Respiratory system disorders

Respiratory system disorders
General Manifestations of Respiratory Disease

Breath sounds
• Rales
§ Light bubbly or crackling sounds, with serous secretions
• Rhonchi
§ Deeper or harsher sounds from thicker mucus
• Absence
§ Nonaeration or collapse of lungs
Dyspnea à shortness of breath

o feeling of discomfort
o May be caused by increased carbon dioxide or hypoxemia ( low level of O2 in the blood)
o Often noted on exertion
- Sever dyspnea indicates respiratory distress
• Flaring of nostrils
• Use of accessory respiratory muscles
• Retraction of muscles between or above ribs
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

o Sudden acute type of dyspnea
o Common in patients with left-sided congestive heart failure
o Wakes up from sleep with cough & gasping for breath ( characteristics )
Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi

Orthopnea
o Occurs when lying down
o Usually caused by pulmonary congestion
Cyanosis
o Bluish coloring of skin and mucous membranes
o Caused by large amounts of unoxygenated hemoglobin in blood
Pleural pain
o Results from inflammation or infection of parietal pleura
Friction rub
o Soft sound produced as rough, inflamed, or scarred pleural move against each other
Clubbed digits
o Result from chronic hypoxia associated with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases
o Painless, firm, fibrotic enlargement at the end of the digit
Changes in arterial blood gases

o Hypoxemia à inadequate oxygen in blood
o Hypercapnia à increased carbon dioxide in blood

Infectious Diseases
- Lower Respiratory Tract Infections:
i. Bronchiolitis à viral infection
o Caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
o Transmitted by oral droplet
o Virus causes necrosis, inflammation in small bronchi and bronchioles
ii. Pneumonia
- 3 types ;
1. Labor pneumonia
2. Bronchopneumonia
3. Interstitial pneumonia
Slow

Obstructive Lung Diseases
o Cystic fibrosis
- Inherited (genetic) disorder Gene located on chromosome 7
- exocrine glands cause abnormally thick secretions
- Primary effects seen in lungs and pancreas
Lungs
o Sticky mucus obstructs airflow, causing either air trapping / atelectasis.
o Permanent damage to bronchial walls
o Infections are common caused by à Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus
o Bronchiectasis and emphysematous à cause respiratory failure &
corpulmonale
Digestive tract
o abnormality in newborn is meconium ileus in newborn. Preventing
excretion of meconium .
Pancreas
o Duct become blocked leading to mal absorption and malnutrition.
Obstruction and backup of secretion cause damage the pancreatic
tissue resulting in Diabetes.
Bile duct
o blocked with mucus prevent bile reaching duodenum effecting
digestion & absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins. In severe
obstruction backup of bile cause inflammation and permanent
damage to liver causing biliary cirrhosis.

Salivary glands
o secretion high in Nacl and glandular fibrosis
Sweat glands
o sweat very high in Nacl
Reproductive system
o mucus block vas deferens /cervix causing sterility
o Bronchiectasis
- permanent enlargement of parts of the airways of the lung.
Symptoms
o chronic cough with mucus production
o shortness of breath
o coughing up blood
o chest pain.
o Emphysema
- long-term, progressive disease of the lungs
- cause shortness of breath due to over inflation of the alveoli
o Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD )
- Chronic respiratory disorder
- Characterized by à progressive tissue degeneration & airway obstruction.
- Irreversible and progressive damage to lungs
- Debilitating conditions affect individuals ability to work
- May lead to co pulmonary disease
- Respiratory failure may occur

o Asthma
- Inflammation of the mucosa with edema
- Bronchoconstriction à contraction of smooth muscle
- Increased secretion of thick mucus that will block the airways
- Changes create obstructed airways, partial or total.
Expansion Disorders
1. Atelectasis
- Collapse of lung or part of the lung that will lead to decreased gas exchange and
hypoxia
- Alveoli ( will be inflamed then collapse ) become airless à Collapse and
inflammation or atrophy occur.
- Process interferes with blood flow through the lung
- Ventilation and perfusion are altered
o Common causes of Atelectasis
i. Hypoventilation
ii. Compression
iii. Airway obstruction
iv. Adhesion
2. Pleural Effusion
- Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity that will increase the pressure in the pleural
cavity then the pressure will lead to the separation of the pleural cavity

3. Pneumothorax
- Air leakage
o 3 types
i. Closed
ii. Open
iii. Tension
4. Flail chest
- fractures of ribs, which allow ribs to move independently during respiration
- what will happen during inspiration ?
• flail or broken sections moves inward rather than outward
• inward movement prevent expansion of affected lung
• large flail section can compress adjacent lung tissue

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Respiratory system disorders

General Manifestations of Respiratory Disease

Dyspnea à shortness of breath

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi

Changes in arterial blood gases

Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi

Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi

Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi

Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi

Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi

Moza Khalifa Alsuwaidi

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