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PART-A

INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS


MACHINES LAB
(LABORATORY MANUAL)

B.TECH
(II YEAR – II SEM)
(2023-24)
Prepared by:
D.JOSEPH KUMAR, Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

D.N.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY


Balusumudi, Bhimavaram – 2

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)


(Accredited with A++ Grade by NAAC)
Ph: 08816-221238 Email: dnrcet@gmail.com website: https://dnrcet.org
INDEX

S.NO DESCRIPTION

1. Institute Vision and Mission

2. Department Vision and Mission

3. PO’s

4. PEO,s

5. PSO,s

6. List of CO with TL and mapping with PO/ PSO

7. University / JNTUK Syllabus

8. List of Experiments – mapping with CO/PO/PSO

9. Lab objectives and outcomes

10. Lab Evaluation Sheet


EXPERIMENTS

Performance characteristics of a three- phase Induction Motor by conducting Brake test


11.
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency and regulation of a three phase
12. Induction motor by conducting No–load & Blocked rotor tests
Determination of Regulation of a three–phase alternator by using synchronous impedance& m.m.f.
13. methods

14. Determination of V and Inverted V curves of a three phase synchronous motor.

15. Determination of Regulation of a three–phase alternator by using Potier triangle method

16. Determination of Xd and Xq of a salient pole synchronous machine

17. Determination of equivalent circuit parameters of single phase induction motor

18. Speed control of three phase induction motor by V/f method.

19. Determination of efficiency of a single-phase Induction Motor by conducting Brake test.

Power factor improvement of single-phase induction motor by using capacitors.


20.
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

21. Determination of efficiency of three-phase alternator by loading with three phase induction motor

22. Parallel operation of Alternator to infinity bus bar by using bright lamp method
D.N.R.COLLEGEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
Balusumudi, Bhimavaram-534202

INSTITUTE VISION AND MISSION

Vision:
To evoBve as a Quality Institution in Teaching, Innovative Research,
Entrepreneurship and Consultation in Engineering &Technology, empower rural
youth globally competent and self-disciplined technocrats.

Mission:
IM,. Incukcate technical knowledge, soft skills through student centric teaching
&learning.
IM,.Strengthen industry institute interaction,provide solutionstotheever-changing
requirements.

IM_. Implant entrepreneurial attitude and ethical values.

IM4.Create work culture towardslearning, Research &Development.


IM. Develop a unique practice that instills responsibility and accountability
among the stakeholders.

PRINCIPAL
PRINCIPAL
D.RROege of Engg.& Tech.
BHIMAVAPAMg2A9n2
D.N.R.COLLEGEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
Balusumudi, Bhimavaram-534202

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Department Vision & Mission

Vision:

To be a recognized center for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, building ethical


technocrats towards 8ocictal needs.

Mission:

DM;:Impart high quality technical education in a dynamic learning environment


DM:Develop Industry collaborations towards holistic development and industry ready.

DM_:Motivate to practice latest technologies towardsinnovation, research& development.

Heaof the Department


Dr.KBVSR Subrahmanyam
M.E., Ph.D., MISTE, PGDM
Professor &Head (E6E)& Dean (Examinations)
D.N.R. College of Engineering &Technology
BHIMAVARAM-534 202.
D.N.R.COLLEGEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
Balusumudi, Bhimavaram-534202

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering


B.Tech - Program Outcomes (POs)

engineering
PO1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2.Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
mathematics,
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3.Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
appropriate
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
societal, and environmental
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
considerations.
PO4.Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
POS.Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engincering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7.Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8.Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to profesional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of theengineering practice.
PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
keader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10.Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, malke effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO11 Projoct management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engieering and management priciples and apply these to one's own work, as a member and
leader in ateam, tomanage projects and in muBtidisciplinary environments.
PO12.Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to cngage
in independent and life-long leaming in the broadest context of technological change.

Head ofhe
Dr. KBVSR' SubrähmaHVam
MISTE, GDM
M.E., Ph.0, nti)
Professor& Head (EEE) &Dean Exami.
Technotogy
D.N.R. College of Engineering &
BHIMAVARAM-534 202.
D.N.R.COLLEGEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
Balusumudi, Bhimavaram-534202

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engincering

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Program Name: B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering


Graduates ofB.Techin Electrical and Electronics Engineering program are able to

PEO1: Be Successful professionals in multidisciplinary team to solve real life problems with
ethical values.

PEO2: Demonstrateknowledge, Skills and Competence to identify, comprehend and solve


the industrial and societal problems.

PEO3: Adapt foreverchanging needs by collaborating with industries and academia for
Professional development, Research and higher studies.

Head ofthe Department


Dr. KBVSR Subrahmany
M.E.,Ph.D., MISTr
Proféssor &Head (EEE)&Dean (Eamula.
D.N.R. College of Engineering &Technolvs/
BHIMAVARAM-534 202.
D.N.R.COLLEGEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
Balusumudi, Bhimavaram-534202

Department of Elcctrical and Electronics Engineering

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Program Name: B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Upon completion of the B.Tech (EEE) program, the students are able to:

PSO1:Design and provide solutions in Power Electronics and Power Systems.

PSO2: Demonstrate renewable encrgy technologies for thegrowing energy demand.

Head of (he Department


Dr. KBVSR Subrahmanyam
M.E., Ph.D., MISTE, P.JM
Prafessor &Head (EEE) &Dean (Exar tions)
D.N.R. College of Engineering &Technology
BHIMAVARAM-534 202.
DNR College of Engineering &Technology:: Bhimavaram
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
II B.Tech - II Semester – EEE

COURSE OUTCOMES

COURSE NAME: INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB

After completion of the course the student will be able to

S.No. CO Statement BTL


CO1 Assess the performance of single phase and three phase induction motors. L5
CO2 Determine the speed of three phase induction motor. L5
CO3 Determine the regulation of three–phase alternator by various methods L5
CO4 Find the Xd/Xq ratio of alternator and asses the performance of three–phase synchronous
motor. L1
CO5 Determine the performance of single phase AC series motor. L5
CO6 Determine the speed controls of three phase induction motors. L5
CO/PO/PSOMAPPING

PO PSO PSO
CO PO1 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
2 1 2
CO1 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO2 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO3 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO4 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO5 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO6 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
(Level of Mapping- 3: High; 2: Moderate; 1-Low; -: Not mapped)

PO1: Engineering Knowledge PO7:Environment And Sustainability


PO2:Problem Analysis PO8: Ethics
PO3:Design/Development of Solutions PO9:Individual And Team Work
PO4:Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems PO10:Communication
PO5:Modern Tool Usage PO11:Project Management And Finance
PO6:The Engineer And Society PO12: Life-Long Learning
ENGINEERING CURRICULUM - 2023 JNTUK B.Tech. R20 Regulations

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA


KAKINADA – 533 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
L T P C
0 0 3 1.5
BRANCH: EEE

YEAR: II B.TECH II SEM

PART A: INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE LABORATARY

1. Performance characteristics of a three-phase Induction Motor by conducting Brake test

2. Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency and regulation of a three phase Induction motor

by conducting No–load & Blocked rotor tests

3. Determination of Regulation of a three–phase alternator by using synchronous impedance & m.m.f.

4. Determination of Regulation of a three–phase alternator by using Potier triangle method

5. Determination of V and Inverted V curves of a three phase synchronous motor.

6. Determination of Xd and Xq of a salient pole synchronous machine

7. Speed control of three phase induction motor by V/f method.

8. Determination of equivalent circuit parameters of single phase induction motor

9. Determination of efficiency of three-phase alternator by loading with three phase induction motor.

10. Power factor improvement of single-phase induction motor by using capacitors.

11. Parallel operation of three-phase alternator under no-load and load conditions

12. Determination of efficiency of a single-phase AC series Motor by conducting Brake test.

13. Starting of single-phase Induction motor by using capacitor start and capacitor start run methods.

14. Determination of efficiency of a single-phase Induction Motor by conducting Brake test

Note: Minimum Ten Experiments to be performed


II B.TECH II SEM REGULATION: R20

PART A: INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS CONDUCT IN THE LABORATARY

1. Performance characteristics of a three-phase Induction Motor by conducting Brake test.

2. Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency and regulation of a three phase Induction

motor by conducting No–load & Blocked rotor tests.

3. Determination of Regulation of a three–phase alternator by using synchronous impedance& m.m.f.

methods.

4. Determination of V and Inverted V curves of a three phase synchronous motor.

5. Determination of Regulation of a three–phase alternator by using Potier triangle method

6. Determination of Xd and Xq of a salient pole synchronous machine.

7. Determination of equivalent circuit parameters of single phase induction motor.

8. Speed control of three phase induction motor by V/f method.

9. Determination of efficiency of a single-phase Induction Motor by conducting Brake test.

10. Power factor improvement of single-phase induction motor by using capacitors.

Additional Experiments:

11. Determination of efficiency of three-phase alternator by loading with three phase


Induction motor.
12. Parallel operation of Alternator to infinity bus bar by using bright lamp method.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS MAPPING PO/PSO
S.No Name of the Experiment CO mapping PO/PSO mapping

1 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO
Performance characteristics of a three-phase Induction CO1 12,PSO1
Motor by conducting Brake Test .
2 Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, CO1 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO
12,PSO1
efficiency and regulation of a three phase Induction
motor by conducting No–load & Blocked rotor tests.

3 Determination of Regulation of a three–phase alternator CO3 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO


12,PSO1
by using synchronous impedance& m.m.f. methods.

4 Determination of V and Inverted V curves of a three CO4 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO


12,PSO1
phase synchronous motor.

5 Determination of Regulation of a three–phase alternator CO3 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO


12,PSO1
by using Potier triangle method

6 Determination of Xd and Xq of a salient pole CO4 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO


12,PSO1
synchronous machine.

7 Determination of equivalent circuit parameters of CO2 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO


12,PSO1
single phase induction motor.

8 Speed control of three phase induction motor by V/f CO2 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO


12,PSO1
method.

9 Determination of efficiency of a single-phase CO5 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO


12,PSO1
Induction Motor by conducting Brake test.

10 Power factor improvement of single-phase induction CO5 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO


12,PSO1
motor by using capacitors.

Additional Experiments:

11 Determination of efficiency of three-phase alternator CO4 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO12,


by loading with three phase Induction motor PSO1

12 Parallel operation of Alternator to infinity bus bar by CO3 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO12,


using bright lamp method. PSO1
PART A: INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB

Course Objectives:

 The objective of the lab is to provide a detailed analysis of operation and performance of 3-

phase induction motor, 1-phase induction motor and synchronous machines. In addition, it

also covers voltage regulation and parallel operation of synchronous generators.

Course Outcomes:
 Assess the performance of single phase and three phase induction motors.

 Determine the speed of three phase induction motor.

 Determine the regulation of three–phase alternator by various methods

 Find the Xd/Xq ratio of alternator and asses the performance of three–phase synchronous

motor.

 Determine the performance of single phase AC series motor

 Determine the speed controls of three phase induction motors.


EVALUATION SHEET

Name of the Lab: Induction and Synchronous Machines Lab


Name of the Student: ___________________________
Regd. No. : ___________________________
Branch:
Regulation: R20
Year & Sem.: II B. Tech II- Semester
S. No Date Name of Experiment Faculty Marks
Signature

Total Marks

Signature of Faculty HOD


BRAKE TEST ON THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR

1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

415V,50Hz
3phase
AC supply

2
EXPT NO: DATE:

BRAKE TEST ON 3-Ф INDUCTION MOTOR


AIM:
To determine the performance characteristics,

1) Output power in watts vs load current, 2) output power in watts vs speed,

3) Output power in watts vs efficiency, 4) output power in watts vs pf.

5) output power in watts vs slip, 6) output power in watts vs torque of the given three phase
Squire cage Induction motor by conducting brake test (direct load test ) on it.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO PARAMETER RATING


1 VOLTAGE
2 CURRENT
3 CAPACITY
4 SPEED

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

S.No. Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter 0-600 V MI 1

2 Ammeter 0-10 A MI 1

600V/10A
3 watt meter UPF Dynamo Meter 2

4 Tachometer (0-9999) Digital 1

3
TABULAR COLUMN:

Radius of the brake drum ‘r’ =

S.NO CURRENT VOLTAGE SPEED S1 S2 W1 W2


(I ) (V ) (RPM) (KG) (KG) (WATTS) (WATTS)

Input Torque= Output Power %η PF cos  %Slip


power NS  N

2NT

Output W  *100
S1  S2 *9.81* r 
(V*I) (WATTS ) *100
60 Input NS
3VL I L
N-M

4
PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.


2. Switch on the 3-phase supply.
3. Start the motor with the help of 3-phase auto Transformer.
4. Take care that the brake belt is loose and the brake drum is filled with water for
cooling, start the motor.
5. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and the speed of the
motor in the table.
6. Load the motor by tightening the brake belt in steps up to full load (the full

load current read by the ammeter) and note down the readings as in steps in the
table.

7. Plot the performance characteristics of the motor.

PRECAUTIONS:-

1 Take care that there are no loose connections.

2 Adjust for zero error in the measuring instruments.

5
MODEL GRAPH:

6
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:-

Load voltage VL=


Load current IL =
Speed N =

Input power (V *I ) WATTS =


2NT
Output power  (WATTS) =
60

S1 =
S2 =
WATT METER (W1+W2) =
Load Torque =
%Slip=

%Efficiency=

RESULT:

7
Viva Questions:

8
NO–LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS
ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

10
EXPT. NO: Date:

NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3-PHASE


INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To plot the circle diagram of the 3-Ø induction motor to determine its slip, Torque, output,
efficiency at full load, maximum Torque, slip at maximum torque, starting torque by
conducting no load and blocked rotor test on 3-phase slip ring induction motor.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO PARAMETER RATING


1 VOLTAGE
2 CURRENT
3 CAPACITY
4 SPEED

APPARATUS:

Apparatus Type Range Number

Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1

Wattmeter Dynamometer 600V,10A, LPF 2


600V/10A UPF 2
Tachometer Digital (0-9999) 1

11
TABULAR COLUMN:

NO LOAD TEST :-

No load No load Wattmeter readings P0 = W1 – W2


voltage Current (W)
V0 (V) I0 (A)
W1(W) W2 (W)

Blocked Rotor test:

Wattmeter readings
VSC ISC
W1(W) W2 (W)

12
PROCEDURE:

No load Test:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. The 3-Ø auto transformer is kept in zero voltage position and sees that the brake
drum rotates freely.

3. TPST switch is closed. By adjusting the 3- Ø auto transformer variable knob,


increase the applied voltage gradually until the voltmeter reads the rated voltage
of the motor.

4. Note the voltmeter (V0), Ammeter (I0) & Wattmeter (W1, W2) readings.

5. Bring the 3- Ø autotransformer to zero output voltage position and open the

Supply TPST switch.

Blocked Rotor Test:

1. Tight the belt around the brake drums to block the rotor of induction motor.

2. The applied voltage is increased slowly by varying 3- Ø autotransformer variable


knob until the ammeter reads rated current.

3. Note down Voltmeter (Vsc), ammeter (Isc) & wattmeter (Wsc) reading.

4. Bring the 3- Ø autotransformer to zero output voltage position and open the
supply TPST switch.

13
CALCULATIONS:-

14
Circle diagram:

1. Draw voltage phasor along Y-axis.


2. Select a suitable scale for current. (Say Xamp = 1cm).
3. I0 (O - O`) making an angle of Ø 0with Vt, ISC (O – A) making an angle Ø SC with Vt and I1 (O
– H) which is any load current making an angle Ø 1 with Vt are drawn to the suitable scale.
4. Join O`A, which represents the output line.
5. Draw horizontal line joining the points O` and G.
6. Draw a perpendicular bisector to O`A, which intersects O`G at point C.
7. Draw a semicircle with centre C & O`C (CG) as radius.
8. Drop a perpendicular from point A that intersects O`G line at point E & X-axis at point F.
Divide the line AE by D into two segments such that AD/DE = Rotor copper losses/stator
copper losses. i.e. AE represents the total copper losses.
9. Join O`D, which represents Torque line.
10. Join O`J, which represents power input at no load (constant losses).

Locating point D:

1. When rotor is cage type:

Stator resistance R1 is determined by ammeter voltmeter method.

Power input to motor blocked rotor test, stator copper loss = 3I sc2 R Rotor
1
copper loss = Wsc – 3Isc2 R1

D is located such that AD/DE= Rotor copper loss/ Stator copper loss.

2. When it is a wound Rotor:

R1, R2 are calculate of by voltmeter – ammeter method


AD/DE = (R2/K2)/R1 = R2`/R1

K may be found by connecting two ammeters one in stator Circuit & other in rotor circuit
in blocked rotor test.

15
16
Calculate power scale:

Power scale = Amp per cm x V1 Watt / cm

Precautions:

Increase the applied voltage slowly & carefully in blocked rotor test.

Result:

17
Viva Questions:

18
REGULATION OF A THREE –PHASE
ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE
& M.M.F. METHODS.

19
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

220V,
DC
Supply

220V,
DC
Supply

220V,
DC
Supply

220V,
DC
Supply

20
EXPT NO: DATE:
Regulation of a three –phase alternator by synchronous impedance &
m.m.f. Methods.
Aim:
To determine the % voltage regulation of an alternator by E.M.F& M.M.F Methods by

Conducting suitable tests.

NAME Plate Details:

Parameter Alternator DC Motor


Voltage
Current
Power
Speed
Excitation

APPARATUS:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty


1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1No

2. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1Nos


(0-2)A MC 1No
3. 290Ω Wire
Rheostat 2No
1.8A wound
4. Static exciter 0-300V ,5A 1No
5. Tachometer (0-9999) - 1No
6. TPST - - 1No
7. As per
Connecting wires - - required

21
TABULAR COLUMN:

Field Phase
S. No voltage
Current
Eo (V) S.C. Test
1
2
Short circuit
3 S.No If (A)
4 current Isc(A)
5
6 1
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

22
PROCEDURE:

FOR OBTAINING O.C.C:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram1.

2. Field Rheostat of motor R1 & Static exciter is kept in minimum position & TPST
in open position.

3. DPST1 is closed & DC motor is started using 3 point starter. Field rheostat (R1) of
motor is varied until the motor speed reaches synchronous speed of the alternator.

4. DPST2 is closed & the field rheostat is varied till the armature voltage reaches
125% of its rated voltage field current (If) & generated e.m.f (E0) are noted at
each step. Field current is reduced to zero.

5. DPST switch is opened.

6. A graph is plotted between open circuit generated voltages on y-axis & filed
current If on x-axis to obtain open circuit characteristics.

FOR CONDUCTING S.C TEST

1. Short circuit the output terminals of the alternator through an ammeter by closing
T.P.S.T Switch.

2. Close the D.P.S.T2 Switch of the field excitation of system of alternator.

3. Increase the field excitation such that the ammeter in the short circuit path reads
the rated current of alternator (Isc) and also take down the corresponding reading
of the field current.

4. Reduce the field excitation to zero and open the D.P.S.T Switch 2

5. Stop the D.C Motor by opening the D.P.S.T Switch 1.

23
24
FOUMULAE USED:-

1. Er is found using Er = Vt + Ia Ra + JIa Xal


2. MMF corresponding to ER is found from OCC.
Regulation of alternator is found using =

PRECAUTIONS:

Field rheostat, static excites & inductive load are kept in minimum position.

RESULT:
P.F
EMF Method MMF Method
Lagging Leading Lagging Leading

Unity

0.8

0.6

0.4

25
Viva Questions:

26
REGULATION OF THREE–PHASE ALTERNATOR BY POTIER
TRIANGLE METHOD

27
(0-20)A
DPST MC 3-Point Starter
Switch 290Ω/1.8A
L A F
+ A

R
R
(0-20)A
MC A A (0-1)A MC
220V D.C.
V V (0-
(0-300)V 300)V
Supply A F MI
MC M N N

AA

FF
X XX

- Y B B
Fuse 5A
290Ω/1.8A Y
(0-1)A
Fuse A
Ph Alternator
D.C. stator winding
220V A.C.Supply EXCI
50Hz TER

(0-
N

OPEN CIRCUIT

28
DPST (0-20)A 3-Point Starter
Switch MC 290Ω/1.8A
L A F
+ A

R
(0-20)A A A (0-1)A
MC MC
220V
DC V (0-300)VMC
A
A
Supply F A (0-10)A
M N

AA

F
XX
X
- Y B
Fuse 5A
290Ω/1.8A
(0-1)A
Fuse 5A
Ph A Alternator
stator winding
230V
AC
Supply

D.C. EXCITER (0-220) v

SHORT CIRCUIT

29
(0-20)A
DPST MC 3- Point Starter (0-300)V MI (0-10)A MI
Switch 290Ω/1.8A
A L A F
+
R A R
(0-20)A MC A A (0-1)A
220V
DC V MC V
Supply A
F
(0- M N N
300)VMC
AA

FF X XX
- Y B B Y

Fuse 5A 290Ω/1.8A
Fuse 5A
Ph A Alternator 3 Phase
stator
230V (0-1)A MC Inductive
50Hz winding
AC supply

N
DPST D.C. EXCITER (0-220) v
Switch

ZPF LOAD TEST

30
EXP NO: DATE:

REGULATION OF 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY POTIER'S TRIANGLE


METHOD

Aim:
1. Open Circuit test on a 3-Phase Alternator.

2. Short Circuit test on a 3-Phase Alternator with highly lagging Load (approx Zero Power

Factor) at rated Voltage & rated current flowing through Stator Winding .
NAME Plate Details:

Parameter Alternator DC Motor


CAPACITY
VOLTAGE
CURRENY
SPEED
EXCITATION

Apparatus Required:-

S. No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 0-20A 2NO
Ammeters 0-1A MC 2NO
0-10A MI 1NO
2 0-300V MC 1 NO
Voltmeters
(0-600)V MI 1 NO
3 Power factor 300V, 5A Electro Dynamo
1NO
Meter
4 CORE
Auto Transformer 230/ (0-270)V, 1NO
10A
5 SPST Switch ----------- ---------- 1NO

31
TABULAR COLUMN:

FOR CONDUCTING O.C.C. TEST:-

S.NO Phase Voltage E0 (V) Field Current If (A)

FOR CONDUCTING S.C TEST:-

S.NO Short Circuit Current ISC (A) Field Current If (A

FOR CONDUCTING Z.P.F TEST:-

S.NO Load Voltage Load Current

32
PROCEDURE:

FOR OBTAINING O.C.C TEST:


1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram1.
2. Field Rheostat of motor R1 & Static exciter is kept in minimum position & TPST in
open position.
3. DPST1 is closed & DC motor is started using 3 point starter. Field rheostat (R1) of
motor is varied until the motor speed reaches synchronous speed of the alternator.

4. DPST2 is closed & Increase the field excitation such that the armature voltage reaches
125% of its rated voltage field current (If) & generated emf (E0) Are noted at each
step.
5. Reduce the field excitation to zero and open the D.P.S.T Switch 2.
6. Stop the D.C Motor by opening the D.P.S.T Switch 1.
7. A graph is plotted between open circuit generated voltages on y-axis & filed current If
on x-axis to obtain open circuit characteristics.

FOR CONDUCTING S.C TEST


1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2.
2. Field Rheostat of motor R1 & Static exciter is kept in minimum position & TPST in
open position. Short circuit the output terminals of the alternator.
3. DPST1 is closed & DC motor is started using 3 point starter. Field rheostat (R 1) of
motor is varied until the motor speed reaches synchronous speed of the alternator.

4. Close the D.P.S.T2 Switch of the field excitation of system of alternator.


5. Increase the field excitation such that the ammeter in the short circuit path reads the
rated current of alternator (Isc) and also take down the corresponding reading of the
field current.

6. Reduce the field excitation to zero and open the D.P.S.T Switch 2

7. Stop the D.C Motor by opening the D.P.S.T Switch 1.

FOR CONDUCTING Z.P.F TEST:-


1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram 3.

2. Field Rheostat of motor R1 & Static exciter is kept in minimum position & TPST in
open position. Connect Alternator’s R, Y, B terminals at their respective positions.
3. It will tend to make Alternator's Power Factor near to zero.

4. DPST1 is closed & DC motor is started using 3 point starter. Field rheostat (R 1) of
motor is varied until the motor speed reaches synchronous speed of the alternator.
5. Close the D.P.S.T2 Switch of the field excitation of system of alternator.

33
34
6. Provide DC Excitation to the Alternator & set its Output Voltage around 420V on the
Voltmeter.
7. Adjust the rated terminal Voltage across the Load by increasing the Field Current, till
full Load Current of the Alternator Record Field Current of the Alternator
corresponding to rated Full Load Current & rated terminal Voltage of the Alternator.
Note down the Voltage at this Load. Let it be “V".
8. Your Open Circuit or No-Load Voltage is E, as recorded earlier in Open Circuit Test.
9. Calculate the Regulation with the formula as stated below.

Observations & Calculations:-

PRECAUTIONS:

Field rheostat, static excites & inductive load are kept in minimum position.

RESULT:

35
Viva Questions:

36
V and Inverted V curves of a three-phase
Synchronous motor.

37
38
EXP NO: DATE:

V& Ʌ CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR


Aim:
To conduct a no-load test on the given Synchronous motor and to
Draw its V & Ʌ curves.

Name plate details:-

Parameter Motor

CAPACITY

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

SPEED

Apparatus Required:-

S. No Apparatus Range Type Quantity


1 Ammeters (0-2)A MC 2NO
(0-10)A MI
2 1 NO
Volt meters
(0-600)V MI
3 Power factor 300V, 5A Electro Dynamo
1NO
Meter
4 CORE
Auto Transformer 230/ (0-270)V, 1NO
10A
5 SPST Switch ----------- ---------- 1NO

39
Observation Table:

S.NO POWER FACTOR


If Ia

40
Procedure:
1) Make connections as per the circuit diagram.

2) Keep the autotransformer in minimum position and also SPST switch


closed and Switch-ON the supply.
3) Slowly rotate the knob of autotransformer in clock wise direction and
apply the rated voltage
4) Now field supply is given to the field by closing DPST switch. At
this position, the rotor will be pulled into synchronism.

5) By varying the field current If , Note down the values of


Ammeter, Voltmeter& Power Factor meter.
6) Switch-Off the supply.

Precautions:
1) There should not be any load on the motor.

2) Initially the field current should be adjusted to rated value.

3) The direction of the rotation of the rotor should be in proper direction only.

4) If Ia value is increased more than rated value, then it should be brought


to rated value by adjusting the field current.

5) The I/P voltage should be kept constant throughout the experiment.


6) After completion of the experiment only 3-phase supply should
be disconnected first and then DC supply.

41
MODEL GRAPH

Pf
&
Ia

Field Current

42
Graph:

A graph is drawn b/w

a) Exciting current (If) verses armature current (Ia): V curve.


b) Exciting current (If) verses power factor (cos): Ʌcurve.
Taking If on X-axis and Ia & cosØ on y-axis.

Result:

43
Viva Questions:

44
Determination of Xd and Xq of a
Salient pole synchronous machine

45
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

46
EXP NO: DATE:

DETERMINATION OF Xd AND Xq OF A SALIENT POLE


SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

AIM:

To determine Xd and Xq of a 3- phase salient pole alternator by conducting slip test and to
predetermine its voltage regulation.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Parameters D.C. Shunt Motor Alternator

Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Power
Rated Speed

APPARATUS:

Instrument Type Range Number


Ammeter MI (0-1)A 1

MI (0-150)V 1
Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1

3-øAuto Transformer CORE 440/ 0-470V, 10A 1

Rheostats WIRE 290Ω / 1.2 A 1


WOUND

47
TABULAR COLUMN:

S.N.O IMAX IMIN VMAX VMIN Xd= VMAX / IMIN Xq= VMIN / IMAX

Average Xd = Xq =

ARMATURE RESISTANCE PER PHASE:

S. Current I Voltage V Resistance Resistance per


No (Amps) (Volts) R = V/I Phase Ra= R/2
(Ohms)

48
PROCEDURE:

1. Make the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Keep Shunt motor field regulator R1 in minimum resistance position and TPST in
open position

3. Close the DPST switch and start the D.C. Motor. Adjust its speed to the speed
slightly less than the rated speed with the help of field rheostat.

4. If the voltmeter across the field reads twice the rated voltage, then change the
phase sequence (such that the voltmeter reads zero)

5. Close TPST switch and apply 25% of rated voltage to the alternator stator by
adjusting 3-phase Autotransformer.

6. Introduce some slip by varying the speed of alternator till the fluctuations in the
voltmeter and ammeter are maximum.

7. Note down the maximum and minimum values of currents and voltages (V max,
Vmin, Imax, Imin) in the armature circuit.

8. On Xd position, the voltmeter across the open field reads zero.

On Xq position, the voltmeter across open field reads maximum value.

9. Calculate Xd and Xq using Xd = Vmax / Imin (per phase) and Xq = Vmin /Imax (per
phase).

10. Repeat the above procedure for different values of applied voltage to the
alternator. Take the average of all the values of Xd and Xq.

11. Calculate the regulation as shown in the sample calculations.

49
50
PRECAUTIONS:
1. When performing this test the slip should be made as small as possible. (i.e. the
Difference between speed of motor and synchronous speed). If the slip is more error in
measurement of Xd and Xq will be more.

2 .The polarity of generated e m f should be similar to the polarity of the supply lines

FOUMULAE USED:-

Assume armature current = Ia

Assume armature Resistance = Ra

Load power factor = cos Ø

Calculate E’f using E’f = Vt +I a R a + jI a X q (Phasor Sum)

(Take Vt as reference phasor)

= Ef δ

Calculate ψ:
internal power factor angle ψ = E f,

Vt = θ+ δ for lagging power factor loads

= θ - δ for leading power factor loads

= δ for VPF loads

Calculate Id and Iq using Id = Ia sin ψ

Iq = Ia cos ψ

Calculate Ef using Ef = E’f + Id (Xd + Xq) (algebraic sum)

RESULT:

51
Viva Questions:

52
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

53
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

54
EXPT. NO: Date:

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE PHASE


INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a single-phase induction motor by
conducting No-Load and blocked rotor tests.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

PARAMETER VALUE

CAPACITY
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
SPEED

APPARATUS:-

APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY


Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
Ammeter MI (0-20)A 1
Wattmeter UPF 150V, 20A 1
Wattmeter LPF 300V, 10A 1
Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
1- Auto Transformer 230/ 0-270V 1
10A, 50 Hz
Connecting wires As per
required

55
TABULAR COLUMN:

No-Load Test:

Input Input Current Input Speed (N) Cos 0 = W0 / V0I0

Voltage (V0) (I0) Amps Power RPM

Volts (W0) Watts

Blocked rotor Test:

Input Current Input Voltage Input Power

(ISC) (VSC) (WSC)


Amps Volts Watts

56
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

57
58
PROCEDURE:

NO-LOAD TEST:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.


2. Keep the auto Transformer in Zero voltage position.
3. Close the DPST Switch and apply rated voltage to the stator of induction motor
and run the motor on no load.
4. Note down ammeter reading I0, Voltmeter reading V0 and Wattmeter reading

5. Reduce the applied voltage to zero and open the DPST Switch of the supply.

Blocked Rotor Test:

1. Block the rotor by tightening the belt.


2. Close the DPST switch and gradually increase the voltage until the ammeter reads
rated current.
3. Note down the short circuit current ISC, Voltmeter reading VSC and Wattmeter
reading WSC.
4. Reduce the applied voltage to zero and switch off the power supply by
opening the DPST Switch.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Increase the applied voltage slowly and carefully in blocked rotor test.
2. Keep the auto-transformer in minimum null voltage position before starting the motor.
3. During SC test of induction motor gradually increase the supply voltage till the
Motor draws rated current.

4. Avoid parallax errors will recording the reading from instruments and loose
connections.

59
60
RESULT:

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS


VALUE VALUE
Rsc
!
R1= R2
ZSC
XSC
X1= X2!
Vab
XO

61
Viva Questions:

62
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR BY V/F METHOD

63
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TPST Switch
(0-10)A
VFD MODULE
R A

V (0-600)V
3-Ø
415V AC Induction Motor
stator winding
3- Ø Y DOL
STRAT
SUPPLY
50HZ ER

B
Fuse 5A

64
EXPT. NO: Date:

Speed control of induction motor by V/f method

AIM:
1. Study of Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor by keeping V/ F ratio constant.
2. Study of Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor by varying Supply Voltage.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

PARAMETER VALUE

CAPACITY
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
SPEED

APPARATUS:-

APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY


Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1
DOL Starter 2.5A/6A 1
RPM Indicator with 3-Pin
Connector - - 1

Frequency Control - 0.4 Hz to 50Hz 1


Connecting wires As per
---- -------- required

65
TABULAR COLUMN:

FORWARD DIRECTION:-

S.NO VOLTAGE CURRENT SPEED FREQUENCY

REVRESE DIRECTION:-

S.NO VOLTAGE CURRENT SPEED FREQUENCY

66
PROCEDURE:

FORWARD DIRECTION:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply and now press the “START"(Green) push button of the DOL
Starter.
3. Operating modes of the Drive by reading its Manual Motor in different modes like
Forward.
4. Press Green colored "RUN" push button of the Drive.
5. Rotate the CONTROL knob of AC Drive towards clockwise direction slowly.
6. Motor will start rotating. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter & RPM
Meters fitted in different Frequencies.
7. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, frequency and speed.
8. Stop the Motor with Red colored "STOP” push button.
REVRESE DIRECTION:-

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.


2. Switch on the supply and now press the “START"(Green) push button of the DOL
Starter.
3. Operating modes of the Drive by reading its Manual Motor in different modes like
REVRESE.

4. Press Green colored "RUN" push button of the Drive.


5. Rotate the CONTROL knob of AC Drive towards clockwise direction slowly.
6. Motor will start rotating. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter & RPM
Meters fitted in different Frequencies.
7. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, frequency and speed.
8. Stop the Motor with Red colored "STOP” push button.

PRECAUTIONS:

Avoid parallax errors will recording the reading from instruments and loose connections.

RESULT:

67
Viva Questions:

68
Determination of efficiency of three phase alternator by loading
With three phase induction motor.

69
DPST (0-20)A 3-Point Starter
Switch MC 290Ω/1.8A
L A F
+ A

R
(0-20)A MC A A (0-1)A MC (0-
220V D.C.
V 300)V
V (0-300)VMC
Supply MI
A F
M N

AA

FF X XX
- Y B B
Fuse 5A
290Ω/1.8A Y
(0-1)A MC
Fuse
Ph A Alternator
stator winding
230V A.C.Supply D.C.
EXCI
50Hz
TER
N

OPEN CIRCUIT
71
DPST (0-20)A
Switch 3-Point Starter 290Ω/1.8A Power Factor
MC
L A F meter 250V/5A
+ A
(0-10)A S1 S2
M L R
(0-20)A R A
V
MC A A (0-1)A C
(0-
220 V MC
(0- V 300)
D.C. V
300)VMC V MI
A F
Supply N
M N

AA

FF X XX
-
Y B B Y
Fuse 5A Break Drum

Fuse
Ph Alternator Induction Motor
stator winding stator winding
230 V A.C. D.C.
EXCI
Supply 50Hz TER

N DPST
Switch
EFFICIENCY OF 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR

72
EXPT. NO: Date:

Determination of efficiency of three phase alternator by loading


With three phase induction motor.
AIM:
1 Study of Generation of 3-Phase Output Voltage from 3-Phase Alternator
with the help of DC Shunt Motor as Prime Mover.
2. Efficiency of 3-Phase Alternator by loading with 3-Phase Induction
Motor.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

PARAMETER DC MOTOR ALTERNAROR

CAPACITIVY
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
SPEED

APPARATUS:-

APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1

Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1

Ammeter MC (0-1)A 1

Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1

Frequency Meter ----- -------- 1

Power factor meter ------ 230V/5A 1

RPM Indicator Digital 0-9999 1

DOL Starter 2.5A/6A 1

Connecting wires As per


---- -------- Required

73
TABULAR COLUMN:

OUTPUT VOLTAGE FROM 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR

S.NO VOLTAGE FIELD CURRENT

EFFICIENCY OF 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR

S.NO VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER FACTOR(COSØ)

74
PROCEDURE:

1) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram1.


2) Field Rheostat of motor R1 & Static exciter is kept in minimum position.
3) DPST1 is closed & DC motor is started using 3 point starter. Field rheostat (R 1) of motor
is varied until the motor speed reaches synchronous speed of the alternator.
4) Close the D.P.S.T2 Switch of the field excitation of system of alternator.
5) Now start rotating the DC Excitation knob fitted in “VARIABLE DC POWER SUPPLY
slowly towards clockwise direction to apply DC Excitation to the Field Winding of the 3-
Phase.Alternator so that it can generate 3-Phase Output Voltage.

6) Note down the readings of the Field Current (I f) of the 3-Phase Alternator & the Open
Circuit Voltage generated by it. Take 4-5 readings of both the parameters at different
intervals (up to 420V). This concludes your 3-Phase Output Voltage Generation from a
DC Shunt Motor.
7) Knob of DC Excitation Source towards most anticlockwise position again. Motor will
stop.
8) Connect Alternator’s R, Y, B terminals at their respective positions. Also connect a 3-
Phase Load at Output.
9) Start the Motor-Generator set again as stated earlier.
10) Provide DC Excitation to the Alternator & set its Output Voltage around 420V on the
Voltmeter.
11) Adjust the rated terminal Voltage across the Load by increasing the Field Current, till full
Load Current of the Alternator. Record Field Current of the Alternator corresponding to
rated Full Load Current & rated terminal Voltage of the Alternator.
12) Note down the Voltage (V),Current (1) & Power Factor (cosØ) at this Load
13) Finally switch “OFF” the supply.
Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated using Equation:
Efficiency = (Output / Input) X 100 %
Calculate the Output Power of the Alternator by 𝑉 × 𝐼 × cos ∅.
Let this Output Power be “PO”. Input Power (Pi.) will be the multiplication of the
readings of the DC Voltmeter & DC Ammeter

PRECAUTIONS:

Avoid parallax errors will recording the reading from instruments and loose connections.

Result:

75
Viva Questions:

76
Power factor improvement of single phase induction motor by
Using capacitors and load test on single phase induction motor.

77
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WATT METER
DPST Switch (0-5)A
300V/5A
PH M L
A
C V
S1 S2
1-Ø

230 V AC D.O.L V (0-300)V


STRAT M
1−Ø SUPPLY
50HZ ER

Break Drum

Fuse 5A

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

78
Power Factor
meter
DPST Switch (0-5)A 300V/5A
M L
PH A
SW1 C1
V
C
S1 S2
1- Ø SW2 C2
230V AC V (0-300)V
D.O.L
STRAT
M
1-Ø SUPPLY 50HZ SW3 C3
ER

Break Drum
SW4 C4

Fuse 5A

POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT USING


CAPACITOR TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR.

80
EXPT. NO: Date:

Power factor improvement of single phase induction motor by Using capacitors and load test on
single phase induction motor.

AIM:
1. Load Test on 1-Phase Induction Motor.

2. Power Factor Improvement of 1-Phase Induction Motor using Capacitors.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

PARAMETER DC MOTOR

CAPACITIVY
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
SPEED

APPARATUS:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY


1 VOLTMETER MI 0-5 1
2 AMMETER MI 0-300 1
3 POWER FACTOPR DYNMO METER 300V/5A 1
METER`
4 WATTMETER DYNMO METER 300V/5A 1
5 TECHOMETER DIGITAL 0-9999 1
6 DOL STARTER ------------ 230V/(2.5-6)A 1
7 CONNECTING WIRES ------------ ---------- AS PER REQUIRED

81
TABULAR COLUMN:
Radius of the brake drum ‘r’ =

LOAD TEST

S.NO VOLTAGE CURRENT SPEED S1 S2

Torque= Output Power Output %Slip


S.NO %η  *100 N N
S1  S2 *9.81* r 
2NT
(WATTS ) Input  S *100
N-M 60 NS

POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT:

S.NO VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER CAPACITOR


FACOTOR SWITCH

82
PROCEDURE
LOAD TEST

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.


2. Initially there should not be any load on the Motor & it should run freely. If required,
adjust the tightening wheels provided on the loading arrangement to make the Motor
run freely.
3. Switch on the supply and now press the “START"(Green) push button of the DOL
Starter. Motor will start rotating at its full speed.
4. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, speed & (S1&S2) of the
Motor from respective meters.
5. Load the motor by tightening the brake belt in steps up to full load (the full load
current read by the ammeter) and note down the readings as in steps in the table.

6. Switch “OFF” the DOL Starter.

POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT:


1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially there should not be any load on the Motor & it should run freely. If required,
adjust the tightening wheels provided on the loading arrangement to make the Motor run
freely.
3. Switch on the supply and now press the “START"(Green) push button of the DOL
Starter. Motor will start rotating at its full speed.
4. Note down the readings of Power Factor & other parameters of the Motor from respective
meters

5. Now switch ON the first switch SW1 to connect first capacitor c1 in parallel with the
motor to improve power factor.
6. Again Note down the readings of Power Factor & other parameters of the Motor from
respective meters

7. Similarly add other capacitor (c2, c3 & c4) also. Power factor of the motor will now
improved.

8. Switch off the all switches.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Take care that there are no loose connections.

2. Adjust for zero error in the measuring instruments.

RESULT:-

83
Viva Questions:

84
RAMACHANDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTIONMOTOR

85
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

300V, 10A, UPF


(0-10)A
MI
Fuse M L
P A
15A C V
D S1 S2
P M1 C Kg Kg
S
T Auto Transformer
230V, 230/(0-270) V
50Hz 1 S V (0-300)V
AC W MI
Supply I
T
C M2
H
Rotor
Brake Drum
N
Link S1 S2

FUSE RATING: S1, S2- AUXILLARY WINDING


NAME PLATE DETAILS:
M1, M2- MAIN WINDING
125% of rated current Rated Voltage : 220V
Rated Current : 9.5A
125 x 9.5 Rated Power : 3HP
---------------- = 15 A Rated Speed : 1470 RPM
100

86
Experiment No.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION


MOTOR ON LOAD CONDITION
AIM
To conduct open circuit, short circuit and load test on the given single phase induction
motor and to plot its performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY


1 VOLTMETER (0-300V) MI 1
(0-150V) MI 1
2 AMMETER (0-10A) MI 1
(0-5A) MI 1
3 WATTMETER (300V,10A,UPF) 1
(150V,10A, UPF) 1
(300V,5A,LPF) 1
4 TACHOMETER (0-10000 RPM) 1
5 Connecting wires As required

FORMULAE

Load test

1. Circumference of the brake drum = 2πR (m)


R = Radius of the brake drum

2. Input power =W (watts)


W = wattmeter readings

3. Torque (T) = 9.81x R x (S1 ~ S2) (N-m)


S1, S2 = spring balance readings (Kg)
2NT
4. Output power = (watts)
60
N- Speed in rpm

output power
5. % Efficiency (η) = x100
input power
W
6. Power factor, cos Φ=
VI

87
MODEL GRAPH

TABULAR COLUMN

88
Ns  N
7. % Slip, s = 100
Ns
120 f
NS = synchronous speed = (rpm)
P
P = no. of poles
f=frequency of supply (Hz)

No load test
R1= 1.5x Rdc
cos Ф = Wo / Vo Io

VAB = Io xo
xo = VAB /Io

Blocked rotor test


cos Φsc =Wsc /Vsc Isc
Zeq = Vsc/ Isc
Req = Wsc /( Isc)2
Req = R1 + R2
R2 = Req - R1 = rotor resistance referred to stator
Xeq =√(Zeq 2 - Req 2)
X1 = X2
Xeq
X2=
2

Where W0 = no-load input power in watts (watts)


Wsc = short circuit input power in watts (watts)
V0 = line voltage on no-load
I0 = line current on no-load

CALCULATIONS TO DRAW THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT


Blocked rotor test
Zeq = Vsc/ Isc
Req = Wsc /( Isc)2
Xeq =√(Zeq 2 - Req 2)

R1= 1.5*Rdc

89
90
Req = R1 + R2
R2 = Req - R1
Xeq=X1 + X2
Xeq
X1 = X2 =
2
x2 = X2 / 2
r2= R2 / 2
Where VSC= Short circuit voltage volts
ISC= Short circuit current in amps
WSC= Short circuit power in watts
No load test

VAB = Io xo
|VAB |
x=
o
Io
Where W0 = no-load input power in watts (watts)
V0 = line voltage on no-load
I0 = line current on no-load
PRECAUTIONS

Load test

1. The auto transformer must kept at minimum voltage position.


2. The motor is started at no load condition.
3. The motor should not be stopped under loaded condition

No load test
1. Initially DPST Switch is kept open.
2. Auto transformer is kept at minimum potential position.
3. The machines must be started on no load.

Blocked rotor test


1. Initially the DPST Switch is kept open.
2. Auto transformer is kept at minimum potential position.
3. The machine must be started at full load (blocked rotor).

91
Load test

Voltage Current Speed Wattmeter Spring balance Torque Output Power % efficiency %Slip(s)
V I N reading readings (Kg) (T) Power factor (η)
(volts ) Amps (rpm) (watts) S1 S2 S1~S2 (watts) (cos Φ)
N-m
OBS ACT

92
PROCEDURE

Load test

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram


2. The DPST switch is closed and the single phase supply is given to the motor.
3. By adjusting the autotransformer, the rated voltage is applied and the corresponding
no load values of speed, spring balance and meter readings are noted down. If the
wattmeter readings show negative deflection on no load, switch of the supply &
interchange the terminals of current coils (M & L) of the wattmeter. Now, again start
the motor (follow above procedure for starting), take readings.
4. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor is reached.
5. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage
position, and the DPST switch is opened.
6. The radius of the brake drum is measured.

RESULT

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POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. What are the inherent characteristics of plain 1-Ø Induction motor?

2. Why single phase induction motor has low power factor?

3. State double field revolving theory.

4. How the direction of a capacitor start Induction motor is reversed?

5. Why is the starting torque of a capacitor start induction motor high, when compared
to that of a split phase induction motor?

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Experiment No: Date:

Parallel operation of three-phase alternator under load conditions


Aim- Parallel operation of two alternators and study load sharing.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity


Motor- 220V DC,
1 DC Motor Coupled to Alternator 3KW,1500RPM 2nos
Alternator-
440V,3 KVA,50
Hz
2 Line Tester 1100v, 6‟‟ 1no
3 Wire Stripper 150mm 1 no
4 Voltmeter 500v AC 2nos
5 Ammeter 5A AC 2 nos
6 Rheostat 750ohm, 1.5A 2 nos
7 Multimeter - 1 no
7 Frequency Meter Digital Type 2 nos
8 Syncchonoscope - 1 no
9 Lamps 100W 3nos
10 Wires 2.5 sq mm As per required

Theory:-

Alternator is really an AC generator. In alternator, an EMF is induced in the stator (stationary


wire) with the influence of rotating magnetic field (rotor) due to Faraday‟s law of induction. Due
to the synchronous speed of rotation of field poles, it is also known as synchronous generator.
Here, we can discuss about parallel operation of alternator. When the AC power systems are
interconnected for efficiency, the alternators should also have to be connected in parallel. There
will be more than two alternators connected in parallel in generating stations.

Condition for Parallel Operation of Alternator:-


There are some conditions to be satisfied for parallel operation of the alternator. Before entering
into that, we should understand some terms which are as follows.
 The process of connecting two alternators or an alternator and an infinite bus bar system
in parallel is known as synchronizing.
 Running machine is the machine which carries the load.

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 Incoming machine is the alternator or machine which has to be connected in parallel
with the system.

The conditions to be satisfied are:-

1. The phase sequence of the incoming machine voltage and the bus bar voltage should be
identical.
2. The RMS line voltage (terminal voltage) of the bus bar or already running machine
andthe incoming machine should be the same.
3. The phase angle of the two systems should be equal.
4. The frequency of the two terminal voltages (incoming machine and the bus bar) should
be nearly the same. Large power transients will occur when frequencies are not nearly
equal.
Departure from the above conditions will result in the formation of power surges and current. It
also results in unwanted electro-mechanical oscillation of rotor which leads to the damage of
equipment.

Methods:-
There are two synchronizing methods -
a. Using incandescent lamp
b. Using synchroscope.

(a) Using Incandescent lamp :-

Let machine G2 be synchronized with machine G1 which is already connected with the bus
bar,using three lamps (L1, L2 and L3) method.
These lamps are known as synchronizing lamps connected as shown in Fig.1
If the speed of machine 2 is not brought upto that of machine 1 then its frequency will also be
different, hence there will be a phase difference between their voltages as shown in Fig.2.
Due to difference in frequencies the resultant voltage will undergo changes similar to the
frequency changes of beats produced when two sound sources of nearly equal frequencies are
sounded together.

Fig. 1 Synchronization using three lamp


method

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The resultant voltage is sometimes maximum and sometimes minimum.
Hence, the lamps will flicker, sometimes dark and sometimes bright.
Synchronization is done at the middle of the dark period. This method of synchronizing is
known as dark lamp method.
Lamp L1 is connected between A1 and A2, L2 between B1 and C2 and L3 between C1 and B2.
These three lamps slowly brighten and darken in cyclic successor in a direction depending upon
whether incoming machine 2 is fast or slow.
The synchronizing switch will be closed at the moment when lamp L1 will be completely dark.

This method has following drawbacks:


1. The lamps become dark at about one third of the rated voltage. Hence, faulty synchronizing
may be done in dark period.
2. Using this method it is not possible to find out that how much the machine is slow or fast.
3. This method is not applicable for high voltage alternators, because lamp ratings are normally
low. For such situations we need an extra transformer to step down the voltage.

(b) SYNCHRONIZING BY SYNCHROSCOPE:

Synchroscope is a device that shows the correct instant of closing the synchronizing switch withthe
help of a pointer which will rotate on the dial.
The rotation of pointer also indicates whether the incoming machine is running too slow or too
fast.
If incoming machine is slow then pointer rotates in anticlockwise direction and if machine is
fastthen pointer rotates in clockwise direction.

Fig. 3 Synchronizing by Synchroscope


PROCEDURE:
-

1. Make the connection diagram as shown in figure 1.1


2. Run one of the alternators and adjust its voltage at rated value and close switch to bus bar.
3. Start the second set (alternator 2), bring it upto proper speed equal to that of the running
alternator (or bus bar voltage).
4. Synchronize the incoming alternator by any one method described in theory.

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Observations :-

1. Measure and adjust voltage of incoming machine (Vg) and bus bar (Vs) till Vg=Vs.
2. Measure and adjust the speed of incoming machine, till synchroscope needle creeps.
3. Close synchronizing switch

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt about the, Parallel operation of two
alternators and study load sharing.

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