UNIT 4 (1).pptx
UNIT 4 (1).pptx
UNIT 4 (1).pptx
DIRECTING
Definition of Directing
•Directing is defined as process of instructing, guiding
and inspiring human factors in the organization to
achieve organization objectives
•It is not only issuing orders and instructions by
superior to his subordinates.
•It also includes the process of guiding and inspiring
them to work effectively
Scope of Directing
•Initiates action
•Ensures coordination
•Improves efficiency
• Facilitates change
•Assists stability and growth
Elements of Directing
The three elements of directing are
1.Motivation
2. Leadership
3. Communication
LEADERSHIP
Explain in detail about the various
types of leadership with its different
styles.(13 marks)/ Define leadership
and discuss about different styles in
leadership with their merits and
demerits.(13 marks) .Explain various
types of leadership with different
styles(16 marks)
LEADERSHIP
Definition by Koontz and O’Donnel
•Leadership is art of process of influencing people
sothey will strive willingly towards the achievement
of group goals.
Importance of Leadership
1.Motivating Employees
2.Develop team work
3.Better utilization of man power
4. Creating confidence to followers
5. Maintaining discipline
6. Building Morale
LEADERSHIP STYLES
● The behaviour exhibited by a leader during
supervision of followers is known as leadership
style
● It can be classified into three types:
a) Autocratic style
b) Democratic Style
c) Laissez Faire Style
Autocratic style :
• The leader take all decisions without consulting the
subordinates
•Full authority is held himself alone.
•He loves powers and never delegates authority
• The subordinates have to follow his directions
without any questions.
•The leader use threats and punishments to get work
from the subordinates
Three types of Autocratic leadership :
1. Strict autocrat:
• Leader follows the negative motivation for getting
work from subordinate
2. Benevolent autocrat:
• Leader takes decisions himself but his motivation
styles is positive
3.Incompetent Autocrat :
• This styles just to hide their inabilities.
• It cannot be used for long times
Autocratic leadership is a classical leadership style
with the following characteristics:
1.Manager seeks to make as many decisions as
possible
2.Manager seeks to retain responsibility rather than
utilize complete delegation
3.Consultation with other colleagues in minimal and
decision making becomes a solitary process
Autocratic leadership is appropriate where the
1.Subordinate lack in their knowledge of company
goals
2. Subordinates lack in training
3. Company endorser use fear and punishment as
accepted disciplinary techniques
4. Leaders prefers to be active
5. Leaders dominant in decision making
Advantages
1.Reduced stress due to increased control
2.Higher productivity
3.Faster decision making
4. It provides strong motivation and satisfaction to the
leaders
Disadvantages
1.Employees morale will be low
2.Absence of leader will affect the output.
3.Dissatisfaction will develop among employees
4.Full potential of subordinate and their creative ideas are
not utilized
5.One way communication without feedback leads to
misunderstanding and communication breakdown
Democratic Style :
•Subordinates are consulted and their feedback is
taken into decision making process
•Decisions are taken after group discussions
•Therefore authority is decentralized
•The leader attaches high importance to both work
and people
•He provide freedom of thinking and expression
•Manager encourages others to become leaders and
be involved in leadership development.
Democratic leadership is appropriate where the
1.Subordinate have reasonably knowledge and
experienced
2. Leadership desires to hear the ideas of his
employees before making decisions
3.Organization has communicated its goals and the
objectives to the subordinates and the subordinates
have accepted them
4. Subordinates desire active and true involvement
5. Time for task completion allows for the
participation
Advantages
1. Absence of leader does not affect the output
2. Labour absenteeism and turn-over will be minimum
3. The quality of decision is improved
4. The leader multiplies his abilities through the contribution
of his followers
5. Increase Job satisfaction
Advantages
1. Absence of leader does not affect the output
2. Labour absenteeism and turn-over will be minimum
3. The quality of decision is improved
4. The leader multiplies his abilities through the contribution
of his followers
Disadvantages
1. Takes long time to take decisions
2. If subordinates are lazy and avoid work then controlling
them is difficult
3. It cannot be successfully applied at lower level of
management
4. Some leaders may be uncomfortable because they feel
that there is a reduction of power and control over labour
c) Laissez-Faire Style
•A complete freedom is given to subordinates
•Subordinates can plan, motivate, control themselves
•Subordinates will be responsible for their own actions
•Leaders does not take a part in decision making process
•The authority is decentralized
This type of leadership is highly effective when
1. Leader is interested in delegating the decision-making
2. Subordinates are highly intelligent
3. Subordinates are aware of their roles and responsibilities
4. Subordinates have the knowledge and skills to accomplish
tasks without supervisor
Advantages
1.Positive effect on job satisfaction
2. No work for leader
3. It creates on environment of freedom, individuality and
team-spirit
4. Full utilization of the potential of subordinates
Disadvantages
1. Lack of discipline
2. Lowest productivity
3. No control and coordination
4. Managers are unable to thank employees for their good
work.
What are the essential qualities of good leader(1 3marks)
ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF GOOD LEADER:
•Some of these qualities are explained below:
(i) Physical features:
• Physical features like height, weight, health,
appearance determine the physical personality of an
individual.
• Good physical features attract the people
• Health and endurance (TOLERANCE) help a leader to
work hard
• This will inspires others to work with same tempo.
(ii) Knowledge:
•A good leader should have required knowledge and
competence.
•Only such person can instruct subordinates correctly and
influence them.
(iii) Integrity:
•A leader should posses high level of integrity and
honesty.
•He should be a role model to others regarding the ethics
and values.
(iv) Initiative:
• A leader should have courage and initiative.
• He should not wait for opportunities come to his way
• He should grab the opportunity and use it to the advantage
of organization.
(v) Communication skills:
•A leader should be a good communicator.
•He should have the capacity to clearly explain his ideas and
make the people to understand his ideas.
• He should be not only good speaker but a good listener,
teacher, counsellor.
(vi)Motivation skills:
•A leader should be an effective motivator.
•He should understand the needs of people and motivate
them through satisfying their needs.
(vii) Self Confidence:
•A leader should have high level of self confidence.
•He should not loose his confidence even in difficult times.
• If the leader lacks self confidence, he can not provide
confidence to his followers.
EQUITY RELATIONSHIP:
outcome by a person = outcomes by a another person
Input by a person Input by a another person
Result of inequity on the person:
1. Inequity creates tension in the individual
2. The amount of tension is proportional to
magnitude of the inequity (fairness)
3. Tension created in the individual will motivate him
to reduce the work
4. Degree of demotivation is proportional to
perceived inequity
Merits of equity theory :