IMPACT OF FIRE ON STEEL REINFORCEMENT OF

R.C.C. STRUCTURES

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By

SHUTHI SUPPRIYAA. S

PACKIYALAKSHMI. M

ABITHA. S

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

CIVIL ENGINEERING

BHARATH NIKETAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AUNDIPATTY, THENI-625 531(DT)

ANNAUNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MARCH 2021
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “IMPACT OF FIRE ON STEEL

REINFORCEMENT OF R.C.C. STRUCTURES” is the bonafide work of

SHUTHI SUPPRIYAA.S (920117103010), PACKIYALAKSHMI.M

(920117103301), ABITHA.S (920117103901) who carried out the project work

under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr.C.MURUGAN, M.E., Mr.M.ROHITHKUMAR, M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Department of Civil engineering, Assistant Professor,
BharathNiketan Engineering College, Department of Civil engineering,
Aundipatti-625 536. BharathNiketan Engineering College,
Aundipatti-625 536.

Submitted for the viva-voce Examination held on…………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very much grateful to our college and our managing chairman
Shri.S.MOHAN for enabling us to complete this work successful.

We are thankful to Dr.P.V.ARULKUMAR, M.E., M.B.A., Ph.D., Principal

Bharath Niketan Engineering College for his support and encouragement to complete
our project work.

We are thanks to Mr.C.MURUGAN, M.E., Head of the Department Civil

Engineering for his motivation and suggestions which improved the quality of our
project work.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our guide

Mr.M.ROHITHKUMAR, M.E., Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering for her
able guidance and support rendered to us during the semester for successful
completion of our project work.
 ABSTRACT

With the increased incidents of major fires in buildings; assessment,

repairs and rehabilitation of fire damaged structures has become a topical
interest. This is a specialized field involves expertise in many areas like
concrete technology, material science and testing, structural engineering,
repair materials and techniques etc. Research and developmental efforts are
being carried out in this area and other related disciplines. In this topic the
experience of real life problems are presented which add immense value to
this. This topic also gives a comprehensive knowledge on the overall strategy
for the restoration of fire damaged buildings and also presents a critical
appraisal of the assessment procedures by different non destructive
techniques, specifications and execution of repair techniques.

The experimentation has been done to find out the impact of the fire
on reinforcement steel bars by heating the bars to 100°,300°,600°,900°
centigrade of 6 samples each. The heated samples are rapidly cooled by
quenching in water and normally by air cooling. The change in the mechanical
properties are studied using universal testing machine (UTM) and the
microscopic study of grain size and grain structure is studied by scanning
electron microscope (SEM).

The general conclusion is that majority of fire damaged RCC

structures are repairable. But the impact of elevated temperature above 900°C
on the reinforcement bars was observed that there is significant reduction in
ductility when rapidly cooled by quenching. In the same case when cooled in
normal atmospheric conditions the impact of temperature on ductility is not
high. By heating the reinforcement bars, the mechanical properties can be
changed without varying the chemical composition.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO.

ABSTRACT 4
LIST OF FIGURES 6
LIST OF TABLES 7

1 1.INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Experience of fires 11
1.2 What happens to concrete in a fire 12
1.3 Changes of concrete in fire 13
1.4 List of tests to be conducted 19
1.5 Damage classification of structural 20
members
1.6 Method of representing class of damages 23
in the drawings
1.7 Objective 24
2 2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK 25
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Equipment 26
2.3 UTM Testing 26
2.4 Tensile testing 28
2.5 SEM 28
2.6 Electric furnace 30
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 31
4 CONCLUSIONS 42
REFERENCES 43
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

No. No.
1.1 Fire damaged slab 11
1.2 Concreting of fire damaged slab 12
1.3 Concrete against fire 13
1.4 Color change in the concrete due to elevated temperature 16
1.5 Temperature vs proportion of strength at room temperature 17
2.1 UTM testing setup 22
2.2 Screenshot of the result of tensile test using UTM 27
2.3 Setup of SEM 28
2.4 Inner view of SEM 29
2.5 SEM properties of steel bar 29
2.6 Electric furnace 30
3.1 Temperature vs ultimate load 33
3.2 Temperature vs% elongation 33
3.3 Temperature vs Ultimate stress 34
3.4 0.2%Proff stress vs temperature 34
3.5 Temperature vs Ultimate load 35
3.6 Temperature vs ultimate Stress 35
3.7 Temperature vs elongation 36
3.8 Temperature vs yeild Stress 36

3.9 Temperature vs .2% Proof stress 37

3.10 100° C Ordinary cooling at magnification of 5 microns 37
3.11 100° C Ordinary cooling at magnification of 10 microns 38

3.12 300° C Ordinary cooling at magnification of 10 microns 38

3.13 300° C Rapid cooling at magnification of 10 microns 39
3.14 900° C ordinary cooling at 10 micron 39

6
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

No. No.
1.1 Concrete in fire – physiochemical process 14
1.2 Changes caused by heating various types of stone 15
1.3 Delamination of concrete 19
1.4 Damage classification 21
1.5 Damage classification of structural members 22
3.1 Properties for rapid cooing conditions 32
3.2 Properties for ordinary cooing conditions 32

7
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

8
 1.INTRODUCTION
With the increased incidents of major fires and fire accidents in buildings; assessment,
repair and rehabilitation of fire damaged structures has become a topical interest. This
specialized field involves expertise in many areas like concrete technology, material science
and testing, structural engineering, repair materials and techniques etc. Research and
development efforts are being carried out in these related disciplines. Any structure can
undergo fire accident, but because of this the structure cannot be denied neither abandoned.
To make a structure functionally viable after the damage due to fire has become a challenge
for the civil engineering community. The problem is where to start and how to proceed. It is
vitally important that we create buildings and structures that protect both people and property
as effectively as possible. Annual statistics on losses caused by fires in homes and elsewhere
make for some unpleasant readings and sadly through these events we learn more about fire
safety design.

We are all aware of the damage that fire can cause in terms of loss of life, homes and
livelihoods. A study of 16 industrialized nations (13 in Europe plus the USA, Canada and
Japan) found that, in a typical year, the number of people killed by fires was 1 to 2 per
100,000 inhabitants and the total cost of fire damage amounted to 0.2% to 0.3% of GNP. In
the USA specifically, statistics collected by the National Fire Protection Association (USA)
for the year 2000 showed that more than 4,000 deaths, over 100,000 injuries and more than
$10bn of property damage were caused by fire. UK statistics suggest that of the half a million
fires per annum attended by firefighters, about one third occur in occupied buildings and
these result in around 600 fatalities (almost all of which happen in dwellings). The loss of
business resulting from fires in commercial and office buildings runs into millions of pounds
each year. The extent of such damage depends on a number of factors such as building design
and use, structural performance, fire extinguishing devices and evacuation procedures.
Although fire safety standards are written with this express purpose, it is understandably the
safety of people that assumes the greater importance. Appropriate design and choice of
materials is crucial in ensuring fire safe construction. Codes and regulations on fire safety are
updated continually, usually as a result of research and development.

An original method s illustrated for assessing the fire damage to reinforced-concrete

buildings by Pietro Croce et al. Microstructure of fire damaged concrete is investigated by

9
Wei Lin et al [8] by using scanning electron microscope and stereo microscope for the
concrete which has been heated to a temperature of 900°C to get the visual information that
would otherwise be impossible to see with the naked eye will help to understand the behavior
of concrete in fire. A case of assessment of the structure of Novi Sad Open was presented by
R. Folic et al [6]. Strength and durability recovery of fire damaged concrete after post-fire-
curing was presented by Chi-Sun poon et al [5] in 2001. M. A. Riley from Sir William
Halcrow & partners Ltd has presented a ape on possible new method for the assessment of
fire-damaged concrete [4]. N. R. Short et al [2] worked in the area of assessment of fire
damaged concrete using color image analysis. The effects of rapid cooling by water
quenching on the stiffness properties of fire-damaged concrete was studied by A. Y Nassif et
al [13] of Londan University in the year 1999.

1.1 EXPERIENCE OF FIRES:

Fig 1.1: fire damaged slab

10
 Fig 1.2: concreting of fire damaged slab

1. Most of the structures were repaired. Of those that were not, many could have been but
were demolished for reasons other than the damage sustained.
2. Almost without exception, the structures performed well during and after the fire.

1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO CONCRETE IN A FIRE

Fires are caused by accident, energy sources or natural means, but the majority of fires in
buildings are caused by human error. Once a fire starts and the contents and/or materials in a
building are burning, then the fire spreads via radiation, convection or conduction with
flames reaching temperatures of between 600°C and 1200°C. Harm is caused by a
combination of the effects of smoke and gases, which are emitted from burning materials, and
the effects of flames and high air temperatures.

11
 Fig1.3: Concrete against fire

1.3 CHANGES OF CONCRETE IN FIRE:

Concrete does not burn – it cannot be ‘set on fire’ like other materials in a building
and it does not emit any toxic fumes when affected by fire. It will also not produce smoke or
drip molten particles, unlike some plastics and metals, so it does not add to the fire load. For
these reasons concrete is said to have a high degree of fire resistance and, in the majority of
applications, concrete can be described as virtually ‘fireproof’. This excellent performance is
due in the main to concrete’s constituent materials (i.e. cement and aggregates) which, when
chemically combined within concrete, form a material that is essentially inert and,
importantly for fire safety design, has a relatively poor thermal conductivity. It is this slow
rate of heat transfer (conductivity) that enables concrete to act as an effective fire shield not
only between adjacent spaces, but also to protect itself from fire damage. The rate of increase
of temperature through the cross section of a concrete element is relatively slow and so
internal zones do not reach the same high temperatures as a surface exposed to flames. A
standard ISO 834/BS 476 fire test on 160 mm wide x 300 mm deep concrete beams has
shown that, after one hour of exposure on three sides, while a temperature of 600°C is
reached at 16 mm from the surface, this value halves to just 300°C at 42 mm from the surface
– a temperature gradient of 300 degrees in about an inch of concrete! Even after a prolonged
period, the internal temperature of concrete remains relatively low; this enables it to retain
structural capacity and fire shielding properties as a separating element.

12
Table 1.1: concrete in fire – physiochemical process

13
 Table 1.2: Changes caused by heating various types of stone

The surface appearance of structural members give an idea on the extent of heat to which
these members might have been subjected to during the fire. The structural conditions as
observed give a great deal of information on its physical condition and help to assess the
physical damage suffered by the members. As stated earlier, these information are very vital
for assigning the appropriate damage classifications and planning the repair techniques. It is
however to be kept in view that these are subjective observations and results would depend
upon the experience and skill of the person carrying out the investigations. Inspite of these
drawbacks, this information is necessary and when examined with the information received
from other methods, provide a valuable tool taking decisions on type of repairs to be carried
out. The various aspects covered by the spread sheets are briefly discussed below.

14
A) Condition of plaster and finish
The reinforced concrete structural members are either kept exposed or rendered with
cement mortor which, in general in this building is 1:3 (1 cement :3 sand) in some
locations these members have also been cladded with other materials (wood/marble).
The condition of these finishes are catogerised and recorded into five groups;
unaffected, peeling, substantial loss, total loss and destroyed.

B) Color
The color of concrete may change as a result of heat due to fire may and may give an
idea of the maximum temperature attained. A correlation between the decolouration
due to fire and a possible temperature attained is available in technical report
no.33:assessment and repair of concrete structures by concrete society, U.K. Due to
fire decolouration takes place and the possible change in concrete is normal, pink,
whitish grey and puff.

Fig 1.4: Color change in the concrete due to elevated temperature

15
 Fig 1.5: temperature vs proportion of strength at room temperature

C) Crazing
The development of fine cracks on the surface of the concrete due to sudden cooling
of surface with water is termed as crazing. These fine cracks are restricted to surface
layer and no structural significance on material has been accounted for. These are
recorded in spread sheets under four categories; unaffected,slight, moderate, extensive
and surface lost.

D) Spalling of concrete
Spalling is the deteriotion process in which a portion of concrete (particularly cover)
has separated and fallen out from the bidy of the concrete member. Due to spalling,
the reinforcement gets exposed, composite action between concrete and steel
reinforcement is reduced. The spalling seriously affects strength, stiffness and
durability of member and is important parameter in deciding the degree of damage.
Five types of spalling considered; unaffected, minor, localized to corners,
considerable to corners and all surface spalled.

16
E) Exposure condition of reinforcements correlation
The extent of exposure condition of the main reinforcement and links (stirrups) of
structural members are recorded in the spread sheets with the classifications of
exposure as 25%, 50% and 50% with the indication of the buckling condition of the
main reinforcements.

F) Cracks
Concrete members exposed to high temperature during fire may develop severe
cracks which may extend across the body of the member. These cracks observed
during visual inspections are recorded in spread sheets and also in the sketches of the
members. Cracking is classified as minor and major with the recording of length of
cracks

G) Distortion
The extent of distortion of the structural members affected by fire in the form of
deformations (deflections, twisting etc) are also recorded into three categories; none,
slight but insignificant and severe and significant.

H) Delamination of concrete
Delamination of concrete means that a layer or some part of concrete has separated
out from the parent body but still not fallen out. The delamination can be detected by
tapping of concrete surface with light hammer. A ‘dull thud’ sound of concrete would
indicatedelamination. In the spread sheets extent of delamination in terms of surface
area has to be recorded.

17
 Table 1.3: Delamination of concrete

1.4 List of tests to be conducted

Non destructive Insitu field testing
1) Ultrasonic Pulse Test (UPV):
2) Schmid hammer test
3) Core test

Laboratory Tests
1) Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): Thermo gravimetric analysis consists of
finding change in weight of a material with increase in temperature. This plot is
called a Thermogram. The loss of weight indicates decompostition or evaporation
of the material. This technique allows to find out the temperature range in which a

18
 material will remain stable and the temperature at which it would undergo
decomposition.
2) Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): The principle on which DTA is based is
that when a material is slowly heated, its temperature rises but when the material
undergoes any endothermic reaction viz. losing water, losing CO 2, change in
crystalline structure or decomposition, its temperature remains constant. The
results of DTA are presented in the form of DTA curves. The sample and an inert
material are heated in separate crucibles and the difference of temperature
between the two is recorded by means of thermocouples which generates an
electrical signal whenever there is a temperature difference between the reference
and the sample. When there is no endothermic reaction in a sample, there would
not be any difference of temperature between the reference and the sample and
hence no electrical signal would occur.

3) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD): X-ray diffraction technique is based on the principle

that a crystal of a substance has a unique diffraction pattern. When
monochromatic X-ray beam falls on a crystal it gets reflected by the various
crystalline planes. Interference occurs among the various reflected beams resulting
in a diffraction pattern consisting of dark and bright fringes depending upon the
phase difference among the interfering beams.A crystal whose composition is
unknown can be identified by obtaining its diffraction pattern and comparing it
with diffraction patterns of already identified crystals. The diffraction pattern of a
single crystal consists of a series of diffraction lines.

1.5 DAMAGE CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS:

Based on the information collected from the spread sheets indicating the condition of
surface appearance of concrete (plaster/finish, colour, crazing), structural conditions and
further correlated with the results of NDTS and laboratory tests, the structural members have
been designated with various damage classifications. Combined with the personal experience
of the expert, the visual inspection and the various tests present a fairly accurate condition of
the damaged structural element. Since the reinforced concrete is a highly variable matrix,
sometime the results of different tests appear to give somewhat contradictory results but with

19
experience, these can be reconciled. Based on the damage classifications, the repair
classification and repair requirements are given below;

CRITERIA FOR DAMAGE CLASSIFICATIONS:

Table 1.4: Damage classifications

Class of damage Repair Repair Requirements

classification
Class 1 Superficial For repair, use cement mortar
trowelling using cement slurry bonding
Class 2 General Non-structural or minor structural
repairs like restoring cover to
reinforcement using cement polymer
slurry as bonding layer and nominal
light fabric reinforcement or using
epoxy mortar over the primary coat of
epoxy primer. No fabric for small
patches of area less than 0.09 sq.m
Class 3 Principal Repair Where concrete strength is
significantlyreduced, strengthening to
be carried out with shotcreting in case
of slabs and beams and jacking in case
of columns. For less damaged columns
shotcreting isalso proposed. The
bonding material used shall be epoxy
formulation.Additional
reinforcementshallbe provided in
accordance with load carrying
requirement of the member. Both
residual and final strength to be checked
by design procedure.
Class 4 Major repair Repair method is demolition

20
Table 1.5: Damage classification of structural members
21
1.6 METHOD OF REPRESENTING CLASS OF DAMAGES IN THE DRAWINGS:
The information on class of damage, is tabulated in the grid sheets in the form of
drawings for the site references The grid drawing plans are prepared in conformity with the
original structural drawings for each floor i.e the same column nos. beam nos. and slab nos.
are adopted as had been done in the original structural drawings. Each structural member like
column, beam and slab is marked with class of damage in different colour for each floor in
grid drawing and then these are consolidated in tabulated form under schedule of damage
classification i.e. separately for columns, beams and slabs and members having same class of
damage are grouped together. The grid drawing for a particular floor show damage
classification of beams and slabs of that particular floor as seen from the bottom and of the
columns supporting that particular floor.
The damage classification for columns, beams and slabs have been marked in red ink,
black ink and green ink respectively on the grid drawings. The members unmarked are
unaffected and members marked ‘O’ are also unaffected. Reference to spread sheet numbers
are also indicated in the grid drawings for each floor. Similarly, reference of grid drawing is
also shown in spread sheets for the co-relation of the data. Another grid drawing(plate 3.6) of
the same floor is prepared in which class of repair corresponding to the class of damage is
marked in different colours as per the legends mentioned below:
Slab
Structurally unaffected Left as it is
Superficial repairs yellow colour
General repairs Green colour
Principal repairs Red colour
Major repairs Shaded black
Beam & column members
Superficial repairs ○
General repairs ●

Principal repairs
Major repairs *
With above approach, the grid drawings have been prepared which, at a glance, reveal the
damage identification of structural members and its solution for repair and rehabilitation.

22
1.7 Objective:
The present work includes
i. To study the impact of fire on the reinforcement bars heated at various temperatures,
cooled rapidly by quenching in water and normalized b cooling in the atmospheric
temperature.
ii. Study the characteristic changes in the mechanical properties of the bars by Tensile
strength testing using Universal Testing Machine.
iii. Study of micro structure of the bars using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

23
 Chapter 2
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

24
 2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The specimens for testing were Sri TMT bar of 12mm diameter. 54 bars were cut to 40 cm
size. 6 Specimens were tested for the mechanical properties using UTM before heating at
normal temperature and the properties were tabulated. 12 specimens each were heated in the
electrical furnace at 100°, 300°, 600° and 900°C for an hour without any disturbance. After
heating, out of 12 specimens for each temperature 6 samples were quenched in water for
rapid cooling and the other 6 were kept aside for normal cooling at atmospheric temperature.
These specimens later were tested for mechanical properties with UTM and microstructure
study using SEM.

2.2 EQUIPMENT

i. Universal Testing Machine

ii. Scanning Electron Microscope
iii. Electrical Furnace

2.3 UTM TESTING:

The 12mm steel bar is cut to a length of 40 cm and gave a gauge length of 60mm. The
specimen is fixed on the machine and the required data on the computer is given. Test is
conducted at a load rate of 300 kg/min for all the specimens. An extensometer is fixed to the
specimen during the test to read the elongation. The data of the test is noted in computer
during the test by default s it is setup. The graph of load versus deformation and load versus
elongation is drawn on the computer. After the test all the other parameters like ultimate load,
maximum extension in mm, area in mm 2, ultimate stress, elongation in percent, reduction in
in area, young’s modulus, yield stress, .1% and .2% proff stress and many other parameters
can be observed.

25
 Fig 2.1: UTM testing setup

Fig 2.2: Screenshot of the result of tensile test using UTM

26
2.4 : Tensile testing

Tensile testing is performed in accordance with ASTM D-638 as well as ISO 527 combined
tensile and flexural procedure. Tensile properties are the most important single indication of
strength in a material. The force needed to pull the specimen apart is determined, along with
how much the material stretches before it breaks. The tensile modulus is the ratio of stress to
strain below the proportional limit of the material. This is the most useful tensile data as parts
should be designed to accommodate stresses to a degree well below it.

2.5 : SEM
Scanning Electron Microscopy has done by JSM- 6480LV at magnification of 5 microns
(x5000) and 10 microns (x1000). The specimens are made in a size of 12mm diameter and
10mm length. Before testing the specimens are to be finely polished in all the edges and
neatly cleaned with acetone for the clear view of the gain size and grain structure.

Fig 2.3: Setup of SEM

27
 Fig 2.4:Inner view of SEM

Fig 2.5: SEM properties of steel bar

28
2.6 Electric furnace:

The electric furnace is used to heat the specimens. The maximum temperature attained in this
furnace is 1000°C. The inner depth of the furnace is 45mm. initially the furnace is heated to
the required temperature by switching on it and when the required temperature is attained
then 6 specimens put inside with the doo closing tightly so that no air enter inside. The
specimens are kept for a duration of 1 hour inside the furnace and later 3 specimens are
quenched in water for rapid cooling and the other 3 are kept aside for atmospheric time. The
3 specimens which are quenched in water are removed after 15 minutes. Each time 6 bars are
kept at temperatures of 100°C, 300°C, 600°C, 900°C and the same is repeated.

Fig 2.6: Electric furnace

29
 Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

30
 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Results from computerized UTM:

s.no Temperatur Ultima Ultimate Yield Max. Elongation .2%

e in ° C te load stress stress extension (%) proof
(kN) (kN/mm2) (kN/mm2) (mm) stress

1 Room temp 67.1 0.583 0.466 1.63 28.3 0.465

27
2 100 66.1 0.584 0.469 1.66 15 0.461

3 300 65.5 0.582 0.451 1.422 30 0.44

4 600 68.4 0.606 0.453 0.972 23.3 0.456

5 900 78.3 0.692 0.469 0.206 11.6 0.534

Table 3.1: Properties for rapid cooing conditions

s.no Temperat Ultimat Ultimate Yield Max. Elongation .2%

ure in ° C e load stress stress extensio (%) proof
(kN) (kN/mm2 (kN/mm2 n stress
) ) (mm) (kN/mm
2)

1 67.1 0.593 0.466 1.63 28.3 0.465

27
2 100 66.5 0.588 0.448 1.139 30.2 0.455

3 300 63.7 0.571 0.436 1.12 28.3 0.429

4 600 64.3 0.574 0.484 0.76 27.45 0.449

5 900 65.5 0.585 0.465 0.62 26.6 0.437

Table 3.2: Properties for ordinary cooing conditions

31
For Rapid cooling conditions from table 3.1:

Fig 3.1: Temperature vs ultimate load

From the graph it can be observed that the ultimate load initially decreases from and then
gradually increases , this happens due to the microstructure of the bar. For high temperatures
the grain size decereases.

Fig 3.2: Temperature vs% elongation

32
 temperature vs ultimate stress

u ltim ate stress 0.7

(kN /m m 2)
0.65
temperature vs
ultimate stress
0.6

0.55
0 500 1000
temperature

Fig 3.3: Temperature vs Ultimate stress

Temperature vs .2% Proof Stress

. 2 % P r o o f S tr e s s

0.6

0.4
Temperature vs
0.2 .2%Proof Stress

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature ° C

Fig 3.4: .2%Proff stress vs temperature

33
For ordinary cooling conditions from table 3.2:

Temperature vs Ultimate load

Ultimate load (kN)
68
67
66 Temperature vs
65 Ultimate load
64
63
0 500 1000
Temperature ° C

Fig 3.5: Temperature vs Ultimate load

From the Fig 3.5, the ultimate load carrying ot the specimen was reduced drom the specimen
before heating.

Temperature vs Ultimate Stress

0.595
Ultimate stress

0.59
(kN/mm2)

0.585
Temperature vs
0.58 Ultimate Stress
0.575
0.57
0.565
0 500 1000
Temperature ° C

Fig 3.6: Temperature vs Ultimate stress

34
 Temperature vs % elongation

30.5
30
Elongation (%)
29.5
29 Temperature
28.5 vs %
28 elongation
27.5
27
26.5
26
0 500 1000
Temperature ° C

Fig 3.7: temperature vs elongation

Temperature vs Yeild Stress

0.49
Yield stress

0.48
(kN/mm2)

0.47
Temperature
0.46 vs Yeild Stress
0.45
0.44
0.43
0 500 1000
Temperature ° C

Fig 3.8: Temperature vs yeild Stress

35
 Temperature vs .2% Proof Stress
0.47 Temperature vs .2% Proof Stress
0.465

.2% proof stress

0.46

(kN/mm2)
0.455
0.45
0.445
0.44
0.435
0.43
0.425
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temeprature ° C

Fig.3.9: Temperature vs .2% Proof stress

SEM Analyses:

Pictures are taken at the magnification of 10 microns and 5 microns.

Fig 3.10: 100° C Ordinary cooling at magnification of 5 microns

36
Fig 3.11: 100° C Ordinary cooling at magnification of 10 microns

Fig 3.12: 300° C Ordinary cooling at magnification of 10 microns

37
Fig 3.14: 300° C Rapid cooling at magnification of 10 microns

Fig 3.14: 900° C ordinary cooling at 10 micron

38
UTM under working condition

39
Specimen failed on UTM

40
 Failed specimen

Shear failure of specimen

41
 4. CONCLUSION

i. The impact of fire on the reinforcement bars heated at various temperatures of 100°
C, 300° C, 600° C, 900° C, cooled rapidly by quenching in water and normally cooled
in the atmospheric temperature were studied and it is observed that the ductility of
rapidly cooled bars after heating to high temperature to 900 ° C.
ii. Studying the characteristic changes in the mechanical properties of the bars by
Tensile strength testing using Universal Testing Machine shows that the increase in
ultimate load and decrease in percentage elongation of the specimen which mean that
there is significant decrease in ductility of the specimen.
iii. Study of micro structure of the bars using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) also
shows that the microstructure of highly heated specimens varies without varying the
chemical composition which would have negative impact on the structure.

42
 REFERENCES

1. Roberto Felicetti, DIS – Politecnico di Milano, P.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133

Milano,Italy 17 The drilling resistance test for the assessment of fire damaged
concrete. April 2006

2. N.R. ShortU, J.A. Purkiss, S.E. Guise School of Engineering and Applied Science,
Aston Uni¨ersity, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK Assessment of fire
damaged concrete using colour image analysis. Received 30 August 1999;

3. Roberto Felicetti Department of Structural Engineering (DIS), Politecnico di Milano,

Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. New NDT techniques for the
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