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A Project Report
(Phase 2)
On
MITIGATING VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS IN HYBRID PV-WIND
SYSTEM USING BESS AND SMES-INTEGRATED DYNAMIC
VOLTAGE RESTORER
.
Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award
of the degree of
Master of Technology
In
POWER ELECTRONICS
By
P. SINDHUJA (22751D4301)
Under the Guidance of

Dr. V. MAHESWARI, M.Tech, Ph.D,
PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF EEE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Autonomous & NBA Accredited (ECE & CSE)
CHITTOOR-517 127
(2022-2024)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Autonomous & NBA Accredited (ECE & CSE)
CHITTOOR-517 127
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report (Phase-2) entitled “ MITIGATING
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS IN HYBRID PV WIND SYSTEMS USING BESS
AND SMES- INTEGRATING DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER ” that is being
submitted by P.SINDHUJA (22751D4301), in partial fulfilment for the award of the
Degree of Master of Technology in POWER ELECTRONICS to the Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University Anantapuramu, Anantapuramu is a record of bonafide
work carried out under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this
project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award
of any degree.
Dr.V.Maheswari, M.Tech, Ph.D, Dr.V.Maheswari, M.Tech, Ph.D,

Project Supervisor Head of the Department
Submitted for Viva-Voce Examination held on_________________
Internal Examiner External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work was made possible with the help
and guidance received from various quarters. I would like to avail this opportunity to
express my sincere thanks and gratitude to all of them.
I would like to express the profound gratitude to our chairman Sri. K.

Ranganatham garu and our beloved Principal Dr. N. VENKATACHALAPATHY
M.Tech., Ph.D., PGDPE(CIPET)., PGDI RPM., F.I.E., for giving me the opportunity
to embark upon this topic and for their continued encouragement throughout this project.
I express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. M. SARAVANAN M.Tech., Ph.D.,

Professor & Dean Academics for providing excellent support to complete this project.
I thank my Project Guide Dr.V.Maheswari, M.Tech., Ph.D., Professor & Head

of the Department of EEE and Project coordinator of EEE for their continuous support
for the betterment of this project work. I would like to extend my gratitude to all those
who are directly and indirectly helped me in the completion of the project.
Finally, I thank the teaching faculty and non-teaching staff of the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for giving their advices and their help during the
course of the project.
P. SINDHUJA (22751D4301)
MITIGATING VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS IN HYBRID PV-WIND SYSTEM USING BESS & SMES- INTEGRATED
DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER
SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ANDMANAGEMENT

STUDIES (AUTONOMOUS)
Institute Vision
To emerge as a Centre of Excellence for Learning and Research in the domains of Artificial
Engineering, Machine Learning, Data Science.
Institute Mission
▪ Provide congenial academic ambience with state-art of resources for learning and research.
▪ Ignite the students to acquire self-reliance on the latest technologies.
▪ Un leash and encourage the potential and creativity of students.
▪ Inculcate confidence to face and experience new challenges.
▪ Faster enterprising spirit among students.
▪ Work collaboratively with technical Institutes / Universities / Industries of National and

International repute
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VISION
To excel in the domains of electrical and electronics engineering through academic excellence,
research innovation, actively addressing challenges, developing sustainable solutions, and making a
positive societal impact, with the aim of further strengthening research and promoting holistic
development among students.excel in the domains of electrical and electronics engineering
through academic
MISSION
M 1: Provide congenial academic ambience with necessary infrastructure and learning resources.
M2: Inculcate confidence to face and experience new challenges from industry and society.
M3: Ignite the students to acquire self-reliance in State-of-the-Art Technologies
M4: Foster Enterprising spirit among students
IV
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES(PEOs):
After few years of graduation, the, graduates of Electrical and Electronics Engineering shall
PEO1: To cultivate graduates of the EEE program with a strong foundation in electrical and
electronics engineering principles and practices, equipping them with the knowledge and skills
necessary for successful careers or further studies in the field (Competent Professional)
PEO2: To develop graduates who can conduct research, innovate, and apply their knowledge
effectively to address real-world challenges in electrical and electronics engineering, contributing to
technological advancements and sustainable solutions (Innovative Engineers)
PEO3: To foster graduates who demonstrate professionalism, ethical conduct, leadership qualities,
effective communication, and teamwork skills, enabling them to make a Positive societal impact,
engage in lifelong learning, and adapt to the evolving needs of the industry. (Professionally Ethical
and adaptable Leadership)
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUT COMES(PSO's):

PSO1: Graduates will demonstrate proficiency in applying electrical and electronics engineering
principles and practices to design, analyze, and implement solutions in diverse application areas.
PSO2: Graduates will Possess research aptitude, innovation skills, and the ability to address real-
world challenges by developing sustainable solutions in the field of electrical and electronics
V
PROGRAMME OUT COMES (PO’s)

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PO1 - Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization for the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2-Problemanalysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering

problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.
PO3-Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for public health and safety, and cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 - Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 - Modern tool usage: Ability to design and develop hardware and software in emerging
technology environments like cloud computing embedded products ,real-time systems , Internet of
Things, Big Data etc.
PO6- Engineering and Society: Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7-Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
VI
PO8- Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of engineering practice.
PO9 - Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multi-disciplinary settings.
PO10-Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with the society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO11-Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the

engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
ina team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12-Life-long learning: Basic Knowledge in hardware/software methods and tools for solving
Real-life and R&D problems with an orientation to lifelong learning.
VII
Course Out comes for Project Work:
On completion of project work we will be able to,
CO1.Demonstrate in-depth knowledge on the project topic.
CO2. Identify, analyze and formulate complex problems chosen for project work to attain substantiated
conclusions.
CO3.Design solutions to the chosen project problem.
CO4.Under take investigation of project problems to provide valid conclusions.
CO5.Use the appropriate techniques, resources and m o d e r n e n g i n e e r i n g tools necessary for

projectwork.
CO6.Apply project results for sustainable development to the society.
CO7.Understand the impact of project results in the context of environmental sustainability.
CO8.Understand professional and ethical responsibilities while executing the project.
CO9.Function effectively a s a n individual and a member in the project team.
CO10. Develop communication skills, both oral and written f o r p r e p a r i n g and presenting
projectreport.
CO11. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of cost and time analysis required for carrying out
the project.
CO12. Engage in lifelong learning to improve knowledge and competence in the chosen area of
theproject.
VIII
CO-MAPPING
COs
PO10
PO11
PO12
PO1
PO2
PO3
PO4
PO5
PO6
PO7
PO8
PO9
\POs
CO1 √
CO2 √
CO3 √
CO4 √
CO5 √
CO6 √
CO7 √
CO8 √
CO9 √
CO10 √
CO11 √
CO12 √
IX
Evaluation Rubrics for Project work
Rubric(CO) Excellent(Wt=3) Good (Wt= 2) Fair(Wt= 1)
Select a latest to Select a topic Select a to pic

Selection of
pic through through partial through improper
Topic(CO1)
complete knowledge of facts knowledge of facts
knowledge of facts and concepts. and concepts.
and concepts.
Thorough Reasonable Improper
Analysis and
comprehension comprehension comprehension
Synthesis(CO2)
through through through
analysis/ analysis/ analysis/
synthesis. synthesis. synthesis.
Improper
Thorough Reasonable
comprehension
Problem comprehension about comprehension about
about what is
Solving(CO3) what is proposed in what is proposed in
proposed in the
the literature papers. the literature papers.
literature.
In complete
Literature Extensive literature Consider able
literature survey
Survey(CO4) Survey with literature survey with
with substandard
standard references. standard references.
references.
Clearly identified Identified and has

Identified and has
and has complete inadequate
Usage of sufficient knowledge
knowledge of knowledge of
Techniques& Tools of techniques &tools
techniques & tools techniques & tools
(CO5) used in the project
used in the project used in project
work.
work. work.
Conclusion of Conclusion of
Project work impact Conclusion of project
project work has project work has
on Society(CO6) work has strong
considerable impact feeble impact on
impact on society.
on society. society.
X
Conclusion of project Conclusion of Conclusion of

Project work impact
work has strong project work has project work has
on
impact on considerable feeble impact on
Environment(CO7)
Environment. impact on environment.
environment.
Moderate Insufficient
Clearly understand
understanding of understanding of
Ethical attitude(CO8) ethical and social
ethical and social ethical and social
practices.
practices. practices.
Did literature survey

Independent Did literature survey Selected a topic as
and selected topic
Learning(CO9) and selected topic with suggested by the
with considerable
a little guidance supervisor
guidance
Presentation in logical
Presentation with key Presentation with
sequence with key
Oral points, conclusion and insufficient key
points, clear
Presentation(CO1 good language points and improper
conclusion and
0) conclusion
excellent language
Status report with Status report with

clear and logical logical sequence of
Report Status report not
sequence of chapters chapters using properly organized
Writing(CO10)
using excellent understandable
language language
Time and Cost Comprehensive time Moderate time and Reasonable time and
Analysis(CO11) and cost analysis cost analysis cost analysis
Highly enthusiastic Inadequate interest

Continuous Interested in
towards continuous in continuous
learning(CO12) continuous learning
learning learning
XI
CONTENTS
Topic Page No.
Abstract XIV
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Power quality 1
1.3 Power quality issues 1
1.3.1 Interruptions 1
1.3.2 Sag 2
1.3.3 Swell 2
1.3.4 Voltage flickers 3
1.3.5 Harmonics 3
1.3.6 Source of Harmonics from commercial loads 4
1.3.7 Source of Harmonics from industrial loads 4
1.3.8 Transients 5
1.3.9 Magnetic field interference problem 6
1.3.10 Voltage spike 6
1.3.11 Voltage Unbalance 6
1.4 Power Quality Solutions 7
1.4.1 Network reconfiguration type 8
1.4.1.1Static current limiter 8
1.4.1.2 Static transfer switch 8
1.4.1.3 Static circuit breaker 8
1.4.2 Compensation type 9
1.4.2.1 DSTATCOM for shunt compensation 11
1.4.2.2 DVR for series compensation 11
1.4.2.3 Unified Power Quality 12
1.5 Organization of the thesis 13
1.6 Summary 13
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Dynamic Voltage Restorer 14
2.3 Grid connected hybrid PV- wind power system 17
2.4 BESS-SMES based DVR 17
2.5 Principle and control strategy of VSC 19
2.6 Summary 20
CHAPTER 3: DVR FOR VOLTAGE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) 22
XII
3.2.1 Control and protection of DVR 25

3.2.2 Voltage injection methods of DVR 25
3.2.2.1 Pre-Dip Compensation 25
3.2.2.2 In phase compensation 27
3.2.2.3 In phase advanced compensation 28

3.3 Photo Voltaic System 28
3.3.1 Grid Connected System 30
3.3.2 Stand Alone System 31
CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED CONTROL OF DVR
4.1 Introduction 35
4.2 BESS-SMES based DVR 35
4.3 PIC16F877A Micro Controller 40
4.3.1 Pin configuration & description of PIC16F877A 40
4.3.2 Circuit diagram for flashing LED with PIC16F877A 44
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Simulation analysis of DVR with Proposed Control Theory 45

5.2 DVR with proposed control strategy for sag compensation 48
5.3 Summary 54
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
6.1 Conclusion 55
6.2 Future work 55
References 56
Plagarism Report 60
List of publications
XIII
ABSTRACT
Renewable energy sources, which are plentiful and eco-friendly, are the preferred global choice for
providing green energy. However, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources such as wind
and solar PV, which depend on wind speed and solar irradiance respectively, leads to power
fluctuations. To mitigate these fluctuations and protect sensitive loads from power distribution side
faults, a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is commonly utilized. This research focuses on addressing
voltage fluctuations in a grid-connected hybrid PV-wind power system. A battery energy storage
system (BESS) and super magnetic energy storage (SMES) based DVR is employed as a
compensating device during voltage sag conditions. The proposed compensation method uses pre-
sag compensation, which captures and stores the real-time voltage magnitude and angle under
normal conditions at the point of common coupling (PCC). This stored data is used for
compensation during disturbances. The study considers both symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage
sags, with compensation performed using Hardware and MATLAB Simulation.
Keywords: Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), battery energy storage system (BESS), super
magnetic energy storage (SMES), intermittent renewable energy, power quality, voltage sag
compensation.
XIV
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The energy demand of the world increased by 2.9% for the last year and that is almost double of the
last ten years average energy demand which is 1.5% per year. Based on the research study conducted
by, the energy consumption forecast from 2018 to 2050 is done for industrial sub-sectors (energy
intensive manufacturing, non-energy intensive manufacturing and non-manufacturing) and the result
shows that energy intensive manufacturing industries energy consumption will increase by 50%
compared to 2018. Due to its greenhouse gas emission problems, limited amount in its nature and
instable price, non-renewable energy sources are not preferable to feed this energy demand. So that
proper utilization of renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind and solar photo voltaic (PV) power
should be the future plan to provide the energy consumption demands.
1.2 POWER QUALITY

The quality of electric power generated and distributed has become an important issue for electric
utilities and consumers. The phrase ‘electrical power quality’ has turned out to be a fertile catchphrase
in electrical commerce since late 1980’s. Power quality is a notion of many discrete power system
disturbances. The concerns that are covered under the power quality notion are not essentially fresh
but the factor of cracking to resolve the power quality issue is trending now-a-days. The common
thread running through all these reasons for increased concern about the quality of electric power is
the continued push for increasing productivity for all utility customers. Power quality is the “deviation
in voltage, current or frequency from the ideal characteristics that can cause the user system fiasco or
breakdown”. “Power quality is how close the resemblance of practical system to ideal system”. Power
quality is maintaining system voltage, frequency and power factor within nominal values maintaining
voltage and current wave shape almost close or equal to sinusoidal providing uninterrupted power
supply. Power system behavior and the connected devices characteristics might affect the power
quality and are termed as power quality problems. Power quality mainly depends on the continuity of
supply and quality of power system parameters.
1.3 POWER QUALITY ISSUES
Large industrial consumers insist for power quality due to the equipment connected to the
system with advancements in industrial control processes. Unpredictable nature of power
system and the characteristics of connected devices might affect the power quality and are
termed as power quality problems [8].
1.3.1 INTERRUPTIONS
A steep decrease in RMS value of voltage, to about less than 10% of the nominal value or
complete loss of voltage is termed as interruption. Interruption can be long term or short term
depending on their duration.
1
Fig. 1.1 Interruption
A short-term interruption typically for a period of less than 3 seconds, is due to temporary
malfunctioning of fuses, switches, re-closures or circuit breakers. Momentary interruption in
voltage is shown in Fig.1.1. Long term interruption generally more than 3 seconds can be
termed as sustained interruption. A long-term interruption might be for a scheduled time out
for maintenance. Long term voltage interruption needs a human intervene to clear the fault.
1.3.2 SAG
Reduction in RMS value of voltage below 90% of its final value is termed as voltage sag.
Sag is generally a short-term phenomenon and endures starting from half- a-cycle to less than
a minute.
Fig 1.2: sag
If the sag persists for more than one minute it is termed as under-voltage which is long term
sag. Voltage sag is shown in Fig.1.2. The voltage is maintained at nominal values and
suddenly the voltage falls below nominal value showing sag. Thereafter the voltage is
restored to normal final value. Short circuit can be a reason of producing voltage sag.
1.3.3 SWELL
Increase in RMS value of voltage above 110% of its final value is termed as voltage swell.
Swell is generally a short-term phenomenon and endures starting from half-a-cycle to less
than a minute.
2
Voltage
Fig.1.3 Swell
If the swell persists for more than one minute, it is termed as over-voltage which is long term
swell in voltage. Voltage swell is shown in Fig 1.3. The voltage is maintained at nominal
values and suddenly the voltage rises above nominal value showing swell. Thereafter the
voltage is restored to normal 100% final value. Sudden switching ON of capacitor banks and
sudden switching OFF of large loads might cause swell in voltage.
1.3.4 VOLTAGE FLICKERS

Voltage flickers are sudden changes in voltage below or above normal value formulating load
current to vary. Voltage flicker in Fig.1.4 is common in occurrence due to varying loads like
sawmills, welders, wood chippers, rock crushers etc. drawing high amount of reactive power.
Fig.1.4 Voltage flicker

1.3.5 HARMONICS
Harmonics are the periodic waveform with frequency in multiples of fundamental frequency.
Due to advancements in electronics, electronic circuits for power flexibility have become a
vital part of power system these days. Also, most of the industrial applications employ motor
drive systems and PLCs. The said factor all constitute for the production of harmonics in the
power system. Power converters or motor drives are a kind of non-linear loads and non-linear
devices or loads draws only non-linear components of source elements leaving out harmonic
part. This harmonic part added to main source components induces distortions in source
components termed as harmonic distortions. The harmonic component added to fundamental
waveform forming harmonic distorted waveform is shown in Fig.1.5. Non-linear devices are
the main source of harmonic distortions. Harmonics causes excess heating of electric machine
3
coils which can damage if persists for long time. Harmonics affects the other linear loads
connected to the same point of connection at non-linear load and causes them to malfunction.
Fig.1.5 Harmonic distortion
1.3.6 SOURCE OF HARMONICS FROM COMMERCIAL LOADS
Loads like hospitals, commercial complexes, department stores, office buildings come under
commercial loads. Commercial loads are the sources of harmonics due the usage of devices
like fluorescent lights with electronic ballasts, variable speed drives (VSDs) for elevators,
room ventilation, air conditioners. They make use of switch mode power supplies (SMPS)
for sensitive loads. The above said loads which were used in commercial loads are sources
of harmonics as they all are of non-linear type.
1.3.7 SOURCE OF HARMONICS FROM INDUSTRIAL LOADS
Industrial loads mainly use ballast fluorescent lights for the lighting purpose. Industries are
the dominant user of electric motors and speed control of motors in industries is a common
phenomenon. For speed control applications of motors, motor drive systems with power
electronic converters are employed. Power converter makes use of solid-state switches. The
operation of power converters is the source of harmonics.
1.3.8 TRANSIENTS
Transients are variations in power systems that are momentary in nature and undesirable.
Power system transients are the variations in voltage or current waveforms that occur
momentarily and distort the waveform.
4
Fig.1.6 Oscillatory Transient
Transients are of two types as impulsive transients and oscillatory transients. Impulsive
transient is shown in Fig.1.6 and is a distortion in waveform occurs as a spike at a particular
instant. Oscillatory transient shown in Fig.1.7 is a power system variation in waveform which
is oscillatory in nature. The disturbance consists of peak over-shoot and takes time to settle
down and looks like an oscillation.
Fig 1.7 : Impulsive Transient
5
1.3.9 MAGNETIC FIELD INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
Magnetic field interference problem in power system induces unwanted disturbances in

waveforms of source components due to interference action of nearer devices. One device’s
operation disrupted due to the other device’s action is generally termed as interference and if
the disruption is due to magnetic interference, it is termed as magnetic field interference
problem in power system. This magnetic field interference problem might be caused due to
the presence of magnetic field sources and affects other components action. This magnetic
interference causes unwanted noise in devices or can cause disturbance in waveform that
slides out of natural shape.
1.3.10 VOLTAGE SPIKE

Voltage spike is a small noise that distorts the waveform momentarily. A small increase in
voltage waveform for a very short duration of time is termed as voltage spike or can also be
called as surge. The voltage spike in waveform is shown in Fig 1.8.
Fig.1.8 Voltage Spike
1.3.11 VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
Voltage unbalance is the variation in waveform property with variable magnitude over the
time period. The voltage unbalance in one of the phase of three-phase waveform is shown in
Fig.1.9. Variation in waveform above or below actual final value can be termed as unbalance.
Voltage unbalance causes overloading of phase and eventually damaging the phase.
6
Fig.1.9 Voltage Unbalance
Different power quality problems are discussed in the above section and these power quality
problems might occur in one or more in power system and deteriorates the quality of power
eventually leading to additional losses and damages. The power quality problems need to be
identified and addressed for supplying better quality of power to the consumers.
1.4 POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS
Custom power devices (CPD) use solid-state switches for the circuit structure and are able to
address most of the power quality issues very effectively and precisely. Custom power was
the concept first introduced by Hingorani when explaining the concept of flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS). Custom poweris the changes in power system components as
required so as to deliver and maintain power with good quality at distribution level. The use
of power controllers (converters) to condition the power in power system is termed as CPD.
CPD’s are mainly designed to meet the requirements of commercial and industrial loads. A
general voltage source converter (VSC) is used in CPD’s since it can operate with a self-
sustained DC source or a capacitor. CPD’s are classified as shown in Fig.1.10.
Fig.1.10 Classification of custom power devices
7
1.4.1 NETWORK RECONFIGURATION TYPE
These are Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) or Thyristor based devices, generally used for fast
current limiting and current breaking. The main network reconfiguration type CPD’s are
Static transfer switch, Static current limiter and Static circuit breaker.
1.4.1.1 STATIC CURRENT LIMITER
It is a series connected device which reduces fault current level by inserting series inductance
in faulty path.
1.4.1.2 STATIC TRANSFER SWITCH
To protect sensitive load voltage sag or swell static transfer switch (STS) is used. It consists
of two parallel connected thyristor or GTO blocks. Each block is composed of three GTO or
thyristors corresponding to the three phases of the system. General configuration of static
transfer switch in distribution system is shown in Fig.1.11.
Fig.1.11 Static transfer switch
1.4.1.3 STATIC CIRCUIT BREAKER
The Static circuit breaker is based on GTO or thyristor switching technology.It is a high-
speed switching device which reduces the fault and protect from enormous current in
distribution system. It breaks the circuit much faster than a mechanicalcircuit breaker.
8
1.4.2 COMPENSATION TYPE
The other type of CPD’s [2-5] is compensating type used for compensation of distribution
system. These types of devices are used for filtering purpose, power factor improvement and
voltage stability. DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator), DVR (Dynamic Voltage
Restorer) and UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) are the main types of
compensating CPD’s [3]. Compensating type CPD’s are mainly classified depending on
connection to main power system as series,shunt compensators and combination of both.
Series compensator is placed in series with main line and DVR is a type of series
compensator. A model block diagram showing shunt compensator and how it is connected in
power system is depicted in Fig.1.12. A model block diagram showing series compensator
[5] and how it is connected in power system is depicted in Fig.1.13.
Fig.1.12 Block diagram of shunt compensator
9
Fig.1.13 Block diagram of series compensator
A model block diagram showing combinational series-shunt compensator and how it is

connected in power system is depicted in Fig.1.14. Shunt compensator is placed in shunt with
main line and DSTATCOM is a type of shunt compensator. Some compensators are a
combination of both series and shunt and UPQC is a type ofthat configuration.
Fig.1.14 Block diagram of series-shunt compensator
10
1.4.2.1 DSTATCOM FOR SHUNT COMPENSATION
DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) [2, 5, 7] is a shunt compensator placed in

parallel to the main power system. Single line diagram of DSTATCOM is shown in Fig.1.15.
DSTATCOM induces currents into the main power system line and compensated the required
component. DSTATCOM is a power electronic static compensator used to compensate
harmonics in the source componentsof power system. Reactive power in the system can be
done using DSTATCOM. Power factor is improved and maintained nearer to unity while the
power factor angle between source current and voltage nearer to zero is achieved with
DSTATCOM.
Fig.1.15 Block diagram of DSTATCOM
1.4.2.2 DVR FOR SERIES COMPENSATION
DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer) is a series compensator placed in series to themain power
system. Single line diagram of DVR is shown in Fig.1.16 consisting of a VSC with a DC
voltage source [19-20]. DVR is a power electronic static compensatorused to compensate
voltage disturbance in power line. The main purpose of DVR is to
11
compensate voltage sag/swell in line through a coupling transformer. DVR compensates
voltage by inducing or absorbing voltage in the power system line. DVRis also called as
series voltage booster. DVR is controlled with control strategies like SRF theory [31-36].
Fig.1.16 Block diagram of DVR
1.4.2.3 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER(UPQC)
UPQC [3] consists of two voltage source inverters. It is a combination of both series and
shunt compensators. Shunt active power filter has the capability of current compensation and
series active power filter has the capability of voltage compensation. The block diagram of
UPQC is shown in Fig.1.17. It can perform the task of both DVR and DSTATCOM.
Fig.1.17 Block diagram of UPQC
12
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
In Chapter-1, basic introduction of power quality problems and its solutions, Power quality
solutions using custom power devices are discussed explaining the control of custom power
devices.
In Chapter-2, Literature review about power quality, compensation devices, dynamic voltage
restorer. The performance of the proposed method is validated using Hardware and PSCAD
simulation. Features of wind and PV power systems are discussed in section 2.
In Chapter-3, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) for voltage quality improvement,

Introduction to DVR along with its block diagram and operation, The proposed BES-SMES
HES based DVR is presented in section 3.
In Chapter-4, basic concept of control theory for DVR, principle and control strategy of
voltage source convertor (VSC) discussed in section 4.
In Chapter-5, Simulation results and conclusion presented in section 5 and 6.
1.6 SUMMARY
Basic concept of power quality, power quality issues, distributed generation, DC-DC
converters, AC drives are discussed. Motivation for the thesis, objectives and organization of
the thesis are also discussed.
13
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Literature survey is carried out for the power quality, devices used to compensate for the mitigation of
power quality issues, study of dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), Grid connected Hybrid PV Wind
power systems, BES-SMES based DVR and control strategy of VSC.
2.2 DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR)

The energy demand of the world increased by 2.9% for the last year and that is almost double of the
last ten years average energy demand which is 1.5% per year [1]. Based on the research study
conducted by [2], the energy consumption forecast from 2018 to 2050 is done for industrial sub-sectors
(energy intensive manufacturing, non-energy intensive manufacturing and non-manufacturing) and the
result shows that energy intensive manufacturing industries energy consumption will increase by 50%
compared to 2018.
Due to its greenhouse gas emission problems, limited amount in its nature and instable price, non-
renewable energy sources are not preferable to feed this energy demand. So that proper utilization of
renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind and solar photo voltaic (PV) power should be the future
plan to provide the energy consumption demands.
According to the 2050 energy transformation roadmap, renewable energies specifically wind and PV
power sources will boost 2.5% of gross domestic product, increase employment rate, reduce 70% of
CO2 gas emissions and provide the energy demand with lowest cost [3], [4]. As RES are abundant,
ecological, economical, and publicly acceptable compared to fossil fuel resources [5], the two-third of
energy demand should be covered by RESs [3], [4], [6]. Due to its ecological impacts and correlated
problems of nonrenewable energy sources, countries want to harness their energy demand much on
renewable energy sources [7].
This will be the realization of 2050 road map of international renewable energy agency as per the
research works conducted [3], [4], [8]–[11]. Even though utilization of RESs are the bright future to
shift from non-renewable energy sources, there should be optimal solutions to reduce end users’ power
fluctuation problems which arise from its intermittent nature [12].
The intermittent is mainly due to its dependency on weather conditions such as wind speed and solar
irradiance [6], [9], [12], [13]. Due to the advancement of power electronics, nowadays most of
industrial load types such as semiconductor manufacturing industries and chemical industries are
sensitive to any power fluctuations [14], [15] and the power companies and customers should consider
such cases to withstand any power fluctuation to be within the specified limit.
This will be done using custom power devices (CPD) that will be connected either in series, shunt or
a combination of the two at the sensitive load side and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a series type
CPD which is the most cost operational and comprehensive [14], [16]–[19]. A DVR is used to mitigate
main power quality (PQ) problems that arise from voltage sag, swell, interruptions, harmonics and
flickers which accounts more than 80% of PQ problems by protecting the critical consumer loads from
tripping and consequent losses [16], [20], [21]. Among these, sag is the most frequent voltage
disturbance which is typically caused by a fault at the remote bus, switching of heavy loads, starting
14
of PV-wind power system, sag could be happening due to sources intermittent in addition to the above
mentioned causes. The energy source of the DVR can be directly from the main source without storage
element [16], [17], [22], using self-storage capacitors and using external storage devices such as battery
energy storage (BES) and super magnetic energy storage (SMES) [18], [23]–[25]. The DVR is used
for power quality improvement of wind power system [16], for PV system [26], for conventional power
system [17], [18] and for PV-wind hybrid system [27].
Considering the storage cases and fast response ability, a DVR is used to enhance power quality
problems in combination with SMES [24], [28], with a combination of BES and SMES for
conventional power system [18], [29]. If the energy source of the DVR is from the main source, the
DVR will be incapable to perform well during a deep sag condition. In the other case also, if the DVR
has its own energy storage among the one from BES or SMES, the performance is not well. This is
due to the high power, low capacity and medium power, high capacity characteristics of SMES and
BES devices respectively [21], [28].
That means if only SMES is used alone as energy storage, the DVR performance promptly, but for a
short period of time and if only BES is used, the response time will be slow even though it performs
for elongated time. Thus, in order to increase the performance capacity of the DVR, BES and SMES
units should be integrated [18], [29]. The theoretical research and device development of BES - SMES
hybrid energy storages (HES) based DVR is in a good pathway, and its operation in the micro grid
PV-wind power systems are viable research area. A detailed DVR topologies, control and
compensation strategies are presented in [19].
The compensation strategies mainly focus to minimize DVR injection transformer ratings (in-phase
compensation) and the DC link capacitor storage capacity (energy optimized compensation) [18], [19]
and these strategies may lead to premature tripping out of the sensitive loads due to its incapability to
correct phase jumps.
Phase jump correction is the capability of pre-sag compensation strategy since it locks instantaneous
magnitude and phase angle of the line voltage [18], [28]. So by considering the optimal sizing of
injection transformer and DC link capacitor storage capacity pre-sag compensation is broadly
preferable. PV and wind power systems are not stable and cannot supply firm electrical output. In this
study, a detail and comprehensive emphasis are given for the HES based DVR system to play a vital
role in order to utilize renewable energy sources effectively as a micro grid system and to supply an
improved power to the connected sensitive load.
The voltage fluctuation enhancement of grid connected PV-wind hybrid power system is simulated.
The fluctuation consideration is mainly due to the non-stable power output of renewable energies
(wind and PV sources) and fault conditions. The compensation strategy used in this research is a pre-
sag compensation and it is presented in detail with its control and working principal. The performance
of the proposed method is validated using Hardware and PSCAD simulation.
Somayajula et al. [9], explained a rechargeable UCAP-based energy storage integrated to DVR to
compensate voltage swag and swells, and discussed about complexities involved in control and design
of DC-DC converter and DC-AC inverter. Terciyanli et al. [10], proposed a combined thyristor
switched shunt reactor and a current source converter based active power filter for mitigating power
quality problems of light rail public transportation system (LRPTS). Vilathgamuwa et al. [11],
proposed an interline dynamic voltage restoration (IDVR) where many DVRs are connected to a
15
common DC link energy storage, a closed loop controller which has inner current loop and outer
voltage loop is used in IDVR system in voltage control and power flow control modes.
Liu et al. [12], described the design of step dynamic voltage regulator with proposed computational
procedure for power quality enhancement. Shuai et al. [13], proposed a new fault current limiting DVR
which uses a crowbar bi-directional thyristor switch. Different protection strategies under different
fault conditions are discussed.
Komurcugil et al. [14], presented time-variant and constant switching frequency-based sliding-mode
control (SMC) methods for three-phase transformerless dynamic voltage restorers (TDVRs) which
uses half-bridge voltage source inverter. An expression is derived for the time-varying switching
frequency. The time-varying switching frequency is not desired in practical conditions, a smoothing
operation is performed on the sliding surface function in a narrow small width layer with the objective
of removing the unwanted effects and getting a constant switching frequency operation.
Leon et al. [15], presented a control strategy of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to increase the
stability in wind power systems with squirrel-cage induction generators. Lam et al. [16], proposed a
novel unidirectional power flow control algorithm with maximum compensation limit. Progressive
phase rotating method is applied to prevent compensated load voltage distortion. Kanjiya et al. [17],
proposed an algorithm for generating instantaneous reference compensating voltages to control DVR
based on SRF Theory.
Rakeshwari Pal and Sushma Gupta [18], analysed modelling and simulation of DVR for power quality
problems, voltage sag based on SPWM technique to improve voltage profile. Arun Bhaskar et al. [19],
described the principles of DVR and voltage correction methods for balanced and unbalanced voltage
sags and swells. The simulation results show that voltage sags and swells are effectively compensated
with very fast response.
Chellali Benachaiba and Brahim Ferdi [20] have stated the principles of DVR and voltage restoration
methods at PCC. Simulation results are discussed to understand the performances of DVR in load
voltage compensation. Sharanya et al. [21], has stated that quality of power and voltage profile was
improved by the use of DVR and hybrid active filters by reducing the harmonics in supply current. PI
controllers are used to control DVR and hybrid filters.
Sathish Kishore et al. [22], have stated how effectively DVR mitigates voltage sags and swells,
variable voltage source and controller are used to reduce the power consumption. Srinivasa Rao et al.
[23], analyses photovoltaic based DVR to mitigate sag and swell. Hysteresis based control strategy is
used to switch the VSI of DVR and perturb and observation method is used as MPPT algorithm. Mani
and Siddappa Naidu [24], describes FACTS devices and DVR with Fuzzy logic controller used to
improve power quality with linear and non-linear loads.
Baby Shalini and Gowri Shankar [25], discussed photovoltaic boost converter with DVR under
dynamic conditions of load. Dhiraj Kumar Singh and Md. Yusuf Sharif [26], summarized mitigation
of voltage sags and swells by using DVR. Lee TzeWern and Jeyagopi Raman [27] proposed DVR as
mitigating device with feedback control system. The sequences of power injection and the impact of
types of power on the cost of the dynamic voltage restorer are explained in the content.
Pawel Scczesniak [28] summarized different control methods for a DVR using three phase matrix
converters. Amin Shabanpour, and Ali Reza Seifi [29] summarized different control strategies for a
DVR with matrix converter. Ghosh and Joshi [30], proposed a new method for the generation of
16
reference voltage for a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). These voltages, when injected in series with
a distribution feeder by a voltage source inverter, can tightly regulate the voltage at the load terminal
against imbalance or harmonics in the source side. It is stipulated that the DVR does not supply any
real power in the steady state.
2.3 GRID CONNECTED HYBRID PV-WIND POWER SYSTEM
Solar and wind energy sources are a promising electrical energy sources due to its abundant nature and
gradually declining investment costs [3], [4], [30]. The global installed capacity of wind and solar PV
energy sources are more than 539 GW [31] and 405 GW [32] by 2017 respectively. Wind and PV
energy sources are weather dependent which are mainly affected by wind speed and solar irradiance
[5], [16], [31], [32].
The power output of wind turbine (PWT) can be calculated using wind speed data and power curves
prepared by wind turbine companies as (1) [5], [31], [33]. The output power is non-linear and non-
zero in the interval of cut-in and rated wind speed values. In that case, the power produced is not
constant and it may be under the demand power so that it should be combined with another source of
energy for sustained power delivery to end-users.
The power output of PV cells is calculated based on the I-V characteristics of the cell [5], [34], [35].
Voc and Isc are mainly depends on solar irradiance and temperature of the PV cells as described in (3)
and (4) [5], [35]. Due to this, standalone PV power plants which produced fluctuated power are not
desirable specifically for sensitive loads which demand uninterrupted and sustained power supply. As
a general case, the PV cell maximum power can be calculated as (5) and the cell temperature estimation
To deliver a steady power to the customers from wind and PV power plants, enhancing of fluctuations
that elevated by intermittent is needed.
The on grid and off grid hybrid renewable system are preferable, and reliable to optimize the impact
of intermittent [5], [35]. For economic feasibility also hybrid power systems are desirable and on grid
and off grid hybrid PV-wind power systems are installed in different countries across the world and
this is mainly desirable in those countries having more islands [5], [15], [34], [35]. The mini grid
system can accommodate different renewable energy sources alone or different renewable energy
sources and operated with the main grid line [5], [37], [38]. In this study, on grid hybrid system is
demonstrated as shown in the Fig. 3 which accommodates solar PV, wind and main grid low voltage
line connected at the PCC bus which provides power to the sensitive load. During normal conditions,
the solar PV, wind system and main grid line supply a constant 5 kV to the PCC bus. In case of
abnormal conditions due to the intermittent, PV and wind power systems will supply under or above
5 kV to the PCC bus. In this condition installation of appropriate CPD is the main focus to withstand
fluctuation conditions from being affected the sensitive load.
2.4 BES-SMES BASED DVR
Electrical energy in an AC system cannot be stored electrically. However, energy can be stored by
converting the AC electricity and storing it like electromagnetically using SMES and
electrochemically using BES. Integration of these energy storage technologies with CPD for sensitive
loads is one of the possible applications for power quality improvement [25]. SMES device is used to
store electric energy in its superconducting coil without resistive lose during voltage swell scenarios
in the system [18], [39] and release the stored energy during voltage sag to maintain the load voltage
stable [40]. When the superconducting coil operated with very high current, it becomes an inductive
load when it is charged and it served as decreasing current source while it is discharged [18], [40].
17
SMES device is characterized by its large power density and prompt response time while BES have
large energy density and capable to release its stored energy for prolonged time [21], [28]. For sensitive
loads, a combination of BES and SMES devices is effective for fast response and somewhat elongated
time is needed to withstand any fluctuation from being affected sensitive loads [18], [41]. The overall
and detailed block diagram of a BES-SMES based DVR which is operated to enhance any voltage
fluctuations for on grid PV-wind hybrid power system as mentioned in Fig. 3 and with its parameters.
The BES-SMES based DVR which connected on the sensitive load side of distribution line, consists
of injection transformer, LC filter, a bidirectional VSC, a DC-link capacitor, a SMES device and BES
with its respective equipped choppers. Disturbance detection and determining the reference signal that
used for voltage injection are the basic parts of DVR control system [42]. The voltage sag/swell
detection is done by measuring the three phase line instantaneous real time voltage at the point of
common coupling (PCC) and analyze it using the root mean square per unit voltage (Vpu)
measurement so that the voltage disturbance can be recognized.
The determination of reference signal generation is related to the type of the compensation method
used among the well-known compensation methods such as in-phase, presag, energy minimized and
hybrid compensation methods. When Vpu at the PCC is under the normal value (voltage sag
condition), the DVR will inject and compensate the missing voltage using the HES devices and during
over Vpu value (voltage swell condition), the DVR will absorb the excess voltage to be stored in its
HES so that the load voltage will be constant and within the standard value. In these two cases the
DVR operation will be done through a proper controlling of BES, SMES and the VSC and based on
the parameters presented, by observing the voltage level at the PCC and SOC of the battery, the battery
will charge, discharge or stayed in energy storing states. The SOC of the battery is measured by
comparing its actual capacity with its nominal capacity.
The BES will be charged and discharged when the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) switches
named as charging switch (CS) and discharging switch (DS) ON respectively. In order to protect the
battery from being damaged due to over charged and discharged, its state of charge (SOC) is
considered to be within the interval of 5% to 100% in addition to the charging and discharging mode
conditions. This will be done by the signal called SOC permit which does not permit charging and
discharging when the SOC is 100% and 5% respectively. If the SOC is at the minimum threshold only
charging is permitted and if SOC is equal to maximum threshold only discharging is permitted.
Whereas, if SOC value is within the given interval, based on the sag or swell detection the battery will
charge or discharge as described in the CS and DS will be ON if and only if the charge enable and
discharge enable values are one respectively which depends on the SOC permit and mode. Based on
the rating of the battery, the reference power is selected to get per unit value and by comparing it with
the battery per unit value, the error will transferred to the proportional integral (PI_1) controller to
generate the discharging reference signal (Ref_Dischg).
To generate the charging reference signal (Ref_Chg), the reference power per unit value will be
summed up with the battery power per unit and transferred through PI_2. By comparing these reference
signals with the carrier signal which have 5 kHz, charging gate pulses and discharging gate pulses will
be generated. The BES will be at idle (storing state), if the voltage level at the PCC is normal or even
though sag or swell happen, but SOC is 5% or 100% respectively.
As it is observing the voltage level at the PCC and SOC of the SMES, the SMES will charge, discharge
or stayed with energy storing states. To charge the SMES, both switches Sw1 and Sw2 should be
18
turned on and to discharge both Sw1 and Sw2 should be turned off. In the energy storing state, Sw1
will be turned off and Sw2 will be turned on.
The reference energy compares with the stored energy in the SMES, supply it to PI_11 and by
multiplying with ON OFF value it will be transferred through the differentiator to produce the power.
After that, the power from SMES will be compared with the DC power (Pdc) from the DC-link
capacitor and multiply with ON-OFF value so that finally transferred to PI_12 to generate the reference
signal. Like the BES, the SMES will charge and discharge if its’ SOC is below 100% and above 5%
respectively.
The SOC of the SMES is measured by comparing its actual energy stored with its maximum energy
capacity. When the SOC is in between 5% and 100%, and if voltage swell or sag happen at the PCC,
the SMES will be on charging or discharging state respectively. Otherwise, if the voltage level at the
PCC is normal or it is at swell condition, but SOC of the SMES is 100%, or it is in sag condition, but
SOC of the SMES is 5% then the SMES will be at energy storing state. Based on the status of the BES
and SMES devices, the overall BES-SMES based DVR will operate in these three states.
Guan et al. [31], proposed an effective autonomous current-sharing controller for parallel three-phase
inverters to obtain better accuracy and faster response. Power calculations are eliminated by use of
synchronous reference frame virtual impedance loop and SRF based phased locked loop. Comparative
experiments of conventional and proposed control are validated through simulation results. Golestan
et al. [32], described the transfer function of actual input and output relation of conventional SRF-
PLL.
Saritha Natesan and Jamuna Venkatesan [33], described SRF based PLL to enhance performance of
DVR under different operating conditions. Netaji Gandhi et al. [34] proposed a control algorithm based
on SRF with PI controller for the generation of reference voltages of a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR).
Naveen Teja and Srinivasa Rao [35] discussed the various voltage injection methods of DVR. Dileep
Kumar Varma et al. [36] proposed a method which Dual Decouple Synchronous Reference Frame PLL
for getting clean grid voltage and phase angle even under critical condition of grid. The proposed
scheme is able to meet latest grid codes for fixed speed wind generator.
2.5 PRINCIPLE AND CONTROL STRATEGY OF VSC
Different voltage compensation strategies such as pre-sag compensation, in-phase compensation and
energy optimized compensation of the VSC of DVR are presented [18], [19], [33]. The pre-sag
compensation strategy which is also used for this research work, is based on the restoration of the
sagged and swelled voltage magnitude and phase angle to its healthy state.
It injects active power during sag conditions and reactive power during swell conditions. This is done
by taking the real time voltage magnitude and phase angle of the three phase line voltages before any
voltage disturbance to be locked and stored independently so that in case of disturbance it used to
compensate properly [18], [19]. The main advantage of pre-sag compensation compared to in-phase
and energy optimized compensation is its capability to compensate phase jumps even though it needs
some additional active power from the DC-link [18], [19], [33]. Phase jump should get a strong
consideration since it is a critical issue for sensitive loads which produces transient and circulating
current.
Vabc and Vabc‘ are the three line phase voltage at the PCC before disturbance and during disturbance
respectively. Vlabc, Vlabc‘ and VDVR‘ are the three line phase load voltage before disturbance, during
19
disturbance and injected voltage by the DVR during the disturbance. Similarly Ilabc and Ilabc‘ are the
three line phase currents at the load before any disturbance and during a disturbance respectively. The
pulse width modulation (PWM) converter is current regulated with direct axis current (id) used to
regulate the DC link voltage and the quadrature axis current (iq) component used to regulate the
reactive power [43].
In this study a sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) switching technique and vector control
strategy is used in which the AC current of the VSC (Iabc) is controlled to adjust active and reactive
power exchange between the AC and DC sides of VSC with detail control strategy in Fig. 9. Iabc is
decomposed into id and iq components by applying the Park transform, which are in-phase with, and
perpendicular to the AC phase voltage Vabc respectively. The direct component regulates the active
power transfer between the AC and DC sides of VSC so that the dc-link voltage will be adjusted by
controlling id. In the other way, controlling of iq regulates the reactive power level at the AC terminals
of the VSC.
The reference phase angle of Iabc decomposition is taken from the real time three phase voltage (Vabc)
using a phase-locked loop (PLL) as described in Fig. 9. Vabc is taken and locked during normal
condition using PLL and stored independently so that during any disturbance it used to compensate
based on reactive power theory and current control method.
2.6 SUMMARY
Literature about the quality issues, study of dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), Grid connected Hybrid
PV Wind power systems, BES-SMES based DVR and control strategy of VSC.
20
CHAPTER - 3
DVR FOR VOLTAGE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Present day’s power system is a vast and complex network consisting of more number of generating
units and loads. These generating units and load centres are interconnected by a transmission and
distributed networks. The main objective of power system is to supply continuous power supply
with more quality. Despite, the power plants are producing reliable power supply but it is failing to
supply quality of power under disturbances. Power quality is a serious issue for industrial as well as
domestic consumers. Voltage sags and swells are most common problems in power system lines.
The voltage sag is explained as the reduction of voltage from 90% to 10% of rated voltage and the
voltage swell is known as the increase of voltage from 110% to 180% of rated voltage. The
magnitude of the reduction in voltage depends onfault type, fault location and the impedance of the
fault. When the fault is cleared the sag will disappear. And the voltage swell occurs because of
disconnecting large inductive loads or installing a capacitor bank.
If this voltage sag and swell maintain for a shorter duration there would be lesseffect and it is less
harmful to the loads. For domestic lighting loads and non-sensitiveloads there would be a flickering
with low rate. But, the short duration sag has an impact on industrial consumers who have sensitive
loads. If the voltage sag lasts for four to five cycles, then there could be more dropouts of sensitive
equipment consumers which causes for losses in resources and financial losses. Moreover, the
voltage sag of long duration leads to draw high currents from source which may increase heat losses
and voltage swell causes for insulation to breakdown.
Therefore, the power utilities have recognized the significance of power quality. The power quality
can be improved by sending uninterrupted power with no voltage sag and swells. Hence, the electric
utilities are being in a search to find a suitable solution to improve the voltage levels of system
even under disturbances. So many FACTS devices are used for ensuring high power quality and
dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is one of the best solutions for compensating voltage sags and swells.
21
3.2 DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR)
Fig.3.1 Block diagram of DVR connected to distribution system
The block diagram representation of DVR connected in distribution system is shown in Fig.3.1. As
the DVR is a series connected device, it is connected in series to the line between source and the load.
The DVR consists of following blocks.
• Voltage Source Converter (VSC)

• Energy storage element
• Filter circuit
• Injecting transformer
The voltage source converter operates as an inverter with a capacitor as a source. VSC consists of
power electronic switches, which converts DC voltage to AC.The voltage rating of this voltage source
inverter is low and current rating is high because, we use step up transformer to increase the voltage
level to required value.
This transformer is known as injecting transformer. The primary winding of injecting transformer is
connected to VSC and the secondary is connected in series to the line. The VSC rating and injection
transformer rating decides the voltage to be compensated by the DVR. The VSC also provides the
real power required by the DVR while compensation. For this we use capacitors/super capacitors,
super conducting magnetic energy storage devices.
22
A low pass filter is connected to the output of VSC which consists of inductorsand capacitors. This
is useful to filter the harmonic components. The higher order harmonics can be minimized by locating
the filter at inverter side. If the filter is placed on the secondary side of the transformer, the harmonics
can enter into the secondary winding then we require high rating transformer [9-18].
The DVR is designed such that, it can absorb or deliver either real power or reactive power while
operating. The internal generated reactive power itself is sufficient to compensate against the small
fault, and the real power is developed whenthere is a large fault. The energy storage device has to be
used to ensure the real power development. Whenever the fault is cleared the energy storage device
regains the energy spent during fault from the healthy system. The major block in the DVR is voltage
source converter. This converter converts DC to AC and AC to DC as and when required. The single-
phase transformer is used to connect the DVR to the distribution system. For three phase systems
three single phase transformers are used. To control the VSC a separate control circuit is necessary
to give the gating pulse to the switches in the converter.
The major objective of the DVR is to inject the voltage into the line when sag occurs. When the
system is operating under normal condition the energy storage element receives the energy from the
line and discharges when drop occurred. Now, the inverter has to take care that only voltage drop is
to be supplied through transformer. The equivalent circuit for DVR is shown in Fig.3.2.
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Fig.3.2 Equivalent circuit diagram for DVR
The injected voltage of DVR is written as,V inj = V load
– Vs
V load – Magnitude of the load voltage (desired)Vs – Source
voltage when sag or swell occurs The load current is
The DVR operates under two modes such as standby mode and the other one is boost mode. In
standby mode the DVR does not supply any voltage to the line, and the transformer low voltage
winding is shorted through switches. The converter switches are triggered to make a short circuit path
to the winding. The DVR operates generally in this mode and only when the fault occurs it operates
under boost mode. Inthis mode, DVR injects the compensated voltage to the line through transformer
[21- 24].
24
3.2.1 CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF DYNAMIC VOLTAGE
RESTORER (DVR)
The control of the DVR is done by programmable logic hardware. In the early stages this
hardware is used to set up with digital signal processing boards (DSP boards). There would be a
software programming on DSP boards which has the detection and correction controls. For this
purpose, filter algorithms are used commonly. Among all the filter algorithms, Fourier transform
filter algorithm is the commonly used one. To increase the dynamic performance of DVR, the
control concept should use direct feed forward type control architecture. The response time is fast
while compensating voltage sags [28-29]. The software should implement protective functions like
differential current protection of transformer and short circuitcurrent on the customer load side.
Based on fault condition the protection and fault condition switch DVR to bypass if it is non-
operational and ensure continuous energy flow to the customers.
3.2.2 VOLTAGE INJECTION METHODS OF DYNAMIC VOLTAGE

RESTORER (DVR)
Many factors influence the voltage sag compensation such as finite power rating of DVR, loading
conditions and types of sags etc. [20]. Control strategy of DVR based on the load characteristic type.
There are three methods of voltage injection.
▪ Pre-Dip Compensation
▪ In-Phase Compensation
▪ In-Phase Advanced Compensation
3.2.2.1 PRE-DIP COMPENSATION (PDC)
In this, the supply voltage is being checked continuously and voltage at load isbeing compensated
during fault condition. The load voltage could be compensated exactly but, the active power injected
is not in control and is being determined by the
25
fault type and load condition. Fault detector is used to achieve this method forfreezing the output
from the phase locked loop circuit during fault. The phase locked loop circuit gives us an angle
which is used to restore the past voltages (balanced) by use of park transform. When single line
faults occur phase oscillations may appear due to absence of negative sequence detection. The vector
diagram (single phase) for this method is shown in Fig.3.3.
Fig.3.3 Single phase vector diagram of PDC method
The active and apparent power of DVR are
(3.1)
(3.2)
The magnitude and angle of DVR voltage is
(3.3)
(3.4)
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3.2.2.2 IN-PHASE COMPENSATION (IPC)
In this method, the DVR injects the voltage into the line which is in- phase with the supply voltage
irrespective of the current in the load and pre-fault voltage. This is shown in Fig.3.4. This method
is most commonly used and complexity is also less. There are two methods to get this, first one is
to use a phase locked loop (PLL) which is synchronized with the voltage before fault and the second
one is the symmetrical components method. The post fault PLL is a fast control method but, when
the fault occur, we cannot avoid the phase jumps in the load voltage. These phase jumps disturb the
loads which are controlled by phase angle. In the symmetricalcomponents method, the delay time is
introduced by the Fortescue transform calculation and filter sequence parameter dependence. In this
method the phase jumps can be avoided by using pre-fault phase angle.
Fig.3.4 Vector diagram of IPC method
This method is suitable for less voltage or less energy operation strategies. Otherwise, it requires
more amount of real power to compensate the voltage sag which requires huge energy storage
equipment. The active and apparent power of DVR are given as
(3.5)
(3.6)
27
The magnitude and angle of the DVR voltage are
(3.7)
(3.8)
3.2.2.3 IN-PHASE ADVANCED COMPENSATION (IPAC)
In the above both methods, for compensating the voltage fluctuations active power must be injected
to the loads. But, the amount of active energy is limited by thestored energy in the energy stored
element. Because of this limitation of energy storage capacity in the device, the performance and
restoration time of DVR in these methods are limited. Therefore, for controlling injection energy in-
phase advanced compensation method is proposed. In this method, the voltage will be injecting such
that the voltage phasor is perpendicular to the load current vector. Then, only reactive power will be
injected and active power injection is made zero which causes to decrease the energy consumption in
the energy storage device. This will increase the ride through capability of the storage device for a
particular capacity. However, the IPAC method has some disadvantages like, the method of injecting
voltage is difficultwhen compared to PDC and IPC methods, and phase shift occurs which causes
discontinuity of voltage waveform, zero crossing also not accurate and occurrence of power swing in
load. Moreover, when phase angle is moving from pre-fault to advance angle the transition period
must be considered. In brief, IPAC method will use reactive power only to mitigate voltage sags and
real power also required to mitigate all voltage sag conditions. Therefore, this method is suitable only
for limited sag compensation.
3.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEM
The expansion of distribution system requires distributed generation. Even though the conventional
energy plants like thermal plant, hydel power plant and nuclear plant producing electrical power, they
need long transmission lines to transfer the power and they are centralized. The decentralized
distributed generation becomingmore popular because, they can be connected at load centres. These
distributed
28
generation plants utilize the energy sources which are available in nature like solar energy, wind
energy and fuel cell. These sources are called as distributed energy resources. By means of distributed
generation we can generate up to 10 megawatts of power.
The distributed generation must have a storage system which is called as distributed energy storage
system (DESS). All the distributed generation units are integrated to grid which is known as micro
grid. These micro grids can also be individually operated without connecting to the conventional
macro grid. Power electronic converters are used to integrate the distributed generation to the micro
grid [37-40].
The DG units consist of alternators, gas turbines, induction generators, reciprocating engines, wind
turbines, fuel cells and photovoltaic cells. The distributed energy sources have some benefits over
conventional energy sources.
▪ The generation cost is less with more efficiency.
▪ Investment cost on transmission and distribution could be reduced.
▪ There will be an enhanced power quality.
▪ The reliability would increase
▪ Plant size will be less because of less capacity.
▪ Initial cost can be minimized.
▪ The DG unit also be used as a stand by unit.
However, economic and technical problems might arise while integrating these distributed generation
to the grid. The power quality, voltage issues, reliability and stability are the technical issues. Also,
it is difficult to manage the protecting circuits and control. The large-scale implementation of
distributed generation may also cause for frequency problems [39-43]. Here PV system is taken as
DG.
29
In PV system the energy from the sun will be converted in to electrical energy.PV system consists of
PV array. PV array has photovoltaic cells which are connected in parallel and in series. Each PV cell
output voltage is 0.5 volts or maximum of 1 volt. We can increase the voltage rating of PV system
having connected these PV cells in series and we can also increase the current rating by parallel
connection. But, we cannot connect the more number of cells in series because the equivalent
resistance could be increased which leads to decrease the efficiency. Hence, the voltage rating of PV
system is limited to low voltages and can be enhanced by using DC-DC converters. As per usage, PV
systems are two types.
• Grid connected system
• Stand-alone system
3.3.1 GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM
The grid connected system block diagram is shown in Fig.3.5. In this connection the PV system is
synchronized with the grid. The PV panel output is DC and grid voltage is AC. Therefore, it is
necessary to convert the DC supply in to AC by using an inverter. Whenever the load demand is less
than the PV output then the PV will supply the grid. If load demand is more than the PV output then
the PV supplies the load directly. An interface circuit must be used to achieve this.
Fig.3.5 Grid connected PV system
30
3.3.2 STAND ALONE SYSTEM
In this system, loads are directly connected to the PV panel as shown in Fig.3.6. DC loads are directly
fed by PV system and AC load are supplied using an inverter. Whenever sunlight exists, then only
loads will work because there is no battery storage. Ventilating fans and water pumps come under
this category. When load and source impedance are matched then the maximum power will be
delivered tothe load. To achieve this matching maximum power point tracking is implemented.
Fig.3.6 Direct connected PV system
Fig.3.7 Stand-alone PV system along with storage
The stand-alone PV system with battery storage is shown in Fig.3.7. Duringnight periods the
battery can supply the loads
31
The PV cell electrical equivalent circuit diagram is shown in below Fig.3.8.
Fig.3.8 PV system electrical equivalent
The current source indicates the output current of photo voltaic system whichis constant. It does not
depend on irradiation and temperature. The PV system voltage is represented by the diode. Each PV
cell has its own internal resistance and the equivalent internal resistance is represented by Rs. The PV
system is installed at a certain height from the ground, the ground potential is zero and the PV system
has positive potential which causes to flow the leakage currents to the ground and R sh is the shunt
resistance which represents the power losses by the leakage current. These power losses are small
and considered only when there is a large PV system with more number of PV panels.
The following equation represents the current-voltage characteristics for a PV module.
I= (3.9)
here,
I – PV current
V – Voltage of PV system
32
Io – Reverse saturation current
Vt = Thermal voltage
= NsKT/q (3.10)
Ns = No. of series cells K –
Boltzmann constant
T – p-n junction temperatureQ –
Charge of electron
n – Diode constant.
(3.11)
Fig.3.9 PV module I-V characteristics
33
The I-V characteristics of PV system is shown in Fig.3.9. The PV module no load voltage is
maximum at 7000 volts and if we increase the load the system current will increase and the voltage
decreases. If we increase the load beyond the rated valuethen the voltage falls to zero keeping constant
maximum current [58].
Fig.3.10 P-V characteristics of Photovoltaic system
P-V characteristics of PV module is shown in Fig 3.10. Whenever the load resistance and source
resistance are equal then the maximum power can be obtained from the PV system. At no load
condition the voltage is maximum and the power drawn is zero. As the load increasing the load draws
power and the voltage falls, this will continue till the maximum power is reached and this region is
called as stable region. Further if we increase the load the voltage keeps falling and the power also
reduced, this region is called as unstable region.
34
CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED CONTROL OF DVR
4.1 INTRODUCTION
DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer) is a series compensator placed in series to the main power system.
DVR consists of a VSC with a DC voltage source. DVR is a power electronic static compensator
used to compensate voltage disturbance in power line. The main purpose of DVR is to compensate
voltage sag/swell in line through a coupling transformer. DVR compensates voltage by inducing or
absorbing voltage in the power system line. Synchronized AC voltage from DVR is injected in to the
power system through transformer and the induced voltage from DVR having controlled amplitude,
frequency and phase angle facilitates the compensator DVR to reinstate the eminent voltage in power
system. DVR represented in block diagram is shown in Fig.4.1. DVR is placed in series through
interfacing transformer. DVR is a simple voltage source converter (VSI) fed from a DC-link voltage.
The control scheme produces gate pulses to VSC sensing source voltage from power system line.
Fig. 4.1 Schematic diagram of DVR connected in power system
4.2 BESS-SMES based DVR

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
systems are advanced technologies used in Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVRs) to enhance power
quality in electrical grids. A BESS-based DVR utilizes batteries, such as lithium-ion or lead-acid, to
store energy that can be rapidly deployed to mitigate voltage sags, swells, or interruptions. This
system is advantageous due to its high energy density and scalability, though it faces challenges like
limited lifespan and maintenance needs. On the other hand, an SMES-based DVR employs
35
superconducting coils to store energy in a magnetic field at cryogenic temperatures, offering near-
zero energy losses and an extremely fast response time. While SMES systems are highly efficient
and have a longer operational lifespan, they come with high initial costs and complex infrastructure
requirements. Both systems provide robust solutions for voltage regulation, with BESS being more
suitable for longer-duration disturbances and SMES excelling in short-term, high-power applications.
Fig 4.2: Control block diagram of BESS

In a grid-connected system, the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) operates by storing excess
electrical energy when generation exceeds demand or when renewable sources, such as wind turbines
or solar panels, produce surplus power. This stored energy is kept in batteries, typically lithium-ion or
lead-acid, for later use. During periods of high demand or when renewable generation is insufficient,
the BESS discharges the stored energy back into the grid to provide additional power and maintain
voltage stability. The BESS is managed by an energy management system that monitors grid
conditions and optimally schedules charging and discharging cycles to ensure efficient energy use and
grid reliability. By quickly responding to fluctuations in power supply and demand, the BESS helps to
stabilize voltage levels, reduce the impact of power outages, and enhance the overall resilience of the
power grid.
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems are advanced energy storage
technologies that utilize superconducting coils to store electrical energy in a magnetic field. Operating
at cryogenic temperatures to maintain superconductivity, SMES systems can quickly release or
absorb energy, making them ideal for mitigating short-term voltage disturbances such as sags and
swells in electrical grids. The key advantages of SMES include high efficiency due to near- zero
energy losses, rapid response times, and a long operational lifespan since superconducting materials
do not degrade like traditional batteries. However, the technology's high initial cost and the
36
complexity of maintaining the necessary cryogenic conditions pose significant challenges. Despite
these drawbacks, SMES-based Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVRs) are highly effective in
applications requiring immediate and high-power energy discharge, such as industrial plants and
critical infrastructure, where maintaining power quality is crucial.
Fig 4.2.3: Block Diagram of SMES

In a grid-connected hybrid wind power system, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) can be integrated with a single-phase Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR) to enhance power quality and reliability. The wind turbines generate
electricity, which can be variable due to changing wind conditions. The BESS stores excess energy
generated during high wind periods and supplies it during low wind periods or when there are sudden
voltage sags or swells, ensuring a stable power supply. The SMES system, operating at cryogenic
temperatures to maintain superconductivity, provides rapid response capabilities, instantly addressing
short-term disturbances by injecting or absorbing energy to maintain voltage levels. The single-phase
DVR monitors the grid voltage and activates either the BESS or SMES to compensate for any
deviations, ensuring continuous and stable power delivery to the grid. This combination of BESS and
SMES in the hybrid wind power system leverages the high energy density of batteries and the quick
response time of superconducting storage, optimizing both short-term and long-term energy
management and enhancing overall grid stability.
When voltage sags occur in a grid-connected hybrid wind power system equipped with a BESS and
SMES-based single-phase Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), the system swiftly responds to correct
the voltage disturbance. The DVR continuously monitors the grid voltage, and upon detecting a sag,
the SMES system is immediately activated due to its rapid response capability, injecting stored
energy to quickly stabilize the voltage. Simultaneously, the BESS is engaged to provide additional
37
power if the sag persists, leveraging its higher energy capacity for sustained support. The energy
management system coordinates the operation of both storage systems, with the SMES handling
short-term fluctuations and the BESS managing longer-term voltage support. This combined action
restores the voltage to normal levels, ensuring continuous and stable power delivery. Once the voltage
stabilizes, the DVR disengages the storage systems, which are then recharged using power from the
wind turbines or the grid, preparing them for future disturbances.
Fig 4.4: DVR Model

To rectify voltage sags using a BESS and SMES-based Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) in a grid-
connected system, the DVR detects the voltage drop and immediately activates the SMES system
due to its rapid response time, injecting stored energy to quickly stabilize the voltage. If the voltage
sag persists, the BESS is also engaged to provide additional and sustained power support, leveraging
its higher energy capacity. This dual-action approach ensures both immediate correction and longer-
term voltage stabilization. The energy management system coordinates the operation of both the
SMES and BESS, with the SMES addressing short-term fluctuations and the BESS managing
extended support, thereby restoring normal voltage levels and ensuring continuous, stable power
delivery. After the voltage is stabilized, the DVR disengages the storage systems, which are then
recharged using power from the grid or renewable sources like wind turbines, preparing them for
38
future voltage disturbances.
Fig 4.5: DVR control unit

When a voltage swell occurs in a grid-connected system equipped with a BESS and SMES-based
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), the DVR detects the abnormal increase in voltage and initiates a
corrective response. The SMES system, known for its rapid response capabilities, is activated first to
absorb excess energy from the grid and prevent potential damage from the voltage swell.
Concurrently, the BESS may be engaged to support voltage regulation by drawing excess energy
from the system, thereby helping to stabilize the voltage over a longer period. The energy
management system oversees the coordination of both SMES and BESS operations, ensuring
effective mitigation of the voltage swell. Once the voltage levels are normalized, the DVR disengages
the storage systems, which are then recharged using available power from the grid or renewable
energy sources. This integrated approach ensures both immediate and sustained correction of voltage
swells, maintaining stable and reliable power delivery.
To rectify a voltage swell using a BESS and SMES-based Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), the
system first detects the increase in voltage through continuous monitoring. Upon detection, the SMES
system is promptly activated to absorb the excess energy and counteract the voltage rise due to its
rapid response capability. Simultaneously, the BESS is engaged to provide additional support by
drawing surplus energy from the grid, helping to stabilize the voltage over a longer period. The energy
management system coordinates the efforts of both the SMES and BESS to ensure effective voltage
correction. Once the voltage returns to normal levels, the DVR disengages the storage systems, which
are then recharged with power from the grid or renewable sources. This combined approach
effectively mitigates the voltage swell, ensuring continuous and stable power delivery.
39
4.3 PIC16F877A MICRO-ONTROLLER
The PIC microcontroller PIC16f877a is one of the most renowned microcontrollers in the industry.
This controller is very convenient to use, the coding or programming of this controller is also easier.
One of the main advantages is that it can be write-erase as many times as possible because it use
FLASH memory technology. It has a total number of 40 pins and there are 33 pins for input and output.
PIC16F877A is used in many pic microcontroller projects. PIC16F877A also have many application
in digital electronics circuits.
PIC16f877a finds its applications in a huge number of devices. It is used in remote sensors, security
and safety devices, home automation and in many industrial instruments. An EEPROM is also
featured in it which makes it possible to store some of the information permanently like transmitter
codes and receiver frequencies and some other related data. The cost of this controller is low and its
handling is also easy. Its flexible and can be used in areas where microcontrollers have never been
used before as in coprocessor applications and timer functions etc.
4.3.1 : PIN CONFIGURATION AND DESCRIPTION OF PIC16F877A
As it has been mentioned before, there are 40 pins of this microcontroller IC. It consists of two 8 bit
and one 16 bit timer. Capture and compare modules, serial ports, parallel ports and five input/output
ports are also present in it.
40
PIN 1: MCLR
The first pin is the master clear pin of this IC. It resets the microcontroller and is active low, meaning
that it should constantly be given a voltage of 5V and if 0 V are given then the controller is reset.
Resetting the controller will bring it back to the first line of the program that has been burned into the
IC.
A push button and a resistor is connected to the pin. The pin is already being supplied by constant 5V.
When we want to reset the IC we just have to push the button which will bring the MCLR pin to 0
potential thereby resetting the controller.
PIN 2: RA0/AN0
PORTA consists of 6 pins, from pin 2 to pin 7, all of these are bidirectional input/output pins. Pin 2 is
the first pin of this port. This pin can also be used as an analog pin AN0. It is built in analog to digital
converter.
PIN 3: RA1/AN1
This can be the analog input 1.
PIN 4: RA2/AN2/Vref-
It can also act as the analog input2. Or negative analog reference voltage can be given to it.
PIN 5: RA3/AN3/Vref+
It can act as the analog input 3. Or can act as the analog positive reference voltage.
PIN 6: RA0/T0CKI
To timer0 this pin can act as the clock input pin, the type of output is open drain.
PIN 7: RA5/SS/AN4
This can be the analog input 4. There is synchronous serial port in the controller also and this pin can
be used as the slave select for that port.
PIN 8: RE0/RD/AN5
PORTE starts from pin 8 to pin 10 and this is also a bidirectional input output port. It can be the analog
input 5 or for parallel slave port it can act as a ‘read control’ pin which will be active low.
PIN 9: RE1/WR/AN6
It can be the analog input 6. And for the parallel slave port it can act as the ‘write control’ which will
be active low.
41
PIN 10: RE2/CS/A7
It can be the analog input 7, or for the parallel slave port it can act as the ‘control select’ which will
also be active low just like read and write control pins.
PIN 11 and 32: VDD

These two pins are the positive supply for the input/output and logic pins. Both of them should be
connected to 5V.
PIN 12 and 31: VSS

These pins are the ground reference for input/output and logic pins. They should be connected to 0
potential.
PIN 13: OSC1/CLKIN

This is the oscillator input or the external clock input pin.
PIN 14: OSC2/CLKOUT

This is the oscillator output pin. A crystal resonator is connected between pin 13 and 14 to provide
external clock to the microcontroller. ¼ of the frequency of OSC1 is outputted by OSC2 in case of RC
mode. This indicates the instruction cycle rate.
PIN 15: RC0/T1OCO/T1CKI

PORTC consists of 8 pins. It is also a bidirectional input output port. Of them, pin 15 is the first. It can
be the clock input of timer 1 or the oscillator output of timer 2.
PIN 16: RC1/T1OSI/CCP2

It can be the oscillator input of timer 1 or the capture 2 input/compare 2 output/ PWM 2 output.
PIN 17: RC2/CCP1

It can be the capture 1 input/ compare 1 output/ PWM 1 output.
PIN 18: RC3/SCK/SCL

It can be the output for SPI or I2C modes and can be the input/output for synchronous serial clock.
PIN 23: RC4/SDI/SDA

It can be the SPI data in pin. Or in I2C mode it can be data input/output pin.
PIN 24: RC5/SDO

It can be the data out of SPI in the SPI mode.
PIN 25: RC6/TX/CK
42
It can be the synchronous clock or USART Asynchronous transmit pin.
PIN 26: RC7/RX/DT

It can be the synchronous data pin or the USART receive pin.
PIN 19,20,21,22,27,28,29,30:
All of these pins belong to PORTD which is again a bidirectional input and output port. When the
microprocessor bus is to be interfaced, it can act as the parallel slave port.
PIN 33-40: PORT B

All these pins belong to PORTB. Out of which RB0 can be used as the external interrupt pin and RB6
and RB7 can be used as in-circuit debugger pins.
HOW TO PROGRAM THE INPUT AND OUTPUT PORTS OF PIC16F877A

As we have studied 5 input and output ports namely PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTD and PORTE
which can be digital as well as analog. We will configure them according to our requirements. But in
case of analog mode, the pins or the ports can only act as inputs. There is a built in A to D converter
which is used in such cases. Multiplexer circuits are also used.
But in digital mode, there is no restriction. We can configure the ports as output or as input. This is
done through programming. For PIC the preferable compiler is mikro C pro which can be downloaded
from their website.
There is a register named as ‘TRIS’ which controls the direction of ports. For different ports there are
different registers such as TRISA, TRISB etc.
▪ If we set a bit of the TRIS register to 0, the corresponding port bit will act as the digital output.
▪ If we set a bit of the TRIS register to 1, the corresponding port bit will act as the digital input.
For example to set the whole portb to output we can write the program statement as:
TRISB=0;
Now the port will act as the output port and we can send any value on the output such as
PORTB=0XFF;
FF represents all 1’s in binary i.e. FF=11111111, now all the pins of port b are high. If we connect
LEDs at all the pins then they will all start glowing in this condition.
If we want to negate the values of the port b we can use the statement:
PORTB=~PORTB;
Now all the pins of the port b will be low.
CODE TO LIGHT UP A SINGLE LED/ FLASHING LED
void main()
TRISB.F0 = 0 // the direction of RB0 is set as output
43
//or TRISB = 0xFE (0xFE = 11111110)
do // setting the infinite loop
PORTB.F0 = 1; // setting the RB0 pin to high
Delay_ms(500); // delay of 500 milli seconds
PORTB.F0 = 0; // setting the RB0 pin to low
Delay_ms(500); // again a delay of 500 milli seconds
}while(1);
4.3.2 : CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR FLASHING LED WITH PIC16F877A
Design this circuit in proteus. Connect the pins with the source, ground and oscillator as explained in
the pin description section. An LED is connected on pin 33 RB0, a resistor is used to limit the current
and to prevent the LED from burning up. Write and compile the program in mikro C pro. Burn the
controller with the hex file by double clicking on the controller in proteus and run the circuit
successfully.
44
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
5.1 SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF DVR WITH PROPOSED CONTROLTHEORY
The simulation analysis of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) with the proposed control theory was
conducted to validate its effectiveness in mitigating voltage disturbances such as sags and swells. The
DVR system, incorporating both Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES), was modeled in a simulation environment like
MATLAB/Simulink. Various voltage disturbance scenarios were simulated to test the system's
response.
The proposed control theory, implemented with advanced algorithms, monitored grid voltage
continuously and activated the DVR to inject or absorb energy as needed. During voltage sags, the
SMES provided an immediate response by injecting energy, while the BESS offered sustained support
for prolonged disturbances, ensuring voltage stability.
For voltage swells, the SMES absorbed excess energy quickly, with the BESS providing additional
absorption if needed. The results demonstrated the DVR's capability to maintain voltage levels within
acceptable limits, with the control system showing rapid response times and robust performance under
varying load conditions.
The energy management strategy effectively balanced the use of BESS and SMES, optimizing their
performance and ensuring readiness for future disturbances. The simulation confirmed that the
proposed control theory significantly enhances the DVR's ability to stabilize the grid, making it a
viable solution for modern electrical systems.
DVR-SMES PROGRAM
#include<pic.h> //PIC16F877A
#include<stdio.h> //C initiallization
#include "delay.c" //Delay Program
#define R1 RC0
CONFIG(0x3f71);
45
float L1=0,L2=0;
unsigned char GetADC1(void);
unsigned char GetADC2(void);
void main() // Main Program
TRISA=0xff;
RBPU=0;
TRISC=0x00;
PORTC=0x00;
ADCON1=0x00;
DelayMs(10);
R1=0;
while(1)
L1=GetADC1();
L1=L1/51;
L2=GetADC2();
L2=L2/51;
if(L1>0.5 && L2<2)
PORTC=0x09;
DelayMs(2.5);
PORTC=0x06;
DelayMs(2.5);
46
}
else if(L1>1 && L2<2)
PORTC=0x09;
DelayMs(2);
PORTC=0x06;
DelayMs(2);
else if(L1>2 && L2<2)
PORTC=0x09;
DelayMs(1.5);
Fig 5.1: Simulink model of DVR forsag/swell compensation
47
5.2 DVR WITH PROPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY FOR SAG
COMPENSATION
The simulation analysis of the performance of DVR controlled by proposed novel control
strategy for sag compensation in voltage is illustrated in Fig 5.2.1. Sag isobserved in
source voltage during 0.1 sec to 0.2 sec of the time period. DVR injects compensating
voltages during sag period so that load voltage does not experience voltage disturbances
that is sag in this context. DVR injects compensating voltages during 0.1 sec to 0.2 sec
and thus the load voltage is maintained with constant peak as illustrated in Fig 5.2.2.
For sag compensation in a grid-connected system with voltage fluctuations demonstrate
the effectiveness of the proposed control theory using a BESS and SMES-based Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR). During a simulated voltage sag, where the grid voltage dropped
to 70% of its nominal value, the DVR's control system quickly detected the disturbance
and activated the SMES to inject energy into the grid.
Fig 5.2: Hardware Model
48
This rapid response from the SMES corrected the voltage drop almost instantaneously. To
provide sustained support during the prolonged sag, the BESS was engaged, ensuring that
the voltage remained stable and within acceptable limits. The voltage profile showed an
initial dip corresponding to the sag, followed by a swift recovery to nominal levels due to
the combined efforts of the SMES and BESS. This response effectively mitigated the
voltage fluctuation, demonstrating the DVR's ability to maintain voltage stability and
ensure continuous, reliable power delivery despite grid disturbances.
Fig 5.3: Grid voltage with voltage fluctuations

The simulation results for load voltage with mitigation using a BESS and SMES-based Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR) show significant improvement in maintaining stable voltage levels during
disturbances. When a voltage sag occurred, causing the grid voltage to drop to 70% of its nominal
value, the DVR quickly activated the SMES to inject energy and counteract the drop. This immediate
response stabilized the load voltage almost instantaneously. As the sag persisted, the BESS provided
additional energy to ensure sustained voltage support. The load voltage profile, which initially dipped
due to the sag, swiftly returned to and remained at nominal levels due to the combined efforts of the
SMES and BESS. This effective mitigation ensured that the load voltage remained stable, protecting
sensitive equipment and maintaining reliable power delivery throughout the disturbance. The results
confirm the DVR's capability to maintain consistent load voltage, demonstrating the system's
robustness and efficiency in addressing voltage fluctuations as shown in fig 5.2.2.
Fig 5.4: Load voltage with mitigation
49
The simulation results for injected voltage during voltage mitigation using a BESS and SMES-based
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) illustrate the system's capability to correct voltage disturbances
effectively. When a voltage sag was detected, the DVR's control system immediately triggered the
SMES to inject the necessary compensating voltage into the grid. This swift action resulted in a sharp
increase in the injected voltage, which countered the sag and rapidly restored the grid voltage to its
nominal level.
For prolonged disturbances, the BESS provided additional voltage support, ensuring that the injected
voltage remained stable and adequate to maintain overall voltage levels. The profile of the injected
voltage showed an initial spike corresponding to the SMES activation, followed by sustained injection
from the BESS, effectively bridging the gap caused by the sag. This combined effort ensured that the
load voltage remained stable and within acceptable limits, demonstrating the DVR's efficiency in
injecting the appropriate voltage to compensate for grid disturbances and maintain power quality.
Fig 5.5: Injected voltage
The simulation analysis and the performance of DVR controlled by proposed novel control
strategy for sag and voltage harmonics compensation is illustrated in Fig 5.6. Sag is
observed in source voltage during 0.2 sec to 0.4 sec and during sag condition the voltage
wave is distorted. During the sag duration, DVR sends compensating signals to point of
common coupling and thus the load voltage profile ismaintained constant as shown in
Fig.5.6, for voltage compensation using a BESS and SMES-based Dynamic Voltage
Restorer (DVR) highlight the system's ability to effectively manage voltage disturbances
and maintain stable load voltage.
During a simulated voltage sag, the DVR's control system promptly detected the drop in
grid voltage and initiated the compensation process. The SMES was activated first,
injecting a compensating voltage into the grid almost instantaneously, which counteracted
the sag and restored the voltage to near-nominal levels. For more prolonged voltage
disturbances, the BESS provided additional compensating voltage, ensuring sustained
support and stability.
The voltage compensation profile showed a rapid response with an immediate increase in
the injected voltage from the SMES, followed by a steady contribution from the BESS to
maintain voltage levels. This dual-action approach effectively mitigated the voltage sag,
50
ensuring the load voltage remained stable and within acceptable limits. The results
demonstrate the DVR's efficiency in voltage compensation, ensuring continuous and
reliable power delivery despite fluctuations and disturbances in the grid voltage.
Fig 5.6: voltage compensation

The real power compensation using a BESS and SMES-based Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
demonstrate the system's effectiveness in managing real power during voltage disturbances to ensure
stable power delivery. When a voltage sag was detected, the DVR quickly activated the SMES to inject
real power into the grid, addressing the immediate drop and restoring voltage levels. The SMES's rapid
response provided an instantaneous boost in real power, stabilizing the system almost immediately.
For sustained voltage sags, the BESS supplemented the real power support, delivering continuous
power to maintain stability.
When DVR is in OFF condition, the input and output voltage is tabulated below, When the Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR) is in the OFF condition, both the input and output voltages are directly
reflective of the grid voltage. In this state, the DVR is not actively engaged in voltage correction or
compensation. As a result, the input voltage to the DVR is simply the grid voltage, which the DVR
receives without any modification. Similarly, the output voltage from the DVR, which is delivered to
the load, mirrors this input voltage. This means that any voltage disturbances or fluctuations present
in the grid are passed through the DVR unchanged, and the load experiences the same voltage level as
the grid. Essentially, with the DVR OFF, there is no active intervention to stabilize or adjust the
voltage, so the input and output voltages remain equivalent to the unaltered grid voltage.
Input voltage Output voltage
25.96 21.18
Fig : Tabular Column 1
51
When DVR is in ON condition, the input and output voltage is tabulated below, When the Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR) is in the ON condition, it actively engages to correct and stabilize voltage
disturbances in the grid. In this operational mode, the DVR continuously monitors the input voltage,
which is the voltage from the grid. Upon detecting any deviations or disturbances, the DVR adjusts its
output voltage to counteract these issues. Consequently, the output voltage of the DVR, which is
supplied to the load, is carefully regulated to maintain a stable and consistent level despite any
fluctuations in the grid voltage. The DVR injects or absorbs voltage as needed to ensure that the output
voltage remains at the desired level, effectively compensating for any sag or swell in the grid voltage.
Thus, while the input voltage reflects the grid's real-time conditions, the output voltage delivered to
the load is maintained within specified limits, enhancing power quality and stability.
Input voltage Output voltage
25.96 24.9
Fig : Tabular Column 2

The real power profile indicated an initial surge corresponding to the SMES activation, followed by a
sustained level of power injection from the BESS. This combined effort ensured that the real power
delivered to the load remained consistent, minimizing disruptions and maintaining the reliability of
power supply. The simulation results confirmed that the DVR's control system could efficiently
manage real power compensation, balancing the immediate response of the SMES with the sustained
support of the BESS. This dual-action approach effectively mitigated voltage sags, ensuring stable and
reliable real power delivery even during grid disturbances.
Fig 5.7: Real power

The simulation results for reactive power compensation using a BESS and SMES-based Dynamic
Voltage Restorer (DVR) illustrate the system's capability to manage reactive power during voltage
disturbances, ensuring stable voltage levels and power quality. Upon detecting a voltage sag, the
DVR's control system quickly activated the SMES to provide immediate reactive power support, which
helped in stabilizing the voltage almost instantaneously. The rapid injection of reactive power from
the SMES countered the voltage drop and corrected the power factor.
For prolonged disturbances, the BESS provided additional reactive power support, ensuring sustained
compensation and maintaining voltage stability. The reactive power profile showed an initial spike
52
due to the SMES's quick response, followed by a steady contribution from the BESS to maintain the
required reactive power levels. This dual-action approach ensured that the reactive power needed for
voltage regulation was continuously available, preventing voltage instability and improving power
quality.
The results demonstrated the DVR's effectiveness in reactive power compensation, with the control
system efficiently balancing the immediate response from the SMES and the sustained support from
the BESS. This combined effort ensured that the grid voltage remained stable and within acceptable
limits, even during significant disturbances, highlighting the DVR's role in enhancing the overall
resilience and reliability of the power system.
Fig 5.8: Reactive Power

The simulation results for DC link voltage in a BESS and SMES-based Dynamic Voltage Restorer
(DVR) system illustrate the critical role of maintaining a stable DC link voltage for effective operation.
During voltage disturbances, such as sags or swells, the DC link voltage acts as the intermediary
between the AC grid and the energy storage systems. The simulation demonstrated that the DC link
voltage remained stable throughout these disturbances, despite the fluctuations in grid voltage and the
varying demands for energy compensation.
This stability was crucial for ensuring that the inverters, which convert stored DC energy into AC for
grid injection, operated efficiently and reliably. The consistent DC link voltage allowed for smooth
energy transfer from both the SMES and BESS, enabling the DVR to effectively stabilize the grid
voltage. Overall, the results highlight the importance of robust DC link voltage management in the
DVR system, ensuring effective voltage compensation and maintaining power quality during grid
disturbances.
Fig 5.9: DC Link Voltage
53
5.3 SUMMARY
The simulation analysis of a BESS and SMES-based Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) system
demonstrated its effectiveness in managing voltage disturbances and maintaining stable power
delivery. During voltage sags, the DVR’s control system promptly activated the SMES to inject
reactive power and quickly stabilize the voltage. For extended disturbances, the BESS provided
sustained support, ensuring that voltage levels remained within acceptable limits. The DC link voltage,
crucial for efficient energy transfer between the storage systems and the grid, was maintained
consistently throughout the disturbances, highlighting the system's robustness. The simulation results
confirmed that the DVR, with its advanced control theory, effectively mitigates voltage fluctuations,
ensuring stable and reliable power delivery, enhancing overall grid resilience and power quality.
54
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
6.1 CONCLUSION
The simulation analysis of the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) with the proposed BESS and
SMES control theory has demonstrated its significant effectiveness in maintaining voltage
stability and improving power quality in grid-connected systems. When the DVR is in operation,
it successfully manages both voltage sags and swells by rapidly injecting or absorbing reactive
power through the SMES and providing sustained support with the BESS. This dual approach
ensures that the output voltage to the load remains stable and within acceptable limits, despite
fluctuations in the grid voltage.
During voltage sags, the DVR's quick activation of the SMES and the subsequent engagement
of the BESS effectively restore and maintain voltage levels, preventing any significant deviation
from the nominal value. In the case of voltage swells, the DVR efficiently absorbs excess energy
through the SMES and the BESS, correcting overvoltage conditions and protecting sensitive
equipment.
When the DVR is in the OFF condition, both the input and output voltages are directly aligned
with the grid voltage, with no intervention to stabilize or modify the voltage. Conversely, when
the DVR is ON, it actively adjusts the output voltage to counteract disturbances, ensuring that
the load receives a consistent and reliable voltage.
Overall, the DVR, enhanced by the proposed control strategies and integrated with energy
storage systems, proves to be a robust solution for enhancing grid resilience and ensuring high-
quality power delivery. The simulation results affirm the DVR’s capability to effectively
stabilize voltage, manage real and reactive power, and maintain overall system performance,
making it a valuable asset in modern electrical networks.
6.2 FUTURE WORK
Future work in enhancing Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) systems with BESS and SMES
should focus on several key areas to further improve their performance and integration.
Advanced control strategies, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, could be
explored to enhance predictive capabilities and adaptive responses to dynamic grid conditions.
Additionally, incorporating next-generation battery technologies and hybrid energy storage
solutions could optimize performance and efficiency. Research into better integration with
renewable energy sources and development of sophisticated energy management systems are
also crucial for improving grid stability and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Real-time adaptive
control techniques and enhanced voltage profiling algorithms could provide more precise and
responsive voltage regulation. Furthermore, studying scalability for large-scale deployment,
performing comprehensive cost-benefit analyses, and advancing fault detection and predictive
maintenance techniques will help ensure reliability and economic feasibility. Lastly, contributing
to the development of industry standards and guidelines will facilitate interoperability and
compliance with regulatory requirements. These efforts will collectively enhance the DVR's
ability to maintain stable and reliable power delivery in modern electrical grids.
55
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A Project Report

Under the Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Dr.V.Maheswari, M.Tech, Ph.D, Dr.V.Maheswari, M.Tech, Ph.D,

Submitted for Viva-Voce Examination held on_________________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

I would like to express the profound gratitude to our chairman Sri. K.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. M. SARAVANAN M.Tech., Ph.D.,

I thank my Project Guide Dr.V.Maheswari, M.Tech., Ph.D., Professor & Head

SREENIVASA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ANDMANAGEMENT

▪ Ignite the students to acquire self-reliance on the latest technologies.

▪ Un leash and encourage the potential and creativity of students.

▪ Inculcate confidence to face and experience new challenges.

▪ Faster enterprising spirit among students.

▪ Work collaboratively with technical Institutes / Universities / Industries of National and

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

M3: Ignite the students to acquire self-reliance in State-of-the-Art Technologies

M4: Foster Enterprising spirit among students

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES(PEOs):

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUT COMES(PSO's):

PROGRAMME OUT COMES (PO’s)

PO1 - Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

PO2-Problemanalysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering

PO3-Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

PO7-Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of professional engineering

PO10-Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

PO11-Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the

Course Out comes for Project Work:

On completion of project work we will be able to,

CO1.Demonstrate in-depth knowledge on the project topic.

CO3.Design solutions to the chosen project problem.

CO4.Under take investigation of project problems to provide valid conclusions.

CO5.Use the appropriate techniques, resources and m o d e r n e n g i n e e r i n g tools necessary for

CO6.Apply project results for sustainable development to the society.

CO7.Understand the impact of project results in the context of environmental sustainability.

CO8.Understand professional and ethical responsibilities while executing the project.

CO9.Function effectively a s a n individual and a member in the project team.

Evaluation Rubrics for Project work

Rubric(CO) Excellent(Wt=3) Good (Wt= 2) Fair(Wt= 1)

Select a latest to Select a topic Select a to pic

Clearly identified Identified and has

Conclusion of project Conclusion of Conclusion of

Did literature survey

Status report with Status report with

Highly enthusiastic Inadequate interest

Topic Page No.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER 3: DVR FOR VOLTAGE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

3.2.1 Control and protection of DVR 25

3.2.2.3 In phase advanced compensation 28

CHAPTER 4: PROPOSED CONTROL OF DVR

CHAPTER 5: RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Simulation analysis of DVR with Proposed Control Theory 45

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

1.2 POWER QUALITY

Fig 1.2: sag

1.3.4 VOLTAGE FLICKERS

Fig.1.4 Voltage flicker

Fig.1.5 Harmonic distortion

1.3.6 SOURCE OF HARMONICS FROM COMMERCIAL LOADS