A circular economy model for bioenergy in America

producing biofertilizers, biogas and biohydrogen from

municipal solid waste and farm animal manure with a
thermo-economic analysis.
First Author, Highest Degree1, Second Author, Highest Degree2, and Third Author, Highest Degree1
1
First and Third Author’s University, Country, [email protected],[email protected]
2
Second Author’s University, Country, [email protected]

Abstract– The instructions give the basic guidelines for Uppercase

a

preparing papers for the LEIRD conference proceedings adapted

from the IEEE 2-Column format for conference proceedings. You B. Preparing Your PDF Paper for Indexing
can use this document for the instructions and as a template into LEIRD Proceedings are currently indexed by EBSCO.
which you can type your own text over the given text or select the We are in the process of obtaining additional indexing, which
preset styles (shown in parentheses). Full paper submissions are may require additional instructions for the final version of the
limited to 10 pages maximum, and extended abstracts to 2 pages. refereed papers. This section will contain further information
Keywords-- List at most 5 key index terms here. as we obtain new indexing for the proceedings.
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1) II. HELPFUL HINTS
Your goal is to simulate the appearance of papers A. Figures and Tables
published in IEEE conference proceedings [1], with changes Try to position figures and tables at the tops and bottoms
to style of the author-institution-email sections, as shown of columns. Large figures and tables may span across both
here. Any questions should be sent to the technical columns. Center figure captions below the figures; center
committee chair, email can be found in LEIRD’s MyReview table captions above the table. Avoid placing figures and
submission site. tables before their first mention in the text. Use the
abbreviation “Fig. #,” even at the beginning of a sentence.
A. Preparing Your Paper (Heading 2) For labeling axis on graphs use words rather than
1) Paper Size: US letter size, 8.5” x 11”(210 x 297 mm). symbols. For example, as shown in Fig. 1, write
2) Type Sizes and Typefaces: Follow the font type sizes “Magnetization,” or “Magnetization (M)” not just “M.” Put
in Table I. The font type sizes are given in MS Word font units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with units and
size points. Times New Roman is the preferred font. clearly show multipliers. In the example, write
3) Paper Margins: Set top = 0.75” (19.05mm), bottom = “Magnetization (kA/m)” or “Magnetization (10 3 Am-1).” Do
Magnetization (kA/m)

1” (25.4mm), side = 0.625” (15.875mm). Each column not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For
measures 3.5 inches wide, with a 0.25-inch gap in between. example, write “Temperature (K),” not “Temperature/K.”
4) Paper Styles: Left- and right-justify the columns. On Figure labels should be legible, at 8-point type.
the last page of your paper, adjust the lengths of the columns
so that they are equal. Use automatic hyphenation and check 15
spelling and grammar. Use high resolution (300dpi or above)
figures, plots, drawings and photos for best printing result.
10
TABLE I
Type Size for Papers
Type Appearance 5
size
(pts.) Regular Bold Italic
6 Table superscripts
0
Section titlesa, references, tables,
table namesa, table captions, 0 2 4 6
8
figure captions, footnotes, text Applied Field (103 A/m)
subscripts, and superscripts
Fig. 1 Magnetization as a function of applied field.
9 Abstract, Index Terms
Note caption is centered below figures, but above tables.
Authors' affiliations, main text,
10 equations, first letter in section Subheading
titlesa B. References
DigitalAuthors'
11 Object names
Identifier: (only for full papers, inserted by LEIRD). Number citations consecutively in square brackets [2].
ISSN,Paper
22 ISBN:title
(to be inserted by LEIRD). Punctuation follows the bracket [3]. Refer simply to the
DO NOT REMOVE

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reference number, as in [4]. Use “Ref. [4]” or “Reference text: “…a few henries,” not “…a few H.” If your native
[4]” at the beginning of a sentence: “Reference [4] was the language is not English, try to get a native English-speaking
first …” colleague to proofread your paper.
Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the
actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was
cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters
III. UNITS
for table footnotes (see Table I). For journal volumes cite in
this format: “IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 25,” not “vol. MAG- Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units
25.” are encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary
Give all authors’ names; use “et al.” if there are six units (in parentheses). An exception would be the use of
authors or more [5]. Papers that have not been published, English units as identifiers in trade, such as “3.5-inch disk
even if they have been submitted for publication, should be drive.”
cited as “unpublished” [5]. Papers that have been accepted Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in
for publication should be cited as “in press” [6]. In a paper amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to
title, capitalize the first word and all other words except for confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If
conjunctions, prepositions less than seven letters, and you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each
prepositional phrases. quantity that you use in an equation.
For papers published in translated journals, first give the
IV. SOME COMMON MISTAKES
English citation, then the original foreign-language one [7].
The word “data” is plural, not singular. In American
C. Abbreviations and Acronyms
English, periods and commas are within quotation marks,
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they
like “this period.” A parenthetical statement at the end of a
are used in the text, even if they have been defined in the
sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like
abstract. Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are
this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the
unavoidable.
parentheses.) A graph within a graph is an “inset,” not an
D. Equations “insert.” The word alternatively is preferred to the word
Number equations consecutively with equation numbers “alternately” (unless you mean something that alternates). Do
in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). To make not use the word “essentially” to mean “approximately” or
your equations more compact, you may use the solidus (/) “effectively.” Be aware of the different meanings of the
and the exp function, etc. Italicize Roman symbols for homophones “affect” and “effect,” “complement” and
quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use an en “compliment,” “discreet” and “discrete,” “principal” and
dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-) for a minus sign. Use “principle.” Do not confuse “imply” and “infer.” The prefix
parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate “non” is not a word; it should be joined to the word it
equations with commas or periods when they are part of a modifies, usually without a hyphen. There is no period after
sentence, as in the “et” in the Latin abbreviation “et al.” The abbreviation
“i.e.” means “that is,” and the abbreviation “e.g.” means “for
. example.” An excellent style manual for science writers is
[8].
(1) ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Symbols in your equation should be defined before the The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in
equation appears or immediately following. Cite equations America is without an “e” after the “g.” Try to avoid the
using “(1),” not Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),” except at the stilted expression, “One of us (R. B. G.) thanks …” Instead,
beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is …” try “R.B.G. thanks …” Put sponsor acknowledgments in the
E. Other Recommendations unnumbered footnote on the first page.
The Roman numerals used to number the section REFERENCES
headings are optional. Do not number ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [1] Manuscript Templates for Conference Proceedings, IEEE.
and REFERENCES and begin Subheadings with letters. Use two http://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/publishing/template
spaces after periods (full stops). Hyphenate complex s.html
modifiers: “zero-field-cooled magnetization.” Avoid [2] M. King, B. Zhu, and S. Tang, “Optimal path planning,” Mobile Robots,
vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 520-531, March 2001.
dangling participles, such as, “Using (1), the potential was [3] H. Simpson, Dumb Robots, 3rd ed., Springfield: UOS Press, 2004, pp.6-9.
calculated.” Write instead, “The potential was calculated [4] M. King and B. Zhu, “Gaming strategies,” in Path Planning to the West,
using (1),” or “Using (1), we calculated the potential.” vol. II, S. Tang and M. King, Eds. Xian: Jiaoda Press, 1998, pp. 158-176.
[5] B. Simpson, et al, “Title of paper goes here if known,” unpublished.
Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25,” not “.25.” Use [6] J.-G. Lu, “Title of paper with only the first word capitalized,” J. Name
“cm3,” not “cc.” Do not mix complete spellings and Stand. Abbrev., in press.
abbreviations of units: “Wb/m 2” or “webers per square [7] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy
studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE
meter,” not “webers/m 2.” Spell units when they appear in

4th LACCEI International Multiconference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development - LEIRD 2024
“Creating solutions for a sustainable future: technology-based entrepreneurship” - Virtual Edition, December 2 – 4, 2024 2
 Translated J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 [Digest 9th
Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].
[8] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook, Mill Valley, CA:
University Science, 1989.

4th LACCEI International Multiconference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development - LEIRD 2024
“Creating solutions for a sustainable future: technology-based entrepreneurship” - Virtual Edition, December 2 – 4, 2024 3