CHAPTER 1 : CONDUCTION What is heat transfer ? • In general, heat transfer describes the flow of heat (thermal energy) due to temperature differences and the subsequent temperature distribution and changes. • Without external help, heat will always flow from hot objects to cold ones which is a direct consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. • Heat Transfer is the transmission of thermal energy due to a gradient in temperature. • • heating of water in gas geyser, heating of room in winter, cooling of room in summer, cooling of water, cooling of automobile engine are some more examples of heat transfer. • in fact, life on the earth would be unsustainable without transfer of heat from the sun (through solar radiation). • heat transfer is the science that deals with the study of rates of exchange of heat between hot and cold bodies. The hot and cold bodies are called the source and receiver respectively. process heat transfer deals with rates of exchange of heat as they occur in heat transfer equipment of chemical processes. • the temperature difference between source and receiver acts as driving force for heat transfer. • the major difference between thermo and heat transfer is that former deals with relation between heat and other forms of energy, whereas the latter deals with the analysis of rate of heat transfer. • consider cooling of hot steel bar that is placed in jar of water. Thermo may be used to predict final equilibrium temp of steel bar but will not tell us how long it will to reach equilibrium condition or what temp of bar will be after certain time period before attainment of equilibrium condition. MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER: • there are 3 modes: (1) conduction (2) convection (3) radiation 1. Conduction: it is a flow of heat that occurs either due to exchange of energy from one molecule to another without motion of molecule or due to the motion of free electrons if they are present. Conduction occurs on molecule scale, molecules with a relatively higher energy imparting energy to another molecule. Solid to solid heat transfer. EX. The heat flow through brick wall of furnace or metal wall of heat exchanger tube occurs by conduction 2. Convection: it is transfer of heat between relatively hot and cold portions of fluid by mixing. If fluid motions is caused by density difference then it is called free/natural convection. If fluid motion is artificially created by means of external agency like pump, blower, agitator, the it is called forced convection. EX: heating of water in cooking pan 3. Radiation: transfer of energy/heat through space by electromagnetic waves. The transfer of heat from sun to the earth is example of radiation. • Insulated steam pipe involves all three modes of heat transfer. • if two bodies at various temp are brought into thermal contact, heat flows from hot body to cold body. The net flow of heat is always in direction of the temp decrease. • It is the transfer of heat from one part of body to another part or from one body to another body which is in physical contact with it without appreciable displacement of particles of body. conduction is restricted to flow of heat in solids. • the basic law of heat transfer by conduction can be written in form of rate equation: Rate = driving force/ resistance Temperature difference is driving force for heat transfer. • by steady state heat flow we mean that the simulation of heat flow in which temp at any location along heat flow path does not vary with time rate of heat transfer does not vary with time. Means property changes with location, not with time
