Lesson 10 - General Chemistry 1

ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
 Organic Compounds
What are Organic Compounds?
The compounds in solid, liquid or gaseous states which
contain carbon in their molecule are known as organic
compounds they are covalently linked to atoms of other
elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or
nitrogen.

The few carbon-containing compounds not classified

as organic include carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.
 Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds in Daily Life
All things on Earth (and most likely elsewhere in the universe) that
can be described as living have a crucial dependence on organic
compounds.
fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
hemoglobin, chlorophyll, enzymes, hormones, and vitamins.
wool, silk, and synthetic fibres; common fuels, such as wood, coal,
petroleum, and natural gas
components of protective coatings, such as varnishes, paints,
lacquers, and enamels; antibiotics and synthetic drugs
natural and synthetic rubber; dyes; plastics; and pesticides.
 The Carbon Atom

The carbon atom is unique among elements in

its tendency to form extensive networks of covalent
bonds not only with other elements but also with
itself.
Because of its position midway in the second
horizontal row of the periodic table, carbon is neither
an electropositive nor an electronegative element; it
therefore is more likely to share electrons than to
gain or lose them.
 The Carbon Atom

A Carbon Atom is defined as the sixth element in the

periodic table with an atomic number of 6, consisting
of six protons and six electrons.
Carbon is the most crucial structural element and the
reason we are known as carbon-based life forms.
It is the basic building block required to form proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats. Breaking carbon bonds in
carbohydrates and proteins is our primary energy
source.
 Models of Organic Chemistry

Molecular models are simply

representations of the
connectivity or structure of a
molecule.
They are used to help 2
2

visualize how molecules are2

structured, predict the

physical characteristics of
the molecules, and predict
the chemical properties of
the molecules.
 Models of Organic Chemistry
1. Molecular Formula -

2. Structural Formula -

3. Line Structure -

4. Ball and Stick -

 Functional Groups

A functional group is a group

of atoms or bonds inside a
substance that is responsible
for the substance’s unique
chemical reactions in organic
chemistry.
Regardless of the chemical in
which it is found, the same
functional group will behave
similarly and experience
comparable reactions.
 Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon, any of a class of

organic chemical compounds
composed only of the elements
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).
The carbon atoms join together
to form the framework of the
compound, and the hydrogen
atoms attach to them in many
different configurations.
Hydrocarbons
IUPAC
IUPAC
 Alkanes
Alkanes are saturated
hydrocarbons with the general
formula
where n signifies the number
of carbon atoms​
All alkanes end in the suffix “-
ane” but have different
prefixes​.
The prefix to use depends on
the number of linking carbon
and hydrogen atoms​
 Alkanes
Physical Properties:
They often have low melting and boiling points. However,
as the chain gets longer and more atoms form bonds with
the parent chain, the melting and boiling points increases.​
They are colorless and odorless.​​

Chemical Properties:
They are relatively unreactive chemical compounds.​
They combust rapidly with oxygen and release energy in
the process.​
In the presence of ultraviolet light, alkanes react readily
with halogens​
Alkanes
 Alkenes
Unsaturated
hydrocarbons with at
least one double carbon-
carbon bond (=)​
The general formula for
alkene is
All alkenes end in the
suffix “-ene” but have
different prefixes​
 Alkynes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons
with at least one triple
carbon-carbon bond(≡)
The general formula for
alkyne is
All alkanes end in the suffix
“-yne” but have different
prefixes​
 Benzene
Hydrocarbons that contain
the benzene ring are known
as aromatic hydrocarbons.​
Aromatic hydrocarbons
and compounds are so-
called because of their
usually pungent fragrance.
A regular hexagonal
structure with carbon and
hydrogen bonds at each
corner.
 other Function Groups
Alkyls
saturated hydrocarbons with
missing one (1) hydrogen
atom
All alkyls end in the suffix “-yl”
but have different prefixes
 other Function Groups
Alkoxy
Alkyl bonded with oxygen​
The general formula for
alkyne is ​R-O​
Where R is radical
(molecule with one
unpaired electron – alkyl)​
All alkanes end in the suffix
“-oxy” but have different
prefixes​
 other Function Groups
Alcohols Aldehydes/Alkanals
Any compound/radical with Any compound/radical with
hydroxyl group (OH-)​ carbonyl group (CHO-)​
Name usually ends in -ol Name usually ends in –al or
-aldehyde
 other Function Groups
Carboxylic Acids Ester
Any compound/radical with Carboxylic acid or alcohol
carboxylic group (COOH-)​ bonded with oxygen-alkoxy
Name usually ends in –ic or group​
–ioc acid​ Name usually ends in -oate​
 other Function Groups
Amine Amide
Organic compounds Organic compounds
containing nitrogen and containing double bonded
two (2) lone pairs​ oxygen to carbon and an
Name usually starts in amino group.​
amino- or usually ends in - Name usually ends
amine in -amide​
 Chemical Reactions

Organic reactions require the

breaking of strong covalent
bonds, which takes a
considerable input of energy.
In order for relatively stable
organic molecules to react at a
reasonable rate, they often
must be modified with the use
of highly reactive materials or
in the presence of a catalyst.
 Chemical Reactions
1. Combustion of Organic Fuels
Process which converts
hydrocarbons, compounds
containing hydrogen and
carbon, yielding carbon dioxide
and water only as products.
This reaction converts potential
energy of fuels into kinetic
energy, an obvious example of
oxidation and reduction.
 Chemical Reactions
2. Addition
Reaction of alkene/alkyne with
certain reagents, breaking the
multiple bonds of C-C and
forming two new single bonds.
a. Bromination – The double bond
of an alkene will undergo an
addition reaction with aqueous
bromine to give a dibromo
compound.
 Chemical Reactions
2. Addition
b. Hydrogenation – Reacting the
alkene with hydrogen gas at a high
temperature and high pressure
with the catalyst nickel to hasten
the reaction.
 Chemical Reactions
3. Condensation
Reaction between a dicarboxylic acid with dialcohol
or diamine which yields a polymer and water as the
end.
 Chemical Reactions
4. Sapofinication of fats
Saponification means "soap-
making" and is a reaction in which
a fat, or oil, is turned into a salt of a
carboxylic acid.
 Polymers and Biomolecules

A polymer is any of a class of

natural or synthetic substances
composed of very large molecules,
called macromolecules, which are
multiples of simpler chemical units
called monomers.
Polymers make up many of the
materials in living organisms and
are the basis of many minerals and
man-made materials.
Mostly Hydrocarbons
 Application of Polymers
1. Medicine: Polymers like Dacron and Teflon are used to create
biomaterials for heart valve replacements and artificial blood vessels
due to their durability and compatibility with the human body.
2. Consumer Products: Lightweight and cost-effective plastic
containers of various shapes and sizes are commonly used as
alternatives to traditional materials.
3. Industry: Polymers are widely used in the industrial market for
manufacturing automobile parts, pipes, tanks, packing materials,
and adhesives due to their versatility and strength.
4. Sports and Recreation: Polymers are essential for producing
playground equipment, golf clubs, swimming pools, and protective
helmets because of their lightweight, durable, and impact-resistant
properties.
 Application of Polymers
1. Medicine: Polymers like Dacron and Teflon are used to create
biomaterials for heart valve replacements and artificial blood vessels
due to their durability and compatibility with the human body.
2. Consumer Products: Lightweight and cost-effective plastic
containers of various shapes and sizes are commonly used as
alternatives to traditional materials.
3. Industry: Polymers are widely used in the industrial market for
manufacturing automobile parts, pipes, tanks, packing materials,
and adhesives due to their versatility and strength.
4. Sports and Recreation: Polymers are essential for producing
playground equipment, golf clubs, swimming pools, and protective
helmets because of their lightweight, durable, and impact-resistant
properties.
 Types of Polymers
1. Natural Polymers
They occur naturally and
are found in plants and
animals. For example,
proteins, starch, cellulose
and rubber.
To add up, we also have
biodegradable polymers
called biopolymers.
 Types of Polymers
2. Semi-synthetic
They are derived from
naturally occurring
polymers and undergo
further chemical
modification.
For example, cellulose
nitrate and cellulose
acetate.
 Types of Polymers
3. Synthetic
These are human-made
polymers.
Plastic is the most
common and widely used
synthetic polymer.
It is used in industries and
various dairy products. For
example, nylon-6, 6,
polyether, etc.
Assignment

Do a research about Polymer Technology​. Its

functions, properties, different types and
significance in our world and daily life.

Printed, Short bond paper​

Five (5) reference. Reference/URL should be
included in the assignment​.