Im& SM Lab Manual
Im& SM Lab Manual
Im& SM Lab Manual
B.TECH
(II YEAR – II SEM)
(2023-24)
Prepared by:
D.JOSEPH KUMAR, Assistant Professor
S.NO DESCRIPTION
3. PO’s
4. PEO,s
5. PSO,s
21. Determination of efficiency of three-phase alternator by loading with three phase induction motor
22. Parallel operation of Alternator to infinity bus bar by using bright lamp method
D.N.R.COLLEGEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
Balusumudi, Bhimavaram-534202
Vision:
To evoBve as a Quality Institution in Teaching, Innovative Research,
Entrepreneurship and Consultation in Engineering &Technology, empower rural
youth globally competent and self-disciplined technocrats.
Mission:
IM,. Incukcate technical knowledge, soft skills through student centric teaching
&learning.
IM,.Strengthen industry institute interaction,provide solutionstotheever-changing
requirements.
PRINCIPAL
PRINCIPAL
D.RROege of Engg.& Tech.
BHIMAVAPAMg2A9n2
D.N.R.COLLEGEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
Balusumudi, Bhimavaram-534202
Vision:
Mission:
engineering
PO1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2.Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
mathematics,
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3.Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
appropriate
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
societal, and environmental
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
considerations.
PO4.Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
POS.Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engincering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7.Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8.Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to profesional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of theengineering practice.
PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
keader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10.Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, malke effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO11 Projoct management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engieering and management priciples and apply these to one's own work, as a member and
leader in ateam, tomanage projects and in muBtidisciplinary environments.
PO12.Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to cngage
in independent and life-long leaming in the broadest context of technological change.
Head ofhe
Dr. KBVSR' SubrähmaHVam
MISTE, GDM
M.E., Ph.0, nti)
Professor& Head (EEE) &Dean Exami.
Technotogy
D.N.R. College of Engineering &
BHIMAVARAM-534 202.
D.N.R.COLLEGEOFENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
Balusumudi, Bhimavaram-534202
PEO1: Be Successful professionals in multidisciplinary team to solve real life problems with
ethical values.
PEO3: Adapt foreverchanging needs by collaborating with industries and academia for
Professional development, Research and higher studies.
Upon completion of the B.Tech (EEE) program, the students are able to:
COURSE OUTCOMES
PO PSO PSO
CO PO1 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
2 1 2
CO1 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO2 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO3 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO4 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO5 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
CO6 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 3 -
(Level of Mapping- 3: High; 2: Moderate; 1-Low; -: Not mapped)
2. Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency and regulation of a three phase Induction motor
9. Determination of efficiency of three-phase alternator by loading with three phase induction motor.
11. Parallel operation of three-phase alternator under no-load and load conditions
13. Starting of single-phase Induction motor by using capacitor start and capacitor start run methods.
2. Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency and regulation of a three phase Induction
methods.
Additional Experiments:
1 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO
Performance characteristics of a three-phase Induction CO1 12,PSO1
Motor by conducting Brake Test .
2 Determination of equivalent circuit parameters, CO1 PO1,PO2,PO3,PO6,PO9,PO
12,PSO1
efficiency and regulation of a three phase Induction
motor by conducting No–load & Blocked rotor tests.
Additional Experiments:
Course Objectives:
The objective of the lab is to provide a detailed analysis of operation and performance of 3-
phase induction motor, 1-phase induction motor and synchronous machines. In addition, it
Course Outcomes:
Assess the performance of single phase and three phase induction motors.
Find the Xd/Xq ratio of alternator and asses the performance of three–phase synchronous
motor.
Total Marks
1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
415V,50Hz
3phase
AC supply
2
EXPT NO: DATE:
5) output power in watts vs slip, 6) output power in watts vs torque of the given three phase
Squire cage Induction motor by conducting brake test (direct load test ) on it.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1 Voltmeter 0-600 V MI 1
2 Ammeter 0-10 A MI 1
600V/10A
3 watt meter UPF Dynamo Meter 2
3
TABULAR COLUMN:
4
PROCEDURE:-
load current read by the ammeter) and note down the readings as in steps in the
table.
PRECAUTIONS:-
5
MODEL GRAPH:
6
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:-
S1 =
S2 =
WATT METER (W1+W2) =
Load Torque =
%Slip=
%Efficiency=
RESULT:
7
Viva Questions:
8
NO–LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS
ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
10
EXPT. NO: Date:
AIM:
To plot the circle diagram of the 3-Ø induction motor to determine its slip, Torque, output,
efficiency at full load, maximum Torque, slip at maximum torque, starting torque by
conducting no load and blocked rotor test on 3-phase slip ring induction motor.
APPARATUS:
Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1
11
TABULAR COLUMN:
NO LOAD TEST :-
Wattmeter readings
VSC ISC
W1(W) W2 (W)
12
PROCEDURE:
No load Test:
2. The 3-Ø auto transformer is kept in zero voltage position and sees that the brake
drum rotates freely.
4. Note the voltmeter (V0), Ammeter (I0) & Wattmeter (W1, W2) readings.
5. Bring the 3- Ø autotransformer to zero output voltage position and open the
1. Tight the belt around the brake drums to block the rotor of induction motor.
3. Note down Voltmeter (Vsc), ammeter (Isc) & wattmeter (Wsc) reading.
4. Bring the 3- Ø autotransformer to zero output voltage position and open the
supply TPST switch.
13
CALCULATIONS:-
14
Circle diagram:
Locating point D:
Power input to motor blocked rotor test, stator copper loss = 3I sc2 R Rotor
1
copper loss = Wsc – 3Isc2 R1
D is located such that AD/DE= Rotor copper loss/ Stator copper loss.
K may be found by connecting two ammeters one in stator Circuit & other in rotor circuit
in blocked rotor test.
15
16
Calculate power scale:
Precautions:
Increase the applied voltage slowly & carefully in blocked rotor test.
Result:
17
Viva Questions:
18
REGULATION OF A THREE –PHASE
ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE
& M.M.F. METHODS.
19
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
220V,
DC
Supply
220V,
DC
Supply
220V,
DC
Supply
220V,
DC
Supply
20
EXPT NO: DATE:
Regulation of a three –phase alternator by synchronous impedance &
m.m.f. Methods.
Aim:
To determine the % voltage regulation of an alternator by E.M.F& M.M.F Methods by
APPARATUS:
21
TABULAR COLUMN:
Field Phase
S. No voltage
Current
Eo (V) S.C. Test
1
2
Short circuit
3 S.No If (A)
4 current Isc(A)
5
6 1
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
22
PROCEDURE:
2. Field Rheostat of motor R1 & Static exciter is kept in minimum position & TPST
in open position.
3. DPST1 is closed & DC motor is started using 3 point starter. Field rheostat (R1) of
motor is varied until the motor speed reaches synchronous speed of the alternator.
4. DPST2 is closed & the field rheostat is varied till the armature voltage reaches
125% of its rated voltage field current (If) & generated e.m.f (E0) are noted at
each step. Field current is reduced to zero.
6. A graph is plotted between open circuit generated voltages on y-axis & filed
current If on x-axis to obtain open circuit characteristics.
1. Short circuit the output terminals of the alternator through an ammeter by closing
T.P.S.T Switch.
3. Increase the field excitation such that the ammeter in the short circuit path reads
the rated current of alternator (Isc) and also take down the corresponding reading
of the field current.
4. Reduce the field excitation to zero and open the D.P.S.T Switch 2
23
24
FOUMULAE USED:-
PRECAUTIONS:
Field rheostat, static excites & inductive load are kept in minimum position.
RESULT:
P.F
EMF Method MMF Method
Lagging Leading Lagging Leading
Unity
0.8
0.6
0.4
25
Viva Questions:
26
REGULATION OF THREE–PHASE ALTERNATOR BY POTIER
TRIANGLE METHOD
27
(0-20)A
DPST MC 3-Point Starter
Switch 290Ω/1.8A
L A F
+ A
R
R
(0-20)A
MC A A (0-1)A MC
220V D.C.
V V (0-
(0-300)V 300)V
Supply A F MI
MC M N N
AA
FF
X XX
- Y B B
Fuse 5A
290Ω/1.8A Y
(0-1)A
Fuse A
Ph Alternator
D.C. stator winding
220V A.C.Supply EXCI
50Hz TER
(0-
N
OPEN CIRCUIT
28
DPST (0-20)A 3-Point Starter
Switch MC 290Ω/1.8A
L A F
+ A
R
(0-20)A A A (0-1)A
MC MC
220V
DC V (0-300)VMC
A
A
Supply F A (0-10)A
M N
AA
F
XX
X
- Y B
Fuse 5A
290Ω/1.8A
(0-1)A
Fuse 5A
Ph A Alternator
stator winding
230V
AC
Supply
SHORT CIRCUIT
29
(0-20)A
DPST MC 3- Point Starter (0-300)V MI (0-10)A MI
Switch 290Ω/1.8A
A L A F
+
R A R
(0-20)A MC A A (0-1)A
220V
DC V MC V
Supply A
F
(0- M N N
300)VMC
AA
FF X XX
- Y B B Y
Fuse 5A 290Ω/1.8A
Fuse 5A
Ph A Alternator 3 Phase
stator
230V (0-1)A MC Inductive
50Hz winding
AC supply
N
DPST D.C. EXCITER (0-220) v
Switch
30
EXP NO: DATE:
Aim:
1. Open Circuit test on a 3-Phase Alternator.
2. Short Circuit test on a 3-Phase Alternator with highly lagging Load (approx Zero Power
Factor) at rated Voltage & rated current flowing through Stator Winding .
NAME Plate Details:
Apparatus Required:-
1 0-20A 2NO
Ammeters 0-1A MC 2NO
0-10A MI 1NO
2 0-300V MC 1 NO
Voltmeters
(0-600)V MI 1 NO
3 Power factor 300V, 5A Electro Dynamo
1NO
Meter
4 CORE
Auto Transformer 230/ (0-270)V, 1NO
10A
5 SPST Switch ----------- ---------- 1NO
31
TABULAR COLUMN:
32
PROCEDURE:
4. DPST2 is closed & Increase the field excitation such that the armature voltage reaches
125% of its rated voltage field current (If) & generated emf (E0) Are noted at each
step.
5. Reduce the field excitation to zero and open the D.P.S.T Switch 2.
6. Stop the D.C Motor by opening the D.P.S.T Switch 1.
7. A graph is plotted between open circuit generated voltages on y-axis & filed current If
on x-axis to obtain open circuit characteristics.
6. Reduce the field excitation to zero and open the D.P.S.T Switch 2
2. Field Rheostat of motor R1 & Static exciter is kept in minimum position & TPST in
open position. Connect Alternator’s R, Y, B terminals at their respective positions.
3. It will tend to make Alternator's Power Factor near to zero.
4. DPST1 is closed & DC motor is started using 3 point starter. Field rheostat (R 1) of
motor is varied until the motor speed reaches synchronous speed of the alternator.
5. Close the D.P.S.T2 Switch of the field excitation of system of alternator.
33
34
6. Provide DC Excitation to the Alternator & set its Output Voltage around 420V on the
Voltmeter.
7. Adjust the rated terminal Voltage across the Load by increasing the Field Current, till
full Load Current of the Alternator Record Field Current of the Alternator
corresponding to rated Full Load Current & rated terminal Voltage of the Alternator.
Note down the Voltage at this Load. Let it be “V".
8. Your Open Circuit or No-Load Voltage is E, as recorded earlier in Open Circuit Test.
9. Calculate the Regulation with the formula as stated below.
PRECAUTIONS:
Field rheostat, static excites & inductive load are kept in minimum position.
RESULT:
35
Viva Questions:
36
V and Inverted V curves of a three-phase
Synchronous motor.
37
38
EXP NO: DATE:
Parameter Motor
CAPACITY
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
SPEED
Apparatus Required:-
39
Observation Table:
40
Procedure:
1) Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
Precautions:
1) There should not be any load on the motor.
3) The direction of the rotation of the rotor should be in proper direction only.
41
MODEL GRAPH
Pf
&
Ia
Field Current
42
Graph:
Result:
43
Viva Questions:
44
Determination of Xd and Xq of a
Salient pole synchronous machine
45
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
46
EXP NO: DATE:
AIM:
To determine Xd and Xq of a 3- phase salient pole alternator by conducting slip test and to
predetermine its voltage regulation.
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Power
Rated Speed
APPARATUS:
MI (0-150)V 1
Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1
47
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.N.O IMAX IMIN VMAX VMIN Xd= VMAX / IMIN Xq= VMIN / IMAX
Average Xd = Xq =
48
PROCEDURE:
2. Keep Shunt motor field regulator R1 in minimum resistance position and TPST in
open position
3. Close the DPST switch and start the D.C. Motor. Adjust its speed to the speed
slightly less than the rated speed with the help of field rheostat.
4. If the voltmeter across the field reads twice the rated voltage, then change the
phase sequence (such that the voltmeter reads zero)
5. Close TPST switch and apply 25% of rated voltage to the alternator stator by
adjusting 3-phase Autotransformer.
6. Introduce some slip by varying the speed of alternator till the fluctuations in the
voltmeter and ammeter are maximum.
7. Note down the maximum and minimum values of currents and voltages (V max,
Vmin, Imax, Imin) in the armature circuit.
9. Calculate Xd and Xq using Xd = Vmax / Imin (per phase) and Xq = Vmin /Imax (per
phase).
10. Repeat the above procedure for different values of applied voltage to the
alternator. Take the average of all the values of Xd and Xq.
49
50
PRECAUTIONS:
1. When performing this test the slip should be made as small as possible. (i.e. the
Difference between speed of motor and synchronous speed). If the slip is more error in
measurement of Xd and Xq will be more.
2 .The polarity of generated e m f should be similar to the polarity of the supply lines
FOUMULAE USED:-
= Ef δ
Calculate ψ:
internal power factor angle ψ = E f,
Iq = Ia cos ψ
RESULT:
51
Viva Questions:
52
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
53
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
54
EXPT. NO: Date:
AIM:
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a single-phase induction motor by
conducting No-Load and blocked rotor tests.
PARAMETER VALUE
CAPACITY
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
SPEED
APPARATUS:-
55
TABULAR COLUMN:
No-Load Test:
56
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:
57
58
PROCEDURE:
NO-LOAD TEST:
5. Reduce the applied voltage to zero and open the DPST Switch of the supply.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Increase the applied voltage slowly and carefully in blocked rotor test.
2. Keep the auto-transformer in minimum null voltage position before starting the motor.
3. During SC test of induction motor gradually increase the supply voltage till the
Motor draws rated current.
4. Avoid parallax errors will recording the reading from instruments and loose
connections.
59
60
RESULT:
61
Viva Questions:
62
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR BY V/F METHOD
63
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TPST Switch
(0-10)A
VFD MODULE
R A
V (0-600)V
3-Ø
415V AC Induction Motor
stator winding
3- Ø Y DOL
STRAT
SUPPLY
50HZ ER
B
Fuse 5A
64
EXPT. NO: Date:
AIM:
1. Study of Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor by keeping V/ F ratio constant.
2. Study of Speed Control of 3-Phase Induction Motor by varying Supply Voltage.
PARAMETER VALUE
CAPACITY
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
SPEED
APPARATUS:-
65
TABULAR COLUMN:
FORWARD DIRECTION:-
REVRESE DIRECTION:-
66
PROCEDURE:
FORWARD DIRECTION:-
2. Switch on the supply and now press the “START"(Green) push button of the DOL
Starter.
3. Operating modes of the Drive by reading its Manual Motor in different modes like
Forward.
4. Press Green colored "RUN" push button of the Drive.
5. Rotate the CONTROL knob of AC Drive towards clockwise direction slowly.
6. Motor will start rotating. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter & RPM
Meters fitted in different Frequencies.
7. Note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, frequency and speed.
8. Stop the Motor with Red colored "STOP” push button.
REVRESE DIRECTION:-
PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid parallax errors will recording the reading from instruments and loose connections.
RESULT:
67
Viva Questions:
68
Determination of efficiency of three phase alternator by loading
With three phase induction motor.
69
DPST (0-20)A 3-Point Starter
Switch MC 290Ω/1.8A
L A F
+ A
R
(0-20)A MC A A (0-1)A MC (0-
220V D.C.
V 300)V
V (0-300)VMC
Supply MI
A F
M N
AA
FF X XX
- Y B B
Fuse 5A
290Ω/1.8A Y
(0-1)A MC
Fuse
Ph A Alternator
stator winding
230V A.C.Supply D.C.
EXCI
50Hz
TER
N
OPEN CIRCUIT
71
DPST (0-20)A
Switch 3-Point Starter 290Ω/1.8A Power Factor
MC
L A F meter 250V/5A
+ A
(0-10)A S1 S2
M L R
(0-20)A R A
V
MC A A (0-1)A C
(0-
220 V MC
(0- V 300)
D.C. V
300)VMC V MI
A F
Supply N
M N
AA
FF X XX
-
Y B B Y
Fuse 5A Break Drum
Fuse
Ph Alternator Induction Motor
stator winding stator winding
230 V A.C. D.C.
EXCI
Supply 50Hz TER
N DPST
Switch
EFFICIENCY OF 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR
72
EXPT. NO: Date:
CAPACITIVY
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
SPEED
APPARATUS:-
Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1
Ammeter MC (0-1)A 1
Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
73
TABULAR COLUMN:
74
PROCEDURE:
6) Note down the readings of the Field Current (I f) of the 3-Phase Alternator & the Open
Circuit Voltage generated by it. Take 4-5 readings of both the parameters at different
intervals (up to 420V). This concludes your 3-Phase Output Voltage Generation from a
DC Shunt Motor.
7) Knob of DC Excitation Source towards most anticlockwise position again. Motor will
stop.
8) Connect Alternator’s R, Y, B terminals at their respective positions. Also connect a 3-
Phase Load at Output.
9) Start the Motor-Generator set again as stated earlier.
10) Provide DC Excitation to the Alternator & set its Output Voltage around 420V on the
Voltmeter.
11) Adjust the rated terminal Voltage across the Load by increasing the Field Current, till full
Load Current of the Alternator. Record Field Current of the Alternator corresponding to
rated Full Load Current & rated terminal Voltage of the Alternator.
12) Note down the Voltage (V),Current (1) & Power Factor (cosØ) at this Load
13) Finally switch “OFF” the supply.
Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated using Equation:
Efficiency = (Output / Input) X 100 %
Calculate the Output Power of the Alternator by 𝑉 × 𝐼 × cos ∅.
Let this Output Power be “PO”. Input Power (Pi.) will be the multiplication of the
readings of the DC Voltmeter & DC Ammeter
PRECAUTIONS:
Avoid parallax errors will recording the reading from instruments and loose connections.
Result:
75
Viva Questions:
76
Power factor improvement of single phase induction motor by
Using capacitors and load test on single phase induction motor.
77
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WATT METER
DPST Switch (0-5)A
300V/5A
PH M L
A
C V
S1 S2
1-Ø
Break Drum
Fuse 5A
78
Power Factor
meter
DPST Switch (0-5)A 300V/5A
M L
PH A
SW1 C1
V
C
S1 S2
1- Ø SW2 C2
230V AC V (0-300)V
D.O.L
STRAT
M
1-Ø SUPPLY 50HZ SW3 C3
ER
Break Drum
SW4 C4
Fuse 5A
80
EXPT. NO: Date:
Power factor improvement of single phase induction motor by Using capacitors and load test on
single phase induction motor.
AIM:
1. Load Test on 1-Phase Induction Motor.
PARAMETER DC MOTOR
CAPACITIVY
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
SPEED
APPARATUS:
81
TABULAR COLUMN:
Radius of the brake drum ‘r’ =
LOAD TEST
82
PROCEDURE
LOAD TEST
5. Now switch ON the first switch SW1 to connect first capacitor c1 in parallel with the
motor to improve power factor.
6. Again Note down the readings of Power Factor & other parameters of the Motor from
respective meters
7. Similarly add other capacitor (c2, c3 & c4) also. Power factor of the motor will now
improved.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Take care that there are no loose connections.
RESULT:-
83
Viva Questions:
84
RAMACHANDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTIONMOTOR
85
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
86
Experiment No.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULAE
Load test
output power
5. % Efficiency (η) = x100
input power
W
6. Power factor, cos Φ=
VI
87
MODEL GRAPH
TABULAR COLUMN
88
Ns N
7. % Slip, s = 100
Ns
120 f
NS = synchronous speed = (rpm)
P
P = no. of poles
f=frequency of supply (Hz)
No load test
R1= 1.5x Rdc
cos Ф = Wo / Vo Io
VAB = Io xo
xo = VAB /Io
R1= 1.5*Rdc
89
90
Req = R1 + R2
R2 = Req - R1
Xeq=X1 + X2
Xeq
X1 = X2 =
2
x2 = X2 / 2
r2= R2 / 2
Where VSC= Short circuit voltage volts
ISC= Short circuit current in amps
WSC= Short circuit power in watts
No load test
VAB = Io xo
|VAB |
x=
o
Io
Where W0 = no-load input power in watts (watts)
V0 = line voltage on no-load
I0 = line current on no-load
PRECAUTIONS
Load test
No load test
1. Initially DPST Switch is kept open.
2. Auto transformer is kept at minimum potential position.
3. The machines must be started on no load.
91
Load test
Voltage Current Speed Wattmeter Spring balance Torque Output Power % efficiency %Slip(s)
V I N reading readings (Kg) (T) Power factor (η)
(volts ) Amps (rpm) (watts) S1 S2 S1~S2 (watts) (cos Φ)
N-m
OBS ACT
92
PROCEDURE
Load test
RESULT
93
POST LAB QUESTIONS
5. Why is the starting torque of a capacitor start induction motor high, when compared
to that of a split phase induction motor?
94
Experiment No: Date:
Theory:-
95
96
Incoming machine is the alternator or machine which has to be connected in parallel
with the system.
1. The phase sequence of the incoming machine voltage and the bus bar voltage should be
identical.
2. The RMS line voltage (terminal voltage) of the bus bar or already running machine
andthe incoming machine should be the same.
3. The phase angle of the two systems should be equal.
4. The frequency of the two terminal voltages (incoming machine and the bus bar) should
be nearly the same. Large power transients will occur when frequencies are not nearly
equal.
Departure from the above conditions will result in the formation of power surges and current. It
also results in unwanted electro-mechanical oscillation of rotor which leads to the damage of
equipment.
Methods:-
There are two synchronizing methods -
a. Using incandescent lamp
b. Using synchroscope.
Let machine G2 be synchronized with machine G1 which is already connected with the bus
bar,using three lamps (L1, L2 and L3) method.
These lamps are known as synchronizing lamps connected as shown in Fig.1
If the speed of machine 2 is not brought upto that of machine 1 then its frequency will also be
different, hence there will be a phase difference between their voltages as shown in Fig.2.
Due to difference in frequencies the resultant voltage will undergo changes similar to the
frequency changes of beats produced when two sound sources of nearly equal frequencies are
sounded together.
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The resultant voltage is sometimes maximum and sometimes minimum.
Hence, the lamps will flicker, sometimes dark and sometimes bright.
Synchronization is done at the middle of the dark period. This method of synchronizing is
known as dark lamp method.
Lamp L1 is connected between A1 and A2, L2 between B1 and C2 and L3 between C1 and B2.
These three lamps slowly brighten and darken in cyclic successor in a direction depending upon
whether incoming machine 2 is fast or slow.
The synchronizing switch will be closed at the moment when lamp L1 will be completely dark.
Synchroscope is a device that shows the correct instant of closing the synchronizing switch withthe
help of a pointer which will rotate on the dial.
The rotation of pointer also indicates whether the incoming machine is running too slow or too
fast.
If incoming machine is slow then pointer rotates in anticlockwise direction and if machine is
fastthen pointer rotates in clockwise direction.
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Observations :-
1. Measure and adjust voltage of incoming machine (Vg) and bus bar (Vs) till Vg=Vs.
2. Measure and adjust the speed of incoming machine, till synchroscope needle creeps.
3. Close synchronizing switch
Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt about the, Parallel operation of two
alternators and study load sharing.
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