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Geostationary Orbit

College of Electronic Engineering


Communication Engineering Department

Dr. Aws Zuheer Yonis

2018-2019
The Geostationary Orbit (chapter 3)

A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears


to be stationary with respect to the earth,
hence the name geostationary.
The Geostationary Orbit
Three conditions are required for an orbit
to be geostationary
1- The satellite must travel eastward at the
same rotational speed as the earth.
 The first condition is obvious. If the satellite is to appear
stationary, it must rotate at the same speed as the earth,
which is constant.
The Geostationary Orbit (chapter 3)

2- The orbit must be circular.

The second condition follows from this and from Kepler’s


second law. Constant speed means that equal areas must
be swept out in equal times, and this can only occur with a
circular orbit.
The Geostationary Orbit
3- The inclination of the orbit must be zero.
The third condition, that the inclination must be zero,
follows from the fact that any inclination would have the
satellite moving north and south, and hence it would not
be geostationary. Movement north and south can be
avoided only with zero inclination, which means that the
orbit lies in the earth’s equatorial plane.
The Geostationary Orbit
Kepler’s third law may be used to find the radius of
the orbit (for a circular orbit, the semimajor axis is
equal to the radius). Denoting the radius by aGSO ,
then from Eqs. (2.2) and (2.4).
The Geostationary Orbit
The period P for the geostationary is 23 h, 56 min,
4 s mean solar time (ordinary clock time). This is
the time taken for the earth to complete one
revolution about its N–S axis, measured relative to
the fixed stars. Substituting this value along with the
value for µ given by Eq. (2.3)

results in
H.W (5)
Prove that the value of (aGSO) equal
42164 km?
The Geostationary Orbit
The equatorial radius of the earth, to the nearest
kilometer, is

and hence the geostationary height is

This value is often rounded up to 36,000 km for


approximate calculations.
Antenna Look Angles
Chapter three

The look angles for


the ground station
antenna are the
azimuth and
elevation angles
required at the
antenna so that it
points directly at the
satellite.
Look Angle Determination
look angles: The coordinates to which an earth station
must point to communicate with a satellite. These are
azimuth angle (AZ) and elevation angle (EL)
Look Angle Definition
Look Angle Definition

The three pieces of information that are needed to determine


the look angles for the geostationary orbit are
Coordinate System
Coordinate System
Look Angle Definition
latitudes north will be taken as positive angles (+).
latitudes south will be taken as negative angles (-).
Longitudes east of the Greenwich meridian will be taken
as positive angles (+).
Longitudes west, will be taken as negative angles (-).

For example,
if a latitude of 40°S is specified,
this will be taken as -40°,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
if a longitude of 35°W is specified,
this will be taken as -35°.
Look Angle Definition
The average radius of the earth will be used denoting this by R:

ES: Position of the earth Station.


SS: Subsatellite point.
S : The satellite.

d : The range from the earth station


to the satellite.

σ : Angle to be determined.
Angle B is the angle between the plane
containing c and the plane containing a.
Look Angle-spherical triangle
There are two types of
triangles involved in the
geometry of Fig. 3.1, the
spherical triangle shown
in heavy outline in Fig.
3.2a and the plane
triangle of Fig. 3.2b.
Look Angle-spherical triangle

To summarize to this
point, the information
known about the
spherical triangle is
Look Angle-spherical triangle

When the earth station is west of the subsatellite


point, B is negative,
and when east, B is positive.

When the earth-station latitude is north, c is less


than 90°, and
when south, c is greater than 90°.
Look Angle-spherical triangle

Special rules, known as Napier’s rules, are used to


solve the spherical triangle.
Napier’s rules gives angle b as
Azimuth Angle (Az)

In Fig. 3.3a, angle A is acute (less than


90°), and the azimuth angle is Az = A.

In Fig. 3.3b,
angle A is acute, and the azimuth is, by
inspection, Az = 360°-A.
Azimuth Angle (Az)

In Fig. 3.3c, angle Ac is obtuse and


is given by Ac =180°-A,
where A is the acute value obtained
from Eq. (3.10). Again, by
inspection,

Az =Ac - 180° -A

In Fig. 3.3d, angle Ad is obtuse and


is given by Ad =180° -A,
where A is the acute value obtained
from Eq. (3.10). By inspection,
Az = 360° -Ad =180°+A.
In all cases, A is the acute
angle returned by Eq. (3.10).
Azimuth Angle (Az)
These conditions are summarized in Table 3.1.
Example for Look Angle
Ex 3.1-p81

A geostationary satellite is located at 90oW.


Calculate the azimuth angle for an earth-station
antenna at latitude 35oN and longitude 100oW.
Example (Contd.)
Example
Ex 3.1

Find the range and antenna elevation angles for


the situation specified in Exp1.
Sol:
R=6371km, aGSO=42164km; b=36.23o.
Example (Contd.)
Home Work (6)
(Problems-p.99 from Q1-Q10)

3.1. Explain what is meant by the geostationary orbit. How do the geostationary orbit and a geosynchronous orbit
differ?
3.2. (a) Explain why there is only one geostationary orbit. (b) Show that the range d from an earth station to a
geostationary satellite is given by
where R is the earth’s radius (assumed spherical), h is the height of the geostationary orbit above the equator,
and El is the elevation angle of the earth station antenna.
3.3. Determine the latitude and longitude of the farthest north earth station which can link with any given
geostationary satellite. The longitude should be given relative to the satellite longitude, and a minimum elevation
angle of 5°
should be assumed for the earth station antenna. A spherical earth of mean radius 6371 km may be assumed.
3.4. An earth station at latitude 30°S is in communication with an earth station on the same longitude at 30°N,
through a geostationary satellite. The satellite longitude is 20° east of the earth stations. Calculate the antenna-
look angles for each earth station and the round-trip time, assuming this consists of propagation delay only.
3.5. Determine the maximum possible longitudinal separation which can exist between a geostationary satellite
and an earth station while maintaining line of-sight communications, assuming the minimum angle of elevation of
the earth
station antenna is 5°. State also the latitude of the earth station.
3.6. An earth station is located at latitude 35°N and longitude 100°W. Calculate the antenna-look angles for a
satellite at 67°W.
3.7. An earth station is located at latitude 12°S and longitude 52°W. Calculate the antenna-look angles for a
satellite at 70°W.
3.8. An earth station is located at latitude 35°N and longitude 65°E. Calculate the antenna-look angles for a
satellite at 19°E.
3.9. An earth station is located at latitude 30°S and longitude 130°E. Calculate the antenna-look angles for a
satellite at 156°E.
3.10. Calculate for your home location the look angles required to receive from the satellite (a) immediately east
and (b) immediately west of your longitude.
Elective Homework
Design and Implementation of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Transmitter and Receiver using MATLAB
Program.

Deadline is 1/12/2018

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