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    Chapter 9

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    aasm4152

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 9

    Uploaded by

    aasm4152
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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Chapter 9

    Uploaded by

    aasm4152

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 25

    Republic of Yemen

    University of Saba Region


    Faculty of IT&CS

    Communications Technology 1
    Lec.9

    Dr. Abdullah Alamr


    Types of PCM
    Outline

    1. PCM
    2. Differential Pulse Code Modulation
    3. Delta Modulation
    4. A-Delta Modulation
    5. LINE CODES
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    Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
    ▪ Pulse
    code modulation (PCM) is produced by analog-to-digital conversion process.
    Quantized PAM

    ▪ As
    in the case of other pulse modulation techniques, the rate at which samples are taken
    and encoded must conform to the Nyquist sampling rate.

    ▪ Thesampling rate must be greater than, twice the highest frequency in the analog signal,
    fs > 2fm(max)
    ▪Telegraph time-division multiplex (TDM) was conveyed as early as 1853, by the
    American inventor M.B. Farmer. The electrical engineer W.M. Miner, in 1903.
    ▪PCM was invented by the British engineer Alec Reeves in 1937 in France.
    ▪It was not until about the middle of 1943 that the Bell Labs people became aware of the
    use of PCM binary coding as already proposed by Alec Reeves.
    Limitations and Modifications of PCM

    Advantages of PCM
    1. Robustness to noise and interference
    2. Efficient regeneration
    3. Efficient SNR and bandwidth trade-off
    4. Uniform format
    5. Ease add and drop

    6. Secure
     a basic digital signaling rate of 64 kbit/s. To carry a typical
    phone call, the audio sound is digitized at an 8 kHz sample
    rate using 8-bit pulse-code modulation.

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    12
    Delta Modulation
     In Delta Modulation, only one bit is
    transmitted per sample
     That bit is a one if the current sample is more
    positive than the previous sample, and a zero
    if it is more negative
     Since so little information is transmitted, delta
    modulation requires higher sampling rates
    than PCM for equal quality of reproduction
    Delta Modulation
     This scheme sends only the difference between
    pulses, if the pulse at time tn+1 is higher in
    amplitude value than the pulse at time tn, then a
    single bit, say a “1”, is used to indicate the
    positive value.
     If the pulse is lower in value, resulting in a
    negative value, a “0” is used.
     This scheme works well for small changes in
    signal values between samples.
     If changes in amplitude are large, this will result
    in large errors.
    Delta Modulation

    The process of delta modulation


    Delta Modulation
    Components of Delta Modulation
    Delta Modulation
     Distortions in DM system
    1. If the slope of analog signal is much higher
    than that of approximated digital signal
    over long duration, than this difference is
    called Slope overload distortion.
    2. The difference between quantized signal
    and original signal is called as Granular
    noise. It is similar to quantization noise.

    10/31/2012 PUNJAB EDUSAT SOCIETY 17 17


    Delta Modulation

    Two types of quantization errors :


    Slope overload distortion and granular
    noise
    Delta Modulation
    Distortions in DM system
    Granular noise occurs when step size▲ is
    large relative to local slope m(t).
    There is a further modification in this
    system,in which step size is not fixed.
    That scheme is known as Adaptive Delta
    Modulation.
    Adaptive Delta Modulation
    A better performance can be achieved if the
    value of ▲ is not fixed.
    The value of ▲ changes according to the
    amplitude of the analog signal.
    It has wide dynamic range due to variable
    step size.
    Also better utilisation of bandwidth as
    compared to delta modulation.
    Improvement in signal to noise ratio.
    Adaptive Delta Modulation

    10/31/2012 Punjab Edusat society 21 21


    Baseband transmission
    To transmit information through physical channels, PCM
    sequences (codewords) are transformed to pulses
    (waveforms).
    ◦ Each waveform carries a symbol from a set of size M.
    ◦ Each transmit symbol represents k = log2 M bits of the PCM
    words.
    ◦ PCM waveforms (line codes) are used for binary symbols (M=2).
    ◦ M-ary pulse modulation are used for non-binary symbols (M>2).

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    Line Codes and Spectra
    Line Code in PCM
    The output of an ADC can be transmited
    over a baseband channel.
    • The digital information must first be
    converted into a physical signal.
    • The physical signal is called a line
    code.
    Line coders use the terminology
    mark to mean binary one and space
    to mean binary zero.

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    DEFINIATION: Binary 1’s and 0’s, such as in PCM signaling, may be
    represented in various serial-bit signaling formats called line codes.
    Binary Line Coding
    There are two major categories: return-to-zero (RZ) and nonreturn-tozero
    (NRZ).
    With RZ coding, the waveform returns to a zero-volt level for a portion
    (usually on-half) of the bit interval.
    Unipolar signaling: “1” -- +A (high level ) “0” -- 0 (zero level)
    polar signaling: “1” -- +A “0” -- -A
    Bipolar signaling: “1” -- alternately positive or negative values “0” -- 0

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    PCM waveforms
    PCM waveforms category:

    ▪ Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) ▪ Phase encoded


    ▪ Return-to-zero (RZ) ▪ Multilevel binary

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