Rate of Reaction 2024-1

Speed of Reaction
Rate of Chemical Change
• Some chemicals react together very quickly – explosive

– as the energy they produce does not have time to
escape, but builds up, resulting in flashes of light and
sound
Measuring speed of reaction:
visible changes
• changes that can be observed:
• When a volume of gas is given off.
• When there is a change in mass during the reaction.
• When there are temperature changes.
• When there are color changes
• When a precipitate forms.
• When there are pH changes

Example of a reaction
• Calcium carbonate (s) + hydrochloric acid (aq) >
calcium chloride (aq) + water (l) + carbon dioxide (g)
• We can monitor the speed of this reaction by

measuring the mass changes every minute
• Or we could monitor the speed of the reaction by
measuring the volume of carbon dioxide given off,
using a gas syringe
Experiments to measure rate of reaction
1. Decrease in mass.
. Setup the apparatus as shown. Place cotton wool in the mouth

of the conical flask to prevent acid spray .
. Record the mass of the conical flask and it's content, then
release the thread and shake the conical flask and start the
stopwatch.
. Record the mass reading every minute and plot the graph of the
mass against time.
2 gas produced
. Setup the apparatus as shown and start the

stopwatch as soon as the reaction starts.
. Record the volume of CO2 gas collected every
minute.
. Plot the graph of volume against time.
Reaction rate
• The reaction rate is given by:
• Change in mass or volume / time taken
• Each graph is a plot of this reaction rate, whose units are either
in grams or cm3 per minute
• The gradient of the graph indicates the speed or rate of reaction
• This rate changes throughout the reaction and is indicated by the
change in gradient
• It is greatest at the beginning, but becomes less as the reaction
proceeds
• Eventually, the reaction stops and the reaction rate becomes zero
(when the graph becomes flat, or gradient = 0)
Factors which affect speed of a
chemical reaction
• Temperature of the reactants
• Concentration of the reactants
• Pressure on the reaction
• Particle size of the reactants
• Presence of a catalyst
• /enzymes
Temperature
• The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of
reaction
• For every 10°C rise in temperature, the rate of
reaction approximately doubles
• Explained by the Collision Theory
• When the temperature is raised, the reactant
particles have a greater heat energy, causing them to
move about more and with a greater kinetic energy
• Therefore they stand a better chance of colliding into
another reactant molecule with sufficient energy to
convert into product molecules
• At lower temperatures, the particles have less kinetic
energy and are less likely to collide with another
reactant molecule with sufficient energy to be
converted into products
Concentration
• The more concentrated the reactants, the faster the
speed of a chemical reaction
• This is because at a higher concentration, there is a
greater likelihood that reacting molecules will collide
with one another with sufficient energy to form
products.
• Hence, pure oxygen is used instead of air in oxygen tents in
hospitals to speed up the recovery of patients
Concentration
Pressure
• The speed of reactions which involve gases is faster at
higher pressure
• higher pressures force the particles closer together and so
their concentration within a certain volume increases
• More collisions therefore occur and the speed of reaction
increases
Particle size
• Smaller particles like powder have a much greater surface
area than larger particles
• With a greater surface area, the other reactants can attack it
more easily and so increase the speed of reaction
• The greater the surface area, the faster the rate of a chemical
reaction
Catalysts
• A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of
chemical reaction, without itself being chemically changed
at the end of the reaction
• Catalysts work by providing a more direct route from
reactants to products
• If we plot energy against time for a reaction, there is an
energy barrier over which the reactants have to pass
• The height of this barrier above the energy of the reactants
is called the activation energy
• Catalysts lower this activation energy so as to allow the
reactants to change into products more quickly.
• Enzymes are proteins that perform same function as
catalyst. Enzymes are biological catalyst, each enzymes has
a catalyzes a specific reaction. Enzymes can only operate at
specific temperature and ph levels.
Catalysts
Examples of catalysts
Catalyst Industrial process
Iron Haber Process for the

manufacture of ammonia
Vanadium (V) oxide Contact Process for manufacture

of sulphur dioxide
Nickel Hydrogenation of alkenes in

margarine manufacture
Platinum Manufacture of nitric acid

Graph of reactions speed
PASTPAPERS QUESTIONS
Q1
Answer q1
. Explanation :
. A increase in concentration, pressure,
temperature will increase the number of
effective collision. However, an increase
in particle size will reduce the number of
particle exposed to the other reactants,
therefore this will decrease the rate of
reaction.
Ans= D
Q2: A Student adds marble chips to Hydrochloric acid?
The mass of flask and content is measured at regular time

intervals.
Which graph show the result?
Explanation
The reaction will release carbon dioxide
therefore the mass will decrease. The mass
will not decrease to zero because calcium
chloride and water will remain in the flask.
Answer =A
Q3: The apparatus shown can be used to find the rate of
some chemical reaction?
The rate of which reaction can be followed using this?
A Ag NO3 + KI
B Mg + HCL
C NaOH + CuSO4
D NaOH + HCL
Explanation
The setup shown to find the rate of reaction uses the

volume of gas released to find rate of reactions.
Therefore, only reactions which release gas can be
tested.
Answer =b

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Speed of Reaction

Rate of Chemical Change

• Some chemicals react together very quickly – explosive

• When a volume of gas is given off.

• When there is a change in mass during the reaction.

• When there are temperature changes.

• When there are color changes

• When a precipitate forms.

• When there are pH changes

• We can monitor the speed of this reaction by

. Setup the apparatus as shown. Place cotton wool in the mouth

. Setup the apparatus as shown and start the

Iron Haber Process for the

Vanadium (V) oxide Contact Process for manufacture

Nickel Hydrogenation of alkenes in

Platinum Manufacture of nitric acid

The mass of flask and content is measured at regular time

The rate of which reaction can be followed using this?

The setup shown to find the rate of reaction uses the

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