SPANISH INFLUENCES TO

THE PHILIPPINES
ECONOMIC POLITICAL SOCIAL/CULTURAL EDUCATION

1. A gric u lt u re 1 . C e nt ra liz e d 1 . R e lig ion : 1 .Fo rm a l

In tro du c tio n o f N e w G o v e rnm e nt E d u c a tio n :
C rop s : R o ya l C o lo ny : T h e m o st s ig n ific a nt
influ e nc e w a s th e B e fo re S p a n is h
T h e S p a n is h T h e P h ilip p ine s w a s intro du c tio n of R om a n c o lo n iz a tion ,
int ro d u c e d c o rn, a d m iniste re d a s a C a t h o lic is m , w h ic h b e c a m e e d u c a tion in th e
ca c a o , c o ffe e , a n d ro y a l c o lo ny o f S pa in , th e d o m in a n t re lig io n a n d P h ilip p ine s w a s
to b a c c o , w h ic h go v e rne d b y re m a ins s o t o d a y . info rm a l a nd
be c a m e st a p le s in o ffic ia ls d ire c t ly C h u rc h e s , c a th e dra ls, a n d fo c u s e d o n
P h ilip p ine a g ric u ltu re a p p o inte d b y th e re lig io u s fe st iv a ls lik e p ra c tica l sk ills a nd
a nd tra d e . S p a nish C ro w n. S inu lo g , P a h iy a s , a nd o ra l tra d it io ns . T h e
En c o m ie nd a S y s te m : G o v e rno r-G e n e ra l: A ti-A t ih a n re fle c t t h is S p a nia rd s
La nd w a s d istrib u te d Th e leg a c y. intro du c e d fo rm a l
to S pa nish G o v e rno r-G e n e ra l R e lig io u s pra c t ic e s, e d u c a tion , w h ic h
en c o m en d e ro s, w h o s erv e d a s th e inc lu d in g fie s ta s h o no rin g w a s p rim a rily
m a na ge d h ig h e s t po lit ic a l p a t ro n sa in ts , H o ly W e e k re lig io u s in na t u re.
a g ric u ltu ra l a u th o rit y, a c t in g a s tra d itio n s, a n d d a ily pra y e rs , S c h o ols w e re
pro d u c tio n a nd th e re pre se n ta t iv e o f w e re ins titu t io n a liz e d in e st a b lis h e d fo r th e
co lle c t e d trib u te s th e S pa nish K ing in Filip in o c o m m u nitie s. p u rp os e o f
fro m na tiv e F ilip in o s. th e P h ilipp ine s . H e E d u c a tio n : te a c h ing C h ris tia n
h a d e x e c u tiv e, d o c trine , re a d in g,
2. T ra d e a nd leg isla t iv e , a n d T h e S pa nish e s ta blis h e d w riting , a n d b a s ic
C o m m e rc e ju d ic ia l p o w e rs. fo rm a l e d u c a tio n th ro u g h a rit h m e tic .
G a lle on T ra de : T h e s ch o o ls a nd u niv e rs it ie s ,
M a nila -A c a p u lc o 2 . L o c a l G o v e rna n c e s u c h a s t h e U n iv e rsity o f 2 . R o le o f t h e
G a lle on T ra de E nc o m ie n d a S y ste m : S a nt o T o m a s (fo u n d e d in C h u rc h :
(1 5 6 5 – 1 8 15 ) Initia lly , S p a n is h 1 6 1 1 ), w h ic h is t h e o ld e st T h e C a t h o lic
co n ne c te d th e e nc o m e nd e ros w ere u n iv e rsity in A s ia . C h u rc h p la ye d a
P h ilip p ine s t o g lob a l ta sk e d w ith S p a nish m is sio na rie s d o m ina nt role in
m a rk e ts, p a rtic u la rly g o v e rn ing sp e c ific ta u g h t re a d ing , w rit in g , a nd e d u c a tion .
S p a in a nd it s te rrito rie s, c o lle c tin g c a t e c h ism , th o u g h M is sio na ry o rd e rs
co lo nie s in th e trib u te , a nd e d u c a tion w a s p rim a rily fo r lik e th e J e su its ,
A m e ric a s . T h is tra d e c o nv e rting n a t iv e s to th e e lit e . A u g u s tinia n s,
ro u t e a llo w e d g oo d s C h ris tia nity . O v e r Fra n c is c a ns , a nd
like silk , p o rc e la in, tim e , t h is sy st e m 2 . C la s s S ys te m : D o m inic a n s ra n
a nd sp ic e s fro m A sia g a v e w a y t o a m o re S p a nish ru le in tro d u c e d a m o st s c h o o ls .
to re a c h E u rop e a n d fo rm a l s tru c tu re . s oc ia l h ie ra rc h y th a t E d u c a tio n w a s
v ic e v e rsa . P ro v inc e s a nd e m p h a s iz ed ra c ia l a nd c lo s e ly t ie d to
Rise o f M a n ila a s a T o w n s: P ro v in c e s e c o no m ic d iv isio ns : re lig io u s
T ra d e H u b: M a nila w e re g o v e rne d b y P e n in su la re s (S p a n ia rd s inst ru c tio n , w ith
be c a m e a c e nt ra l a lc a ld e s m a yo re s b o rn in S p a in) th e p rim a ry g oa l o f
tra d ing h u b in A s ia (p ro v inc ia l Ins u la re s (S p a nia rd s b orn c o nv e rting
du e t o th e g a lle on g o v e rn ors), a n d in t h e P h ilip p in e s) Filip in o s to
tra d e, b o o st in g th e to w n s (pu e b lo s ) M e st iz o s (m ix e d S p a n is h C h ris tia nity .
lo c a l e c o n om y a nd w e re m a na g e d b y a n d n a tiv e a nc e s try ) E d u c a tio n a l
int ro d u c ing Filip ino s g o b e rna d o rc illo s Ind io s (na t iv e Filip in os ) Ins titu tio n s:
to fo re ig n g oo d s a nd (to w n m a y o rs ) w h o T h is s ys te m influ e n c e d
cu lt u re s. w e re u s u a lly na tiv e h o w so c ia l s ta t u s w a s 3 . T h e S p a n is h
e lite s . p e rc e iv e d , o fte n b a s e d o n e st a b lis h e d
3. T a x a tio n a n d B a ra n g a y s: a n c e st ry a nd w e a lt h . s ch o o ls a nd
T rib u te P re -c olo nia l u n iv e rsitie s, m a ny
T rib u to S y st e m : b a ra n ga ys w e re 3 .L e g a l S y s te m : o f w h ic h a re s till
Filip ino s w e re re t a ine d b u t S p a nish la w s w e re o p e ra tio n a l t od a y.
re q u ire d t o p a y re o rga niz e d u nd e r intro du c e d , inc lu d ing t h e N o ta b le e x a m p le s
trib u te s in c a s h , S p a nish s u p e rv isio n, C ó dig o P e na l a nd c iv il la w inc lu d e :
cro p s, o r la b o r. T h is w ith le a d e rs (d a tu s) s ys te m , w h ic h fo rm th e U niv e rs ity of S a n to
sy ste m w a s la te r re n a m e d a s c a b e z a s b a s is o f th e c u rre nt T o m a s (U S T ),
re p la c e d b y th e d e b a ra n g a y , t a s ke d P h ilip p ine le g a l s ys te m . fo u n de d in 1 6 1 1 ,
ce d u la p e rs o na l, a w ith c o lle c ting t a x e s C o nc e p ts s u c h a s m a rria g e is th e o ld e s t
fo rm o f h ea d t a x . a n d m a int a ining la w s, p ro p e rt y rig h ts , a nd e x isting u n iv e rs it y
P o lo y S e rv ic io : o rd e r. th e e n c om ie nd a sy s te m in A s ia .
M a nd a t o ry la b o r re s h a p e d tra d it io n a l C o le g io d e S a n
(o fte n fo r p u b lic 3 . R e lig iou s a n d g o v e rn a nc e . J u a n d e L et ra n
w orks lik e b u ild ing P o lit ic a l In te g ra tio n C u ltu ra l In flu e n c e w a s e s ta b lish e d in
ch u rc h e s a n d ro a d s) T h e o c ra c y : L a n g u a ge : 1620.
w a s im p o s ed o n T h e C h u rc h p la ye d a A te ne o d e M a n ila
Filip ino m a le s , w h ich s ig nific a nt ro le in S p a nish intro du c e d m a n y U niv e rs ity w a s
a ffe ct e d p ro d u c tiv ity g o v e rn a nc e , o fte n loa nw o rds int o F ilip in o init ia lly se t u p b y
in tra d itio n a l h o ld in g a u th o rit y la ng u a g e s, e s pe c ia lly in J e s u its .
liv e lih o o d s. e q u a l to o r T a g a log a n d C e b u a no . S e m ina rie s w e re
e x c e e d in g th a t o f E x a m p les inc lu d e te rm s fo r a lso b u ilt fo r
4. L a n d O w ne rs h ip c iv il o ffic ia ls. Fria rs g o v e rn m e n t, re lig io n , a nd tra ining p rie s ts ,
a nd H a c ie nd a s w e re in v o lv e d in d a ily life (e .g., m e sa , s illa , s uch as the San
In tro du c tio n o f loc a l a d m in is tra tio n, Ig le s ia ). C a rlo s S e m ina ry.
La nd e d Es ta te s : e d u c a tion , a nd C ha vacan o , a L im ite d A c c e s s:
T h e S p a n ia rd s ta x a t io n. S p a nish -b a se d c re o le ,
es ta b lish e d U nio n o f C h u rc h a nd e m e rg e d in a re a s like 4 . E d u c a tio n
h a c ie nd a s or la rge S t a te : R e lig io u s Z a m bo a ng a a n d C a v ite . d u rin g th e S pa nish
es ta te s fo r m is sio ns a nd p e rio d w a s la rg e ly
a g ric u ltu ra l p a ris h e s s e rv e d a s 4 . A rc h it e c tu re : e x c lu siv e t o t h e
pro d u c tio n. S p a n is h c e nt e rs o f p o litic a l S p a nish c o lo n ia l e lite c la ss e s,
elite s o r re lig io u s a n d s o c ia l c on trol, a rc h ite c tu re is e v id en t in p a rtic u la rly th e
ord e rs o fte n o w ne d w ith fria rs a c ting a s s to ne c h u rc h e s , fo rt s (e .g., c h ild re n of
th e s e , le a d ing t o a inte rm e d ia rie s Fo rt S a n tia g o ), a nd ba h a y S p a nia rd s ,
co n c e ntra t io n o f b e tw e e n th e S p a nish na b a to (s to ne h o u se s ), m e st iz o s
la n d o w n e rsh ip a n d g o v e rn m e n t a nd th e c o m b ining S p a n is h a n d (m ix e d -ra c e
la n d t e na n c y is su e s na tiv e p o p u la t io n. loc a l d e sig ns. ind iv id u a ls ), a nd
a m o ng F ilip ino T o w n p la nn in g fe a t u red w e a lth y Filip in os .
fa rm e rs . 4 . L e g a l S y ste m p la z a s , w ith t h e c h u rc h a nd Ind ig e no u s
S h ift in L a n d U se : S p a nish L a w : T h e m u n ic ip a l b u ild ing s a t t h e Filip in o s (ind io s)
M a ny la n ds w ere S p a nish intro du c e d c e nt e r. an d w o m en ha d
co n v e rte d fo r c a sh th e ir le g a l sy s te m , v e ry lim ite d
cro p s like su ga r, inc lu d in g th e L a w s 5 . A rt s a n d L ite ra tu re : a c c e s s to
to b a c c o , a nd a b a c a , o f t h e In d ie s , w h ic h V isu a l a rts flo u rish e d u nd e r e d u c a tion , t h o u gh
a lig ning th e o u t line d h o w S p a nish p a t ro na g e , w ith s om e e x c e pt io n s
ec o n o m y w ith c o lo n ie s s h o u ld b e re lig io u s th e m e s e x iste d for w e a lt h y
co lo nia l a nd g lo b a l g o v e rn e d. d o m ina ting pa in ting s a n d fa m ilie s.
de m a nd s. J u d ic ia ry: C o u rts s cu lp t u re s (e .g ., w o rks b y
(A u d ie n c ia ) w e re J u a n L u na a n d F e lix 5 . C u rric u lu m :
5. M o no p o lie s a nd e st a b lis h e d , w ith t h e R e su rre c c ió n H id a lg o ). T h e c u rric u lu m
Re g u la tio n s h ig h e s t c ou rt L it e ra tu re in S p a n is h w a s h e a v ily
T o b a c c o M o no p o ly: loc a te d in M a n ila . inc lu d e d th e w rit in gs o f fo c u s e d o n
Es ta b lish ed in 1 7 8 2 , H o w e v e r, leg a l na tio na l h e ro e s lik e J os é re lig io u s s tu d ie s,
th is p ro c e s se s w e re R iz a l, w h o a u th o re d N o li inc lu d in g
go v e rnm e nt -c on troll o fte n b ia se d in fa v o r M e T a ng e re a nd E l c a t e c h ism , L a tin,
ed m o no p o ly fo rc e d o f S pa nia rds a nd th e Filib u s te rism o . a n d t h e o lo g y .
fa rm e rs t o g ro w e lite . M u s ic a n d d a n c e w e re O th e r s u b je c ts
to b a c c o a nd se ll it h e a v ily influ e nc e d , inc lu d e d re a d in g ,
ex clu s iv e ly to th e 5 . T a x a tio n a nd intro du c in g k u nd im a n , w riting , a rith m e tic ,
S p a n is h co lo nia l T rib u te h a ra na , a nd S p a nish an d som e
go v e rnm e nt . W h ile it T rib u to a nd C e d u la : d a n c e s like th e fa n da ng o v o c a t io na l sk ills.
bo o s te d g o v e rn m e nt T h e im po s it io n o f a n d c a riño sa . H ig h e r e d u c a t io n
re v e nu e s, it ta x e s a n d th e e m p h a s iz ed
bu rd e ne d Filip in o intro du c tio n of th e 6 . C u is ine : p h ilo s o ph y, la w ,
fa rm e rs . C e d u la p e rso na l S p a nish influ e nc e is a n d m e d ic ine , b u t
(id e n tific a t io n a n d e v ide n t in F ilip ino d ish e s w a s a c c e ss ib le
6. R e g u la tio n of ta x d o c u m e n t) s u c h a s a d ob o , le c h o n, o nly to a p riv ile g e d
T ra d e: T h e S p a n is h c e nt ra liz e d re v e n u e p a e lla , c a ld e re t a , a n d fe w .
im p o se d s tric t tra d e c o lle c tio n a nd e m b u tid o . Int ro d u c t io n o f
re g u la tio ns t o g o v e rn a nc e . S w e e t s like le c h e fla n a n d S p a nish L a n g u a ge :
co n tro l e c o n o m ic c h u rros a ls o re fle c t th is
a c tiv it ie s , o fte n 6 . F o rc e d L a b o r c u lin a ry le g a cy . 6 . S p a nish
fa v o ring S p a nish (P o lo y S e rv ic io ): b ecam e the
m e rc h a n ts o v e r T h e S pa nish 7 . R e lig iou s Fe s tiv a ls a n d m e d iu m o f
lo c a ls. re q u ired Filip in o T ra d itio n s: inst ru c tio n ,
m a le s to p e rfo rm S p a nia rd s int ro d u c e d a lth o u g h it s
7. Infra st ru ct u re fo rc e d la b o r fo r nu m e ro u s fe s tiv a ls s pre a d w a s lim it e d
D e v e lo pm e n t p u b lic w o rks , w h ic h (fie s ta s ) t o h o n o r s a int s to e d u c a t e d e lite s .
P o rts a nd re info rc e d S p a n is h a n d c e le b ra t e religio u s M o st o rd ina ry
S h ip b u ild in g : T h e p o litic a l c o nt ro l. o c c a s io n s. Ex a m p le s Filip in o s re m a ine d
S p a n is h im p ro v e d inc lu d e t h e F e a s t o f th e illite ra t e o r w e re
po rts a n d d e v e lop e d 7 . P o litic a l B la c k N a z a ren e a nd Flore s e d u c a te d in th e ir
sh ip ya rd s to su p p ort S t ra t ific a tio n d e M a yo . loc a l d ia le c ts w ith
th e g a lle o n tra d e a nd E lite C o -o p ta tio n: T ra d itio n s su c h a s m in im a l S p a n is h
co lo nia l T h e S pa nia rds re lie d S im b a ng G a b i influ e nc e .
a d m in is tra tion . o n th e F ilip in o (p re -C h ris tm a s d a w n
T ra ns po rta t io n : p rinc ip a lia (na tiv e m a s se s ) a re s till w id e ly 8 . E d u c a tio n fo r
Ro a ds , b rid g e s , a nd e lite s ) t o g o v e rn a t p ra c tice d . W o m e n:
ot h e r infra stru c t u re th e lo c a l le v e l. T h e s e W h ile e d u c a tio n
pro je c ts w e re e lite s w e re g ra nt e d fo r w om e n w a s
co n st ru c t e d , w h ic h p riv ile g e s in lim it e d , s o m e
fa c ilit a te d e x c h a ng e fo r lo ya lty s ch o o ls fo r g irls
co m m e rc e a n d to th e c o lo n ia l w e re e st a b lish e d
go v e rna n c e , a lb e it g o v e rn m e n t. b y re lig io u s o rd e rs,
oft e n a t th e e x p e ns e s u c h a s t h e S a n ta
of forc e d la b o r. 8 . S o c ia l H ie ra rc h ie s : Isa b e l C olle g e in
7. R e lig io u s a nd S p a n is h ru le M a n ila .
Ec o n o m ic re info rc e d c la ss T h e se sc h oo ls
In te g ra tio n d iv isio ns , w ith ta u g h t b a sic
C h u rc h In v o lv e m e nt : S p a nia rd s , m e s tiz os , lite ra c y , d o m e st ic
Re lig io u s o rd e rs a n d t h e prin c ip a lia s kills, a n d re lig io u s
w ere d e e p ly in v olv e d o c c u p y in g h ig h e r inst ru c tio n .
in th e e c o no m y , s oc ia l a nd po lit ic a l
ow n in g v a st tra c ts o f p o sitio ns th a n th e
la n d a nd co n tro lling m a s se s (Ind io s).
a g ric u ltu ra l
pro d u c tio n. T h e 9 . R e s is ta n c e a nd
C h u rc h a ls o R e b e llio n
influ e n c e d S u p p re ss io n o f
co m m e rc e th ro u g h D is se n t: T h e S pa nish
th e c o ns tru c tion o f u s e d m ilita ry fo rc e ,
tra d e c e nt e rs a n d a llia n c e s w it h lo c a l
m a rk e tp la c e s ne a r e lite s , a nd re lig io u s
re lig io u s site s. influ e nc e to
s u p p re s s u p rising s
a g a in st c o lo n ia l ru le .

1 0 . E m e rg e n ce o f
N a tio n a lis m : T h e
c e nt ra liz e d a n d
o fte n o p p re ss iv e
p o litic a l s ys te m le d
to d is c o nte n t, w h ic h
la te r fu e le d
m o v e m e n ts fo r
re fo rm a n d
ind e p e nd e nc e , su c h
a s t h e P ro p a ga nd a
M o v e m e n t a n d th e
1 8 9 6 P h ilip p ine
R e v o lu tion .

1 1 . In tro d u c tio n o f
W e s te rn P olitic a l
Id e a s
R e form s a nd
E nlig h te nm e n t Id e a s:
Filip in o int ellec t u a ls
e x p o se d to
 E u ro pe a n lib e ra l
ide a s, p a rtic u la rly
d u rin g th e 1 9 th
c e nt u ry , b e ga n
a d v o c a tin g fo r
p o litic a l re fo rm s a nd
e q u a lity u nd e r
S p a nish ru le .

1 2 . R e p re s e nta tio n
in t h e S p a n is h
C o rte s : Fo r a b rie f
p e rio d, F ilip ino s
w e re re p re s e nt e d in
th e S pa nish
P a rlia m e n t (C o rt e s
d e C á diz ), a lt h o u g h
th is w a s la te r
re s c in d e d.

M EM BE RS:

A LA N A N O , JY RA C .
L A B IS , C U E S H E M A E C .
R IV E R A , R H E A M A R IZ T .