Medical

Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation Medical Physics
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart
A/Prof. Tran Hoai Nam

2021

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 The Motion of Fluids

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam
Bernoulli’s equation
Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart
Circulation of the blood

Blood pressure

Power produced by the heart

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 Bernoulli’s equation

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam
• Bernoulli’s equation gives the relationship between
Motion of
Fluids velocity, pressure, and elevation in a line of flow.
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
• Bernoulli’s equation states that at any point in the
Circulation of the
blood channel of a flowing fluid the following relationship holds:
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart 1
P + ρgh + ρv 2 = Const. (1)
2
• P is the pressure in the fluid, h is the height, ρ is the
density, and v is the velocity

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 Bernoulli’s equation

Medical
Physics • Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe consisting of two
A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam
segments with cross sectional areas A1 and A2,
respectively
Motion of
Fluids A1 v1 = A2 v2 (2)
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity • the relationship between P, ρ, h, and v at points 1 and 2
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
1 1
Power produced by
the heart P1 + ρgh + ρv12 = P2 + ρgh + ρv22 (3)
2 2

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 Bernoulli’s equation

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
•
1 1
Hoai Nam
P1 + ρv12 = P2 + ρv22 (4)
Motion of
2 2
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Because v2 = (A1/A2)v1, the pressure in segment 2 is
Viscosity
Circulation of the
1 A1
P2 = P1 − ρv12 [( )2 − 1]
blood
Blood pressure (5)
Power produced by 2 A2
the heart

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 Viscosity

Medical
Physics
• In a real fluid, the molecules attract each other ⇒ relative
A/Prof. Tran
motion between the fluid molecules is opposed by a
Hoai Nam
frictional force, called viscous friction.
Motion of • The velocity is highest at the center and decreases toward
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation the walls; at the walls the fluid is stationary.
Viscosity
Circulation of the • Such fluid flow is called laminar
blood
Blood pressure • Unit: N.s/cm2 or called poise
Power produced by
the heart

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 Viscosity

Medical
Physics
• the rate of laminar flow Q is
A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam
πR4 (P1 − P2 )
Motion of Q= (cm3 /s) (6)
Fluids 8ηL
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Circulation of the where P1 − P2 is the difference between the fluid pressures
blood
Blood pressure at the two ends of the cylinder and η is the coefficient of
Power produced by
the heart viscosity
• Pressure drop along a length L of the pipe

Q8ηL
P1 − P2 = (7)
πR4

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 Viscosity

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart

8 / 27
 Problem 1

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
• 8-1. Calculate the pressure drop per centimeter length of
Circulation of the
blood the aorta when the blood flow rate is 25 liter/min. The
Blood pressure
Power produced by radius of the aorta is about 1 cm, and the coefficient of
viscosity of blood is 4 × 10−2 poise.
the heart

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 Problem 1

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of • 8-1. Calculate the pressure drop per centimeter length of

Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation the aorta when the blood flow rate is 25 liter/min. The
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
radius of the aorta is about 1 cm, and the coefficient of
Blood pressure viscosity of blood is 4 × 10−2 poise.
Power produced by
the heart
• Pressure drop
Q8ηL
P1 − P2 = (8)
πR4

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 Problem 2

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity • 8-2. Compute the drop in blood pressure along a 30-cm
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
length of artery of radius 0.5 cm. Assume that the artery
Power produced by
the heart carries blood at a rate of 8 liter/ min.

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 Problem 2

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids • 8-2. Compute the drop in blood pressure along a 30-cm
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity length of artery of radius 0.5 cm. Assume that the artery
Circulation of the
blood carries blood at a rate of 8 liter/ min.
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart
Q8ηL
P1 − P2 = (9)
πR4

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 Turbulent flow

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam • If the velocity of a fluid is increased past a critical point,
Motion of the flow becomes turbulent
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart

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 Turbulent flow

Medical • In a cylindrical pipe the critical flow velocity vc above

Physics

A/Prof. Tran
which the flow is turbulent,
Hoai Nam
Rη
vc = (10)
Motion of ρD
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation • D is the diameter of the cylinder, ρ is the density of the
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
fluid, and η is the viscosity. R is the Reynold’s number,
Blood pressure which for most fluids has a value between 2000 and 3000.
Power produced by
the heart • The frictional forces in turbulent flow are greater than in
laminar flow.

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 Circulation of the blood

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart

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 Circulation of the blood

Medical • Plumbing system: heart = pump, veins, arteries, and

Physics

A/Prof. Tran
capillaries = pipes
Hoai Nam • In reality: veins, arteries are not rigid pipes but elastic
Motion of
• Blood: bring oxygen, nutrients, vital substances to cells,
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
remove metabolic waste products from the cells
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart

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 Circulation of the blood

Medical
Physics • Blood leaves heart by arteries and returns to it by veins
A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam
• Heart consists two pumps: atrium and ventricle controlled
by valves at lungs the thin capillary wall to the tissue
Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart

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 Blood pressure

Medical
Physics
• The maximum pressure driving the blood at the peak of
A/Prof. Tran
the pulse is called the systolic pressure. The lowest blood
Hoai Nam
pressure between the pulses is called the diastolic pressure.
Motion of • In a young healthy individual the systolic pressure is about
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation 120 torr (mm Hg) and the diastolic pressure is about 80
Viscosity
Circulation of the torr usually expressed as 120/80.
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart

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 Blood pressure

Medical
Physics •
A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
the heart

19 / 27
 Power produced by the heart

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of • The power PH produced by the heart is the product of the

Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation flow rate Q and the energy E per unit volume of the blood
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
PH = Q × E (11)
Power produced by
the heart
• At rest, when the blood flow rate is 5 liter/min, or 83. 4
cm3 /s, the kinetic energy of the blood flowing through
the aorta is 3.33 × 103 erg/cm3 .

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 Problem 3

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
• 8-3. How high a column of blood can an arterial pressure
of 100 torr support? (The density of blood is 1.05g/cm3 .)
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure 1torr = 1mmHg
= 1.33 × 103 dyn/cm2
Power produced by
the heart

= 1.33 × 102 P a(N/m2 )

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 Problem 3

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of • 8-3. How high a column of blood can an arterial pressure

Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation of 100 torr support? (The density of blood is 1. 05
Viscosity
Circulation of the g/cm3.) 1torr = 1mmHg
blood
Blood pressure = 1.33 × 103 dyn/cm2
= 1.33 × 102 P a(N/m2 )
Power produced by
the heart

• Hint
P = ρgh

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 Problem 4

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation • 8-5. (a) Show that if the pressure drop remains constant,
Viscosity
Circulation of the reduction of the radius of the arteriole from 0.1 to 0.08
blood
Blood pressure mm decreases the blood flow by more than a factor of 2.
Power produced by
the heart (b) Calculate the decrease in the radius required to reduce
the blood flow by 90%.

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 Problem 4

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam • 8-5. (a) Show that if the pressure drop remains constant,
Motion of
reduction of the radius of the arteriole from 0.1 to 0.08
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
mm decreases the blood flow by more than a factor of 2.
Viscosity (b) Calculate the decrease in the radius required to reduce
Circulation of the
blood
Blood pressure
the blood flow by 90%.
Power produced by
the heart • Hint
Q8ηL πR4
∆P = ⇒ Q = ∆P (12)
πR4 Q8ηL
Q1 R4
= 14 (13)
Q2 R2

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 Problem 5

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
• 8-6. Compute the average velocity of the blood in the
Blood pressure
Power produced by
aorta of radius 1 cm if the flow rate is 5 liter/min.
the heart

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 Problem 5

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation • 8-6. Compute the average velocity of the blood in the
Viscosity
Circulation of the
blood
aorta of radius 1 cm if the flow rate is 5 liter/min.
Blood pressure
Power produced by
• Hint
Q = Avt; A = πR2
the heart
(14)

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 HOMEWORKS

Medical
Physics

A/Prof. Tran
Hoai Nam

Motion of
Fluids
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Circulation of the • Chapter 8, page 93
blood
Blood pressure
Power produced by
• Problems 8.7, 8.8, 8.9
the heart

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