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    of 26

    Chapter 1

    Introduction
    Prof. Dr. Md Zahidul Islam
    Dept of Computer Science and Engineering

    1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
    Course Objectives

    1.2
    Learning Outcomes
    i.Independently understand basic computer network
    technology.
    ii.Understand and explain Data Communications System and its
    components.
    Learning iii.Identify the different types of network topologies and
    Outcomes protocols.
    iv.Enumerate the layers of the OSI model and TCP/IP. Explain
    the function(s) of each layer.
    v.Identify the different types of network devices and their
    functions within a network
    vi.Understand and building the skills of subnetting and routing
    mechanisms.
    vii.Familiarity with the basic protocols of computer networks,
    multiple access protocols, protocols to avoid collusion and how
    they can be used to assist in network design and
    implementation.

    1.3
    Teaching Methods

    Teaching ●Lectures
    Methods ●Presentations (when necessary)
    ●Group discussions (when necessary)
    ●Individual assignments and presentations

    1.4
    1.5
    1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
    The term telecommunication means communication at a
    distance. The word data refers to information presented
    in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
    and using the data. Data communications are the
    exchange of data between two devices via some form of
    transmission medium such as a wire cable.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    ▪ Components of a data communications system
    ▪ Data Flow

    1.6
    Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system

    1.7
    Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

    1.8
    1-2 NETWORKS

    A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


    connected by communication links. A node can be a
    computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
    and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
    network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
    medium which can transport a signal carrying
    information.
    Topics discussed in this section:
    ▪ Network Criteria
    ▪ Physical Structures
    ▪ Categories of Networks
    1.9
    Network Criteria

    ■ Performance
    ■ Depends on Network Elements
    ■ Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
    ■ Reliability
    ■ Failure rate of network components
    ■ Measured in terms of availability/robustness
    ■ Security
    ■ Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
    ■ Errors
    ■ Malicious users

    1.10
    Physical Structures

    ■ Type of Connection
    ■ Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
    ■ Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
    ■ Physical Topology
    ■ Connection of devices
    ■ Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

    1.11
    Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

    1.12
    Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

    1.13
    Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

    1.14
    Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

    1.15
    Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

    1.16
    Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

    1.17
    Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

    1.18
    Categories of Networks

    ■ Local Area Networks (LANs)


    ■ Short distances
    ■ Designed to provide local interconnectivity
    ■ Wide Area Networks (WANs)
    ■ Long distances
    ■ Provide connectivity over large areas
    ■ Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
    ■ Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

    1.19
    Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

    1.20
    Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

    1.21
    Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

    1.22
    1-3 THE INTERNET

    The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily


    lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
    way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
    communication system that has brought a wealth of
    information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Organization of the Internet
    Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

    1.23
    Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

    1.24
    1-4 PROTOCOLS

    A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of


    rules that govern data communications. It determines
    what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
    it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are
    syntax, semantics and timing

    Topics discussed in this section:


    ▪ Syntax
    ▪ Semantics
    ▪ Timing

    1.25
    Elements of a Protocol

    ■ Syntax
    ■ Structure or format of the data
    ■ Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
    ■ Semantics
    ■ Interprets the meaning of the bits
    ■ Knows which fields define what action
    ■ Timing
    ■ When data should be sent and what
    ■ Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
    received.

    1.26

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