COOH  NH 4 OH  CH 3 COONH 4
strong base.
(Weak acid + Weak base)
102. The aqueous solution of ammonium chloride is
(a) Neutral (b) Basic Ca  OH  2  H2 CO3  CaCO3
(c) Acidic (d) Amphoteric
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 17

(Weak acid + Strong base) 110. 0.1 M solution of which one of these substances will
But CaCO3 is insoluble in water. react basic ?
(a) Sodium borate (b) Ammonium chloride
106. Which has the highest pH ? (c) Calcium nitrate (d) Sodium sulphate.
(a) CH3COOK (b) Na2CO3
Ans. (a)
(c) NH4Cl (d) NaNO3
Sol. Sodium borate is a salt of weak acid and strong base.
Ans. (b) Therefore, its aqueous solution is strongly basic i.e. pH
Sol. We know that ammonium chloride is a salt of >7.
ammonium hydroxide and HCl. Ammonium Sodium sulphate consists of strong acid and strong
hydroxide is a weak base, but HCl is a strong acid in base hence its aqueous solution will be neutral
solution, so pH of solution will be acidic. i.e. pH=7.
Sodium nitrate is a salt of strong base and strong acid, Calcium nitrate consists of strong acid and strong base
so pH = 7. hence its aqueous solution will be neutral i.e. pH=7.
Hydrolysis of potassium acetate (a salt of a weak acid Ammonium chloride is salt of weak base and strong
and a strong base) gives a basic solution. The acetate acid; hence its aqueous solution will be strongly acidic
ion acts as a weak base. Therefore, pH ≈ 8.8 i.e. pH<7.
Hydrolysis of sodium carbonate (a salt of strong alkali
and a weak acid) gives an alkaline solution. Therefore, Solubility and Solubility Product
pH > 10. Thus it will have the highest pH.
107. The dissociation constant of CH3COOH is 1.8 × 10–5. 111. The solubility product of a salt having general formula
The hydrolysis constant for 0.1 M sodium acetate is –12
MX2, in water is : 4 × 10 . The concentration of M
2+

(a) 5.56 × 104 (b) 5.56 × 10–10 ions in the aqueous solution of the salt is
(c) 1.8 × 10 –5
(d) 1.8 × 109. –6
(a) 2.0 × 10 M
–4
(b) 1.0 × 10 M
Ans. (b) –4
(c) 1.6 × 10 M
–10
(d) 4.0 × 10 M
Sol. We know that hydrolysis constant is- Ans. (b)
K h  K w / K a  1014 /1.8 105  5.5 1010 Sol. MX 2 s   M 2   2X 
108. The aqueous solution of FeCl3 is acidic due to 2
(a) Acidic impurities (b) Ionisation Ksp  M2    X   4 1012
(c) Hydrolysis (d) Dissociation
  X    2  M 2  
Ans. (c)
 
2
Sol. FeCl3  Fe3  3Cl  K sp   M2   2  M 2 
Fe3 react with H2O as follows 3
 4 M2    4 1012
Fe 3
 Fe  OH   3H
 3H 2 O  
3
3
Thus, due to the presence of H , solution is acidic.   M2   1012
109. Which is the correct alternate for hydrolysis constant of
  M 2    10  4 M
NH4CN
Kw Kw 112. Let the solubility of an aqueous solution of Mg(OH)2
(a) (b) be x then its Ksp is
Ka Ka  Kb 3 5
(a) 4x (b) 108x
Kb Ka (c) 27x
4
(d) 9x
(c) (d)
c Kb Ans. (a)
Ans. (b) Sol. K sp = a a bbsa + b
Sol. NH 4 CN is the salt of weak acid HCN and weak base
For Mg  OH  2 , a =1 and b = 2
NH 4 OH . For such salts hydrolysis constant.
 K sp = 11 22 x 2 1
Kw
Kh 
Ka  Kb = 4x 3
18 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

113. The solubility in water of a sparingly soluble salt AB2 4 109

–5 –1  s3 
is 1.0 × 10 moll . Its solubility product number will be 4
–15 –10
(a) 4 × 10 (b) 4 × 10
–15 –10  s =103
(c) 1 × 10 (d) 1 × 10
Ans. (a) 118. Solubility of AgCl will be minimum in
(a) 0.001 M AgNO3 (b) Pure water
Sol. AB 2 , x = 1, y = 2
(c) 0.01 M CaCl2 (d) 0.01 M NaCl
 K sp = x x yy s x + y
Ans. (c)
 
2+1
K sp = 1 2 110
1 2 5 Sol. Solubility of AgCl will be minimum in the solution
which contains the highest concentration of the
  common ion
3
K sp = 4 105
Ag or Cl
15
 4  10
This eliminates option ‘b’
114. The solubility of CaF2 is ‘s’ moles/litre. Then its
In option ‘a’  Ag   = 0.001 M
solubility product is........
2 3
(a) s (b) 4s In option ‘d’  Cl   = 0.01 M
2 3
(c) 3s (d) s
Ans. (b) In option ‘c’  Cl   = 0.01 2
Sol. For CaF2 , x= 1, y =2 = 0.02 M
Hence solubility of AgCl will be minimum in 0.01 M
 K sp =11 2 2  s 
3

CaCl 2 solution.
= 4s3
119. At 298 K, the solubility product of PbCl2 is 1 106 .
115. Which is the correct representation of the solubility
What will be the solubility of PbCl2 in moles/litre
product constant of Ag2CrO4 –3 –3
+ 2 –2 + –2 (a) 6.3 × 10 (b) 1.0 × 10
(a) [Ag ] [CrO4 ] (b) [Ag ] [CrO4 ] –3 –14
+ –2 + 2 –2
(c) 3.0 × 10 (d) 4.6 × 10
(c) [2Ag ] [CrO4 ] (d) [2Ag ] [CrO4 ]
Ans. (a)
Ans. (a) Sol. For PbCl 2 , x = 1, y = 2
Sol.  2Ag  CrO42
Ag 2 CrO4 
K sp = x x y y s x + y
2
 K sp =  Ag  CrO24  1 106 = 11 22 s 3
116. The correct representation for solubility product of 106
SnS2 is  s3   0.25  106
4+ 2– 2 2+ 2– 2
4
(a) [Sn ] [S ] (b) [Sn ] [S ]
2+ 2– 4+ 2– 2  s  0.63 102  6.3 103
(c) [Sn ] [2S ] (d) [Sn ] [2S ]
120. When HCl gas is passed through a saturated solution of
Ans. (a)
common salt, pure NaCl is precipitated because
Sol. SnS 2 s   Sn 4   aq   2S 2   aq  (a) HCl is highly ionised in solution
2 (b) HCl is highly soluble in water
 Ksp  Sn4  S2  (c) the solubility product of NaCl is lowered by HCl
–9 (d) The ionic product of [Na+] [Cl–] exceeds the
117. Solubility product of BaCl2 is 4 × 10 . Its solubility in
solubility product of NaCl.
moles/litre would be
–3 –9 Ans. (d)
(a) 1 × 10 (b) 1 × 10
(c) 4 × 10
–27
(d) 1 × 10
–27
Sol. We know that-
Ans. (a) NaCl  Na   Cl 
Sol. For BaCl 2 , x = 1, y = 2 HCl  H   Cl 
K sp = x x y y s x + y On passing HCl, the concentration of chloride ions on
product side increases. Therefore, to attain
 4 109  1122 s 2 1
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 19

equilibrium, the reaction proceeds in backward PbCl2  Pb 2  2Cl 

direction.
Hence, the ionic product exceeds the solubility  K sp  [Pb 2 ][Cl ]2
product of sodium chloride and, therefore, pure
sodium chloride precipitates out from the solution. 124. The solubility of CaF2 is 2 × 10–4 mole/litre. Its
121. Which of the following is most soluble ? solubility product is
(a) Bi2S3 (Ksp = 1 × 10–17) (b) MnS (Ksp = 7 × 10–16) (a) 2.0 × 10–4 (b) 4.0 × 10–8
(c) CuS (Ksp = 8 × 10–37) (d) Ag2S (Ksp = 6 × 10–51) (c) 4 × 8.0 × 10–12 (d) 3.2 × 10–4.
Ans. (a) Ans. (c)
Sol. Let the solubility of each given salt be S. Sol. The solubility of calcium fluoride is given.
Therefore, the solubility product can be found as-
Bi 2S3  2Bi3+  aq.  3S2-  aq.
CaF2  Ca 2+  2F
K sp   2s   3s   108s
2 3 5
K sp  [Ca 2 ][2F ]2
   
1/5 1/5
s  K sp /108  1 1017 / 108  0.98 103 K sp  [2  104 ][4  104 ]2
Ag 2S  s   2Ag +  aq.  S2   aq. K sp  4  8 1012
K sp   s  2s   4s3
2
125. If the maximum concentration of PbCl2 in water is 0.01
M at 25ºC, its maximum concentration in 0.1 M NaCl
   
1/3 1/3
s  K sp / 4  6  10 51 / 4  1.1  1017 will be
(a) 2 × 10–3 M (b) 1× 10–4 M
MnS  s   Mn 2+  aq.  S2   aq. (c) 1.6 × 10 M
–2
(d) 4 × 10–4 M.
K sp  s 2 Ans. (d)
Sol. The reaction can be written as-
s  K sp  7  10 16  2.64  10 8 molL1
PbCl 2  Pb2  2Cl 
CuS  s   Cu 2
 aq.  S  aq.
2
The maximum concentration of lead ions= 0.01M
2
K sp  s Also, the concentration of chloride ions= 0.02M
s  K sp  8  1037  8.9  1018 molL1 Now, the solubility product can be calculated as-
Thus, the most soluble compound is Bismuth Sulfide. K sp  [Pb 2  ][Cl  ]2
122. The solubility of PbCl2 is K sp  [0.01][0.02]2  4.0  10 6
(a) K sp (b) (Ksp) 1/3
On dissolving lead chloride in NaCl, we have
(c) (Ksp/4) 1/3
(d) (8 Ksp)1/2.
chloride as common ion. Therefore,
Ans. (c) PbCl2  Pb 2   2Cl 
Sol. Let the solubility of given salt be S.
K sp  [Pb 2  ][Cl  ]2
PbCl 2  Pb 2   aq.  2Cl  aq.
4.0  10 6  [Pb 2  ][0.1]2
K sp   s  2s   4 s 3
2

[Pb 2  ]  4.0  10 6 / [0.1]2  0.0004 M

 
1/3
s  K sp /4 126. The solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt AB
123. What is the value of Ksp for PbCl2 ? at room temperature is 1.21 × 10–6 M2. Its molar
solubility is
(a) [Pb2+] [2 Cl–]2 (b) [Pb+]/ [2 Cl–]2 (a) 1.21 × 10–6 M (b) 1.1 × 10–4 M
– 2
(c) [Pb ] [Cl ]
2+
(d) [Pb2+] /[Cl–]2 (c) 1.1 × 10 M –3
(d) None of these
Ans. (c) Ans. (c)
Sol. The solubility product can be found as- Sol. The solubility can be found as-
Let concentration of A and B ions will be- x
20 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

AB  A   B 1.435 103 g.lt 1 

2

Ksp   1 
K sp  [A  ][B ]  143.32 g mol 
1.21 106  [ x][ x] K sp  [0.01  10  3 ]2  1.0  10  10
[ x 2 ]  1.21 106 130. How many grams of CaC2O4 will dissolve in distilled
water to make one litre of saturated solution of it ? (Ksp
[ x]  1.21106  1.1103 M
for CaC2O4 = 2.5 × 10–9mol2 lit–2)
127. The concentration of Ag+ ion in a given saturated
solution of AgCl at 25ºC is 1.06 × 10–5g ion per (a) 0.0064g (b) 0.1028 g
litre. Thus the solubility product of AgCl is (c) 0.1280g (d) 0.2056g
(a) 0.353 × 10–1 (b) 0.530 × 10–10 Ans. (a)
(c) 1.12 × 10 –10
(d) 2.12 × 10–10. Sol. We know that, Solubility product Ksp is-
Ans. (c)
K sp   Ca 2+  C 2 O 24  
Sol. We know that, solubility product of AgCl can be   
calculated as- 2.5  109 mol2 L2  x  x
AgCl  Ag   Cl x 2  2.5  109 mol 2 L2
K sp  [Ag  ][Cl ] x  25  10 10 mol2 L2
K sp  [1.06  105 ][1.06 10 5 ] x  5  105 mol L1
K sp  1.1236  1010 molar mass of CaC 2 O 4  128.097g/mol
128. The solubility product of barium sulphate is mass of CaC 2 O 4  128.097g/mol  5  105 mol L1
1.5 × 10–9 at 18ºC. Its solubility in water at 18ºC is  640.4 105  0.0064g
(a) 1.5 × 10–9mol L–1 (b) 1.5 × 10–5mol L–1
(c) 3.9 × 10 M
–9
(d) 3.9 × 10–5mol L–1. 131. Solubility of an MX2 type electrolyte is 0.5 × 10–4
mole/lit, then Ksp of the electrolyte is
Ans. (d)
(a) 5 × 10–12 (b) 25 × 10–10
Sol. The solubility can be found as-
(c) 1 × 10 –13
(d) 5 × 10–13
Let concentration of mercury and sulphate ions will
Ans. (d)
be- x
Sol. The solubility product can be found as-
BaSO4  Ba 2  SO 42
MX 2  M 2+ +2X-
2
K sp  [Ba ][SO42 ]
K sp =[M 2+ ][X  ]2
1.5 109  [ x][ x]
K sp =[x][2x]2
x  15  1010
K sp = 4x 3
5 1
x  3.9 10 molL
 
3
129. The solubility of AgCl at 20ºC is 1.435 × 10–3gm/lit. K sp  4 0.5  104
The solubility product of AgCl is
(a) 1.0 × 10–10 (b) 2 × 10–10 K sp  5  1013
(c) 1.035 × 10 –5
(d) 108 × 10–3.
132. The solubility of BaSO4 in water is
Ans. (a)
2.33 × 10–3g L–1.Its solubility product will be
Sol. We know that, solubility product of AgCl can be (molecular weight of BaSO4 = 223)
calculated as- (a) 1 × 10–5 (b) 1 × 10–10
AgCl  Ag   Cl (c) 1 × 10 (d) 1 × 10–20
–15

Ans. (b)
K sp  [Ag  ][Cl  ]
Sol. The solubility product can be found as-
Concentration of barium and sulphate ions will be-
Given weight/ molecular weight.
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 21

 2.33  103 / 223  1.0  10 5  7.1107 mol / L

For Ag2CrO4, Ksp = 4s3
BaSO 4  Ba 2   SO 24 
 Solubility of Ag2CrO4
K sp  [Ba 2  ][SO 42  ] K sp 2.4  1012 3
3 3  600  1015
K sp  [1.0  105 ][1.0  105 ] 4 4
 8.44  10 5 mol / L
K sp  1 1010
As Ag2CrO4 bas maximum solubility, it will give
133. What is the minimum concentration of SO24 required maximum Ag+ ions in solubility. Hence, it will be
to precipitate BaSO4 in a solution containing 1.0 × 10–4 used.
mole of Ba2+ ? Ksp for 136. If a saturated solution prepared by dissolving Ag2CO3
BaSO4 = 4 × 10 –10 in water has  Ag    2.56  10 4 . What is the value of
(a) 4 × 10–10 M (b) 2 × 10–7 M Ksp for Ag 2 CO3 ?
(c) 4 × 10 M
–6
(d) 2 × 10–3 M. (a) 83.9 1012 (b) 8.39 1012
Ans. (c) (c) 93.8 1012 (d) 9.38 1012
Sol. The solubility product and concentration of barium Ans. (b)
ions Sol.  Ag    2.5  10 4
are given.
2.5  10 4
Concentration of sulphate ions can be calculated as-  CO 32     1.28  10 4
2
BaSO4  Ba 2  SO42  2
Ksp  Ag   CO32 
Ksp  [Ba 2 ][SO24 ]
  2.5 104  1.28 104 
2
10 4
4.0  10  [1.0 10 ][SO24 ]
 8.39 1012
[SO24 ] 
4 106
137. The precipitation takes place only when the product of
134. The solubility of AgI in NaI solution is less than that in concentration of ions
pure water, because (a) exceeds the solubility product
(a) the temperature of the solution decreases (b) is less than the solubility product
(b) solubility product of AgI is less than that of NaI (c) in negligible
(c) of common ion effect (d) is equal to the solubility product
(d) AgI forms complex with NaI Ans. (a)
Ans. (c) Sol. The precipitation takes place only when the product of
Sol. The solubility of AgI in NaI solution is less than that in concentration of ions exceeds the solubility product. If
pure water because of common ion effect of I– ions the product, it will dissolve.
suppress the dissociation of AgI. AB  A   B 
135. Some chemists at ISRO wished to prepare a saturated
solution of a silver compound and they wanted it to If  A    B    K sp precipitation place.
have the highest concentration of silver ion possible. If  A    B    K sp substance will dissolve.
Which of the following compounds, would they use?
138. The Ksp of Mg(OH)2 is 11012 . 0.01 Mg(OH)2 will
Ksp  AgCl   1.8 1010 , K sp  AgBr   5.0 1013
precipitate at the limited pH
Ksp  Ag 2 CrO4   2.4 1012 (a) 3 (b) 9
(a) AgCl (b) AgBr (c) 5 (d) 8
(c) Ag2CrO4 (d) None of these Ans. (b)
Ans. (c) Sol. Given, Ksp of Mg(OH)2 = 11012
Sol. For binary salts (like AgCl, AgBr) Concentration of Mg(OH)2 = 0.0038
s K sp Mg(OH) 2  Mg 2  2OH 
2
 Ksp  Mg  OH 
2 
Solubility of AgCl = 1.8 1030
 1.34 105 mol / L 2
or 1 10 12  0.01  OH  
23
Solubility of AgBr = 5.0 10
22 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

2
or  OH    1  10 10 140. The solubility products of different sparingly soluble
salts are :
or  OH    1  10 5 1. XY = 4 × 10–20 2. X2Y = 3.2 × 10–11
Again, from  H    OH    10 14 3. XY3 = 2.7 × 10 –31

The increasing order of solubility is :

or  H   1  10 5   10 14
(a) 1, 3, 2 (b) 2, 1, 3
1014 (c) 1, 2, 3 (d) 3, 1, 2
or  H    5  109
10 Ans. (a)
 pH   log  H   Sol.  Xaq  Y aq
XY  s      
s s
 pH   log109  9
 Mg(OH)2 will precipitate at limited place.
 Ksp  s 2

139. A precipitate of AgCl is formed when equal volumes  s = √ K sp  √ 4 1020  2 1010 M

–10
of the following are mixed. [Ksp for AgCl = 10 ]
–4 –7
(a) 10 M AgNO3 and 10 M HCl  2X aq  Y 2aq
X 2 Y  s      
–5 –6 2s s
(b) 10 M AgNO3 and 10 M HCl
–5 –4
(c) 10 M AgNO3 and 10 M HCl  Ksp  4s 3

–6 –6
(d) 10 M AgNO3 and 10 M HCl 1 1
 Ksp  3  3.2 1011  3 4
Ans. (c) s=      2 10 M
Sol. AgNO 3  HCl  AgCl + HNO 3  4   4 
When equal volumes of AgNO 3 and HCl are mixed,  X3aq  3Y aq
XY3  s      
s 3s
Resulting  Ag   and  Cl   in solution will be halved
 K sp  27s 4

w.r.t. original concentration.

1 1
Thus, in
 Ksp  4  27 1032  4 8
1 1 s=      10 M
(a)  Ag     10 4 M  Cl     107 M  27   27 
2 2
Thus, increasing order of solubility is
1
Thus, K IP =  1011 M 2  K sp 1010 M 2
4
  XY, XY3 , X 2 Y

1 1
(b)  Ag     10 5 M  Cl     10 6 M 141. Ksp of Mg(OH)2 is 4.0 × 10–6. At what minimum pH,
2 2
Mg2+ ions start precipitating 0.01 MgCl 2
1
Thus, K IP =  10 11 M 2  K sp 10 10 M 2
4
  (a) 2 + log 2 (b) 2 – log 2
(c) 12 + log 2 (d) 12 – log 2
1 1 Ans. (c)
(c)  Ag     10 5 M  Cl     10 4 M
2 2  Mg 2+  aq   2OH   aq 
Sol. Mg  OH  2  s  
1
4

Thus, K IP =  10 9 M 2 >K sp 10 10 M 2  K sp =  Mg 2    OH  
2

1 1 2
(d)  Ag     10 6 M  Cl     106 M  4  10 6  0.01  OH  
2 2
2
1   OH    4  104
Thus, K IP =  10 12 M 2  K sp 10 10 M 2
4
 
  OH    2  10 2
In option C, K IP > K sp thus precipitation of AgCl will
occur.
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 23


 pOH   log OH    (c) HgS > Ag2S > CuS (d) CuS > Ag2S > HgS.
Ans. (a)
 pOH   log 2 102   Sol. Let the solubility of each given salt be S.
 pOH  2  log 2
Ag 2 S  s   2Ag +  aq.  S2   aq.
 pH  14  pOH
K sp   s  2s   4s3
2
 pH  14   2  log 2 
   
1/3 1/3
 pH  12  log 2 s  K sp / 4  1044 / 4
142. The pH of an aqueous solution of Ba(OH)2 is 10. If the
HgS  s   Hg 2   aq.  S2   aq.
Ksp of Ba(OH)2 is 1 × 10–9, then the concentration of
Ba2+ ions in the solution in mol L–1 is K sp = s 2
(a) 1 × 10–2 (b) 1 × 10–4
(c) 1 × 10–1 (d)1×10–5 s  K sp  1054  1027 molL1
Ans. (c) CuS  s   Cu 2   aq.  S2   aq.
Sol. Given, pH = 10.
pH + pOH = 14. So, pOH = 14 – 10 = 4. K sp  s 2


pOH =  log  OH    s  K sp  1031  3.16 1015 molL1

 OH    10 pOH  104 Therefore, the order is- HgS  CuS  Ag 2 S
145. The least soluble compound (salt) of the following is
Also given K sp  109 . (a) CsCl (Ksp = 10–12)
Now, for the reaction, (b) HgS (Ksp = 1 × 10–52)
Ba  OH 2  Ba 2   2OH  . Here, (c) PbCl2 (Ksp = 1.7 × 10–5)
2
(d) ZnS (Ksp = 1.2 × 10–23)
K sp =  Ba 2+  OH   Ans. (b)
 
2
 10 9   Ba 2   10 4 Sol. Let the solubility of each given salt be S.
CsCl  s   Cs +  aq. +Cl   aq.
  Ba 2    10 1
143. Why only As+3 gets precipitated as As2S3 and not K sp = s 2
Zn+2 as ZnS when H2S is passed through an acidic s= K sp = 10 12 =10 6 molL1
solution containing As+3 and Zn+2 ?
(a) Solubility product of As2S3 is less than that of ZnS HgS  s   Hg 2+  aq. +S2-  aq.
(b) Enough As+3 ions are present in acidic medium K sp =s 2
(c) Zinc salt does not ionise in acidic medium
(d) Solubility product changes in presence of an acid. s= K sp = 10-52 =10-26 molL-1
Ans. (a)
PbCl 2  Pb 2+  aq. +2Cl   aq.
Sol. The species having minimum value of Ksp will get
K sp =  s  2s  = 4s3
2
precipitated first. It is because the ionic product will
exceed the solubility product of such species. The Ksp
   
1/3 1/3
s  K sp / 4  1.7  105 / 4
of As 2S3 is less than ZnS. But in acidic medium
ionization of H 2S is suppressed due to common ion ZnS  s   Zn 2+  aq.  S2   aq. 
effect. Thus, Ksp of ZnS does not exceed. K sp  s 2
144. The Ksp of CuS, Ag2S and HgS are 10–31, 10–44 and s K sp  1.2  10 23  3.5  10 12 molL1
10–54 respectively.
Thus, the least soluble compound is HgS.
The solubility of these sulphides are in the order
(a) Ag2S > CuS > HgS (b) Ag2S > HgS > CuS
24 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM

146. The solubility product of Ag2CrO4 is 32 × 10–12. What CaF2  Ca +  2F

is the concentration of ions in that solution
(in g ions L–1) K sp  [Ca 2  ][F ]2
(a) 2 × 10–4 (b) 8 × 10–4 3.2 1011  [ x][2 x]2
(c) 8 × 10 –8
(d) 16 × 10–4.
4 x3  32 1012
Ans. (a)
Sol. The solubility can be found as- x3  8 1012
Let concentration of silver and chromate ions will x  3 8 1012
be- x
x  2 104
Ag 2 CrO 4  2Ag   CrO42 
K sp  [Ag  ]2 [CrO24  ] Preferential precipitation of salts
12 2
32  10  [2 x] [ x] 149. At 18ºC, the solubility product of AgCl is
3 12 1.8 × 10–10. In the solution, the value of [Ag+] is
4 x  32 10
4 × 10–3mol/litre. The value of [Cl–] to precipitate
x3  8  1012 AgCl from this solution should be greater than
x  3 8  1012 (a) 4.5 × 10–8mol/litre (b) 7.2 × 10–12mol/litre
(c) 4.0 × 10 mol/litre
–3
(d) 4.5 × 10–7mol/litre
x  2  104 Ans. (a)
147. Ksp for HgSO4 is 6.4 × 10–5, then solubility of the salt is
Sol. We know that, solubility product of AgCl can be
(a) 8 × 10–6 (b) 8 × 10–3
(c) 4.6 × 10 –5
(d) None of these. calculated as-
Ans. (b) The solubility can be found as-
Sol. The solubility can be found as- Let concentration of A and B ions will be- x
Let concentration of mercury and sulphate ions AgCl  Ag  Cl
will be- x Ksp  [Ag ][Cl ]
HgSO 4  Hg 2   SO 42 
1.81010  [4 103 ][ x]
2
K sp  [Hg ][SO 24  ]
[ x]  1.8 1010 / 4 103  0.45107 M  4.5108 M
5
6.4  10  [ x][ x]
If the ionic product exceeds this value, then
6
x  64  10 precipitation takes place.
x  8  10 3
148. What is the solubility of calcium fluoride in a saturated Acid base Titration
solution if its solubility product is 3.2 × 10–11
(a) 2.0 × 10–4 mole/litre (b) 12.0 × 10–3 mole/litre 150. Neutralization of an acid with a base, invariably results
(c) 0.2 × 10 mole/litre
–4
(d) 2 × 10–3 mole/litre in the production of
Ans. (a) (a) H3O+ (b) H2O
Sol. The solubility product of calcium fluoride is given. (c) H and OH
+ –
(d) OH
Therefore, the solubility can be found as- Ans. (b)
Sol. An acid on reaction with base gives salt and water as
neutralization product.
HCl + NaOH  H2 O + NaCl