BIOLOGY TEST AND MARKING GUIDE LEUCK PEREZ

1. What is Biology?
Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function,
growth, evolution, distribution, and interactions.
2. Five Branches of Biology
1. Botany: The study of plants.

2. Zoology: The study of animals.
3. Microbiology: The study of microorganisms.
4. Genetics: The study of genes and heredity.
5. Ecology: The study of how organisms interact with their environment.
3. Five Ways Why Biology is Useful
1. Medical Advances: Understanding biology leads to the development of medicines

and treatments.
2. Environmental Conservation: Helps in preserving biodiversity and ecosystems.
3. Agriculture: Improves crop production and pest control.
4. Biotechnology: Development of products like biofuels, biodegradable plastics, and
genetically modified organisms.
5. Understanding Life: Provides insights into the functioning and diversity of life on
Earth.
4. Where is the Origin of Biology?
The term "biology" is derived from the Greek words "bios" (meaning life) and "logos"
(meaning study). The foundations of biology can be traced back to ancient civilizations, but it
became a distinct scientific field in the 19th century.
5. Explain the Process Through the Following:
A. Respiration
Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose and oxygen. It involves
breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy). This can occur
through aerobic respiration (with oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (without oxygen).
6. What is Genetics?
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation. It explains how traits are
passed from parents to offspring and how they evolve over time.
7. Ten Reasons Why We Learn Genetics
1. Understand Heredity: To learn how traits are inherited.

2. Medical Research: To identify genetic disorders and develop treatments.
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3. Agricultural Improvements: To create better crop varieties.
4. Forensic Science: To solve crimes using DNA evidence.
5. Evolutionary Biology: To understand species evolution.
6. Disease Prevention: To predict and prevent genetic diseases.
7. Personalized Medicine: To tailor treatments based on genetic profiles.
8. Biodiversity Conservation: To protect genetic diversity.
9. Developmental Biology: To study how organisms develop from a single cell.
10. Biotechnology: To develop new technologies and products.
8. What is Taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms into a structured system based on their
similarities and differences.
9. What is Classification?
Classification is the systematic arrangement of organisms into categories based on their

characteristics and relationships.
10. Two Types of Classification
1. Artificial Classification: Based on observable characteristics.

2. Natural Classification: Based on evolutionary relationships.
11. Two Kinds of Respiration
1. Aerobic Respiration: Uses oxygen to produce energy.

2. Anaerobic Respiration: Does not use oxygen and produces less energy.
12. Two Forms of Nutrition
1. Autotrophic Nutrition: Organisms produce their own food (e.g., plants).

2. Heterotrophic Nutrition: Organisms consume other organisms for food (e.g.,
animals).
13. Describe the Following Terms:
A. Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.
B. Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the classification of organisms into groups based on their characteristics.
C. Respiration
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Respiration is the process of converting glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and
water.
D. Nutrition
Nutrition is the process by which organisms take in and utilize food and nutrients.
E. Locomotion
Locomotion is the movement of an organism from one place to another.
F. Reproduction
Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced.
14. What is a Cell?
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
15. Four Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Simple cells without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).

2. Eukaryotic Cells: Complex cells with a nucleus (e.g., plant and animal cells).
3. Red Blood Cells: Specialized cells that carry oxygen.
4. Nerve Cells: Cells that transmit nerve impulses.
16. Why Are Cells Useful?
Cells are useful because they carry out all the functions necessary for life, including growth,
reproduction, and response to the environment.
17. Who is a Biologist?
A biologist is a scientist who studies living organisms and their relationship to the
environment.
18. Give the characteristics of structure of a Cell Membrane
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, has several key characteristics that
contribute to its structure and function:
1. Phospholipid Bilayer: The cell membrane is primarily composed of a double layer of

phospholipids. Each phospholipid molecule has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and
two hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. This arrangement allows the membrane to form
a stable barrier between the interior of the cell and its external environment.
2. Fluid Mosaic Model: The cell membrane is described by the fluid mosaic model,
which suggests that the membrane is flexible and fluid, with various proteins and
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other molecules embedded within the lipid bilayer. This model explains the dynamic
nature of the cell membrane, allowing it to change shape and move.
3. Selective Permeability: The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in
and out of the cell. It is selectively permeable, meaning it allows certain molecules to
pass through while blocking others. This selective permeability is crucial for
maintaining the cell's internal environment.
4. Membrane Proteins: The cell membrane contains various proteins that serve
different functions. Integral proteins span the entire membrane and are involved in
transport and communication. Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface of the
membrane and play roles in signaling and structural support.
5. Cholesterol: Cholesterol molecules are interspersed within the phospholipid bilayer.
They help to stabilize the membrane's fluidity, making it less permeable to very small
water-soluble molecules that might otherwise pass freely through.
6. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrate molecules are attached to proteins (forming
glycoproteins) and lipids (forming glycolipids) on the outer surface of the cell
membrane. These carbohydrates are involved in cell recognition and signaling,
helping cells to communicate and adhere to each other.
7. Lipid Rafts: These are specialized, cholesterol-rich microdomains within the cell
membrane that compartmentalize cellular processes. They play a key role in
organizing signaling molecules, influencing membrane fluidity, and facilitating
membrane protein trafficking.
19. Give the characteristics of structure of a Cell Vacuole
The cell vacuole is an essential organelle found predominantly in plant cells and some
protists, fungi, and animals. Here are its key characteristics and structural features:
1. Membrane-Bound
 Tonoplast: The vacuole is enclosed by a membrane called the tonoplast, which

controls the movement of ions, nutrients, and waste materials into and out of the
vacuole.
2. Large Central Vacuole
 In plant cells, the vacuole often occupies a large part of the cell's volume and can push
the nucleus and other organelles toward the cell periphery.
3. Storage
 Vacuoles serve as storage compartments for various substances including:

o Water: Helps maintain cell turgor pressure.
o Nutrients: Stores important nutrients like amino acids, sugars, and ions.
o Waste Products: Accumulates metabolic waste, which can be harmful to the
cell if left in the cytoplasm.
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o Pigments: Contains pigments that give flowers and fruits their color.
o Toxins: Stores toxic compounds that can protect the plant from herbivores.
4. Maintains Turgor Pressure
 The vacuole helps maintain the cell's turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell
contents against the cell wall. This is crucial for maintaining the plant's structural
integrity.
5. pH and Ion Homeostasis
 The vacuole plays a critical role in maintaining the cell's pH and ion balance by
sequestering ions and maintaining an acidic environment necessary for certain cellular
processes.
6. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
 Contains hydrolytic enzymes that help in the breakdown of macromolecules and

cellular debris, akin to the lysosome in animal cells.
7. Role in Plant Growth
 Vacuoles are involved in cell elongation by absorbing water and expanding, which
helps plants grow.
8. Protection Against Pathogens
 By sequestering harmful substances and producing defensive compounds, vacuoles

can help protect the plant from pathogens and herbivores.
These characteristics highlight the multifunctional nature of vacuoles, particularly in plant

cells, where they are essential for maintaining homeostasis, structural support, and storage.
20. What is a Chromosome?
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule that contains genetic information. They are located
in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Written by AMAHIRWE NSHIMIYIMANA LEUCK JEAN PEREZ
SENIOR TWO BIOLOGY

SECONDARY SCHOOL

BIOLOGY TEST AND MARKING GUIDE LEUCK PEREZ

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1. What is Biology?

2. Five Branches of Biology

1. Botany: The study of plants.

3. Five Ways Why Biology is Useful

1. Medical Advances: Understanding biology leads to the development of medicines

4. Where is the Origin of Biology?

5. Explain the Process Through the Following:

7. Ten Reasons Why We Learn Genetics

1. Understand Heredity: To learn how traits are inherited.

Classification is the systematic arrangement of organisms into categories based on their

10. Two Types of Classification

1. Artificial Classification: Based on observable characteristics.

11. Two Kinds of Respiration

1. Aerobic Respiration: Uses oxygen to produce energy.

12. Two Forms of Nutrition

1. Autotrophic Nutrition: Organisms produce their own food (e.g., plants).

13. Describe the Following Terms:

Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.

Taxonomy is the classification of organisms into groups based on their characteristics.

SENIOR TWO BIOLOGY

Locomotion is the movement of an organism from one place to another.

14. What is a Cell?

15. Four Types of Cells

1. Prokaryotic Cells: Simple cells without a nucleus (e.g., bacteria).

16. Why Are Cells Useful?

17. Who is a Biologist?

18. Give the characteristics of structure of a Cell Membrane

1. Phospholipid Bilayer: The cell membrane is primarily composed of a double layer of

19. Give the characteristics of structure of a Cell Vacuole

 Tonoplast: The vacuole is enclosed by a membrane called the tonoplast, which

2. Large Central Vacuole

 Vacuoles serve as storage compartments for various substances including:

4. Maintains Turgor Pressure

5. pH and Ion Homeostasis

 Contains hydrolytic enzymes that help in the breakdown of macromolecules and

7. Role in Plant Growth

8. Protection Against Pathogens

 By sequestering harmful substances and producing defensive compounds, vacuoles

These characteristics highlight the multifunctional nature of vacuoles, particularly in plant

20. What is a Chromosome?

Written by AMAHIRWE NSHIMIYIMANA LEUCK JEAN PEREZ

SENIOR TWO BIOLOGY

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