PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.N QUESTION 
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1 Two point charges 4 (J.C and +1 pC are separated by a distance of 2 m in air. Find
the point on the line-joining charges at which the net electric field of the system is
zero.
2 (a) State Gauss’ law. Using this law, obtain the expression for the electric field due
to an infinitely long straight conductor of linear charge density X.
(b) A wire AB of length L has linear charge density λ = kx, where x is measured
from the end A of the wire. This wire is enclosed by a Gaussian hollow surface. Find
the expression for the electric flux through this surface.
3 (a) Use Gauss’s theorem to find the electronic field due to a uniformly charged
infinitely large plane thin sheet with surface charge density a.
(b) An infinitely large thin plane sheet has a uniform surface charge density +a.
Obtain the expression for the amount of work done in bringing a point charge q
from infinity to a point, distant r, in front of the charged plane sheet.
4 (a) Derive an expression for the electric field E due to a dipole of length ‘2a’ at a
point distant r from the centre of the dipole on the axial line. (b) Draw a graph of E
versus r for r >> a.
(c) If this dipole were kept in a uniform external electric field diagrammatically
represent the position of the dipole in stable and unstable equilibrium and write
the expressions for the torque acting on the dipole in both the cases.
5 (i) Use Gauss’s law to find the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet. What is the direction of field for positive and negative charge
densities?
(ii) Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the
parallel and series combination of two capacitors C1 and C2 with their
capacitances in the ratio 1 : 2 so that the energy stored in the two cases becomes
the same
6 (a) Derive the expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor. Hence
obtain the expression for the energy density of the electric field.
(b) A fully charged parallel plate capacitor is connected across an uncharged
identical capacitor. Show that the energy stored in the combination is less than
that stored initially in the single capacitor.
7 (a) Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit. “Gauss’s law in electrostatics is true for
any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is”. Justify this statement with
the help of a suitable example.
(b) Use Gauss’s law to prove that the electric field inside a uniformly charged
spherical shell is zero.
8 (a) An electric dipole of dipole moment p→ consists of point charges + q and – q
separated by a distance 2a apart. Deduce the expression for the electric
field E→ due to the dipole at a distance x from the centre of the dipole on its axial
line in terms of the dipole moment p→?. Hence show that in the limit x >> a, E→ —
>2p→ (4πε0x3).

9 (a) Deduce the expression for the torque acting on a dipole of dipole moment p→ in
the presence of a uniform electric field E.
(b) Consider two hollow concentric spheres, S 1 and S2, enclosing charges 2Q and
4Q respectively as shown in the figure.
 (i) Find out the ratio of the electric flux through them.
(ii) How will the electric flux through the sphere S 1 change if a medium of dielectric
constant ‘εr‘ is introduced in the space inside S 1, in place of air? Deduce the
necessary expression.
10 Using Gauss’s law, derive the expression for the electric field at a point
(i) outside and
(ii) inside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Draw a graph showing electric
field E as a function of distance from the centre.
11 Using Gauss’ law deduce the expression for the electric field due to a uniformly
charged spherical conducting shell of radius R at a point
(i) outside and
(ii) inside the shell.
Plot a graph showing variation of electric field as a function of r > R and r < R (r
being the distance from the centre of the shell)
12 Define electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or a vector? Derive the expression for
the electric field of a dipole at a point on the equatorial plane of the dipole.
13 (a) Define electric flux. Write its S.I. unit.
(b) A small metal sphere carrying charge +Q is located at the centre of a spherical
cavity inside a large uncharged metallic spherical shell as shown in the figure the
expressions for the electric field at points P 1 and P2.
(c) Draw the pattern of electric field lines in this arrangement.

14 (a) Define electric flux. Write its S.I. units.

(b) Using Gauss’s law, prove that the electric field at a point due to a uniformly
charged infinite plane sheet is independent of the distance from it.
(c) How is the field directed if
(i) the sheet is positively charged,
(ii) negatively charged?
15 (a) Define electric flux. Write its SI units.
(b) The electric field components due to a charge inside the cube of side 0.1 m are
as shown :
Ex = ax, where α = 500 N/C-m
 Calculate
(i) the flux through the cube, and
(ii) the charge inside the cube.
16 (a) Using Gauss’ law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity at any
point outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R and charge
density a C/m2. Draw the field lines when the charge density of the sphere is
(i) positive,
(ii) negative.
(b) A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.5 m in diameter has a surface
charge density of 100 µC/m2. Calculate the
(i) charge on the sphere
(ii) total electric flux passing through the sphere
17 (a) Define the SI unit of capacitance.
(b) Obtain the expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
(c) Derive the expression for the affective capacitance of a series combination of n
capacitors.
18 (a) Obtain the expression for the potential due to a point charge.
(b) Use the above expression to show that the potential, due to an electric dipole
(length 2a), varies as the ‘inverse square’ of the distance r of the ‘field point’ from
the centre of the dipole for r > a.
19 (i) If two similar large plates, each of area A having surface charge densities +a
and -a are separated by a distance d in air, find the expressions for
(a) field at points between the two plates and on outer side of the plates. Specify
the direction of the field in each case.
(b) the potential difference between the plates.
(c) the capacitance of the capacitor so formed.
(ii) Two metallic spheres of radii R and 2R are charged so that both of these have
same surface charge density a. If they are connected to each other with a
conducting wire, in which direction will the charge flow and why?
20 (a) Explain, using suitable diagrams, the difference in the behaviour of a
(i) conductor and
(ii) dielectric in the presence of external electric field. Define the terms polarization
of a dielectric and write its relation with susceptibility.
(b) A thin metallic spherical shell of radius R carries a charge Q on its surface. A
point charge Q2 is placed at its centre C and another charge +2Q is placed outside
the shell at a distance x from the centre as shown in the figure.

Find
(i) the force on the charge at the centre of shell and at the point A,
(ii) the electric flux through the shell.
21 (a) Obtain the expression for the potential due to an electric dipole of dipole
moment p at a point V on the axial line.
(b) Two identical capacitors of plate dimensions l × b and plate separation d have
di-electric slabs filled in between the space of the plates as shown in the figure.

Obtain the relation between the dielectric constants K, K 1 and K2.

22 (a) Write two properties of equipotential surfaces. Depict equipotential surfaces
due to an isolated point charge. Why do the equipotential surfaces get closer as
the distance between the equipotential surface and the source charge decreases?
(b) An electric dipole of dipole moment p⃗ , is placed in a uniform electric field E⃗ ,.
Deduce the expression for the torque ‘x acting on it.
23 Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor.
On charging a parallel plate capacitor to a potential V, the spacing between the
plates is halved, and a dieletric medium of ε r = 10 is introduced between the
plates, without disconnecting the d.c. source. Explain, using suitable expressions,
how the
(i) capacitance,
(ii) electric field and
(iii) energy density of the capacitor change.
24 (a) State the two Kirchhoff’s laws. Explain briefly how these rules are justified.
(b) The current is drawn from a cell of emf E and internal resistance r connected to
the network of resistors each of resistance r as shown in the figure. Obtain the
expression for
(i) the current drawn from the cell and
(ii) the power consumed in the network. (Delhi 2016)

25 (i) Derive an expression for drift velocity of electrons in a conductor. Hence deduce
Ohm’s law.
(ii) A wire whose cross-sectional area is increasing linearly from its one end to the
other, is connected across a battery of V volts. Which of the following quantities
remain constant in the wire?
(a) drift speed
(b) current density
(c) electric current (d) electric field Justify your answer.
26 (a) Why do the ‘free electrons’, in a metal wire, ‘flowing by themselves’, not cause
any current flow in the wire?
Define ‘drift velocity’ and obtain an expression for the current flowing in a wire, in
terms of the ‘drift velocity’ of the free electrons.
(b) Use the above expression to show that the ‘resistivity’, of the material of a wire,
is’ inversely proportional to the ‘relaxation time’ for the ‘free electrons’ in the
metal.
27 (i) Define the term drift velocity.
(ii) On the basis of electron drift, derive an expression for resistivity of a conductor
in terms of number density of free electrons and relaxation time. On what factors
does resistivity of a conductor depend?
(iii) Why alloys like constantan and manganin are used for making standard
resistors?
28 (a) State Kirchhoff’s rules for an electric network. Using Kirchhoff’s rules, obtain the
. balance condition in terms of the resistances of four arms of Wheatstone bridge.
29 Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain the balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge.
 Calculate the value of R in the balance condition of the Wheatstone bridge, if the
carbon resistor connected across the arm CD has the colour sequence red, red and
orange, as is shown in the figure.
If now the resistances of the arms BC and CD are interchanged, to obtain the
balance condition, another carbon resistor is connected in place of R. What would
now be the sequence of colour bands of the carbon resistor?
30 (a) Derive the relation between current density ‘J→‘ and potential difference ‘V’
across a current carrying conductor of length area of cross-section ‘A’ and the
number density of free electrons.
(b) Estimate the average drift speed of conduc¬tion electrons in a copper wire of
cross-sectional area 1.0 × 10-7 m2 carrying a current of 1.5 A. [Assume that the
number density of conduction electrons is 9 × 10 28 m-3]
31 (a) Show how Biot-Savart law can be alternatively expressed in the form of
Ampere’s circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the magnetic field
inside a solenoid of length ‘l’, cross-sectional area ‘A’ having ‘N’ closely wound
turns and carrying a steady current ‘I’.
Draw the magnetic field lines of a finite solenoid carrying current I.
(b) A straight horizontal conducting rod of length 0.45 m and mass 60 g is
suspended by two vertical wires at its ends. A current of 5.0 A is set up in the rod
through the wires.
Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field which should be set up in
32 (a) Use Biot-Savart law to derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a
circular coil of radius R having N turns at a point on the axis at a distance V from
its centre. Draw the magnetic field lines due to this coil.
(b) A current ‘I’ enters a uniform circular loop of radius ‘R’ at point M and flows out
at N as shown in the figure.

Obtain the net magnetic field at the centre of the loop.

33 (a) Write, using Biot-Savart law, the expression for the magnetic field B→ due to an
element dl→ carrying current I at a distance r from it in a vector form.
Hence derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a current carrying loop of
radius R at a point P distant x from its centre along the axis of the loop.
(b) Explain how Biot-Savart law enables one to express the Ampere’s circuital law
in the integral form, viz.,
34 Explain, using a labelled diagram, the principle and working of a moving coil
galvanometer.
(a) What is the function of
(i) uniform radial magnetic field,
(ii) soft iron core?
(b)Define the terms
(i) current sensitivity and
(ii) voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Why does increasing the current
sensitivity not necessarily increase voltage sensitivity?
35 (a) State Ampere’s circuital law. Use this law to obtain the expression for the
magnetic field inside an air cored toroid of average radius r, having ‘n’ turns per
unit length and carrying a steady current I.

(b)
An observer to the left of a solenoid of N turns each of cross section area ‘A’
observes that a steady current I in it flows in the clockwise direction. Depict the
magnetic field lines due to the solenoid specifying its polarity and show that it acts
as a bar magnet of magnetic moment m = NIA.
36 (a) Draw a labelled diagram of a moving coil galvanometer. Describe briefly its
principle and working.
(b) Answer the following :
(i) Why is it necessary to introduce a cylindrical soft iron core inside the coil of a
galvanometer?
(ii) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily
increase its voltage sensitivity. Explain, giving reason.
37 (a) Draw the magnetic field lines due to a current carrying loop.
(b) State using a suitable diagram, the working principle of a moving coil
galvanometer. What is the function of a radial magnetic field and the soft iron core
used in it?
(c) For converting a galvanometer into an ammeter, a shunt resistance of small
value is used in parallel, whereas in the case of a voltmeter a resistance of large
value is used in series. Explain why.
38 State Biot-Savart law, expressing it in the vector form. Use it to obtain the
expression for the magnetic field at an axial point, distance ‘d’ from the centre of a
circular coil of radius V carrying current T. Also find the ratio of the magnitudes of
the magnetic field of this coil at the centre and at an axial point for which
d = a√3.
39 Using Biot-Savart’s law, derive the expression for the magnetic field in the vector
form at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.
40 (a) Derive the expression for the torque on a rectangular current carrying loop
suspended in a uniform magnetic field.
(b) A proton and a deutron having equal momenta enter in a region of uniform
magnetic field at right angle to the direction of the field. Depict their trajectories in
the field.
41 (a) State Biot-Savart law. Deduce the expression for the magnetic field due to a
circular current carrying loop at a point lying on its axis.
(b) Two long parallel wires carry currents I 1 and I2 flowing in the same direction.
When a third current carrying wire is placed parallel and coplanar in between the
two, find the condition when the third wire would experience no force due to these
two wires.
42 (a) Explain briefly with the help of a labelled diagram, the principle and working of
a moving coil galvanometer.
(b) Define the term ‘current sensitivity’ of a galvanometer. How is it that increasing
current sensitivity may not necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity? Explain.
43 (a) Explain, giving reasons, the basic difference in converting a galvanometer into
 (i) a voltmeter and
(ii) an ammeter.
(b) Two long straight parallel conductors carrying steady currents I 1 and I2 are
separated by a distance’d’ Explain briefly, with the help of a suitable diagram, how
the magnetic field due to one conductor acts on the other. Hence deduce the
expression for the force acting between the two conductors. Mention the nature of
this force.
44 (a) Write the expression for the force, F→, acting on a charged particle of charge
‘q’, moving with a velocity latex]\overrightarrow{\mathbf{v}}[/latex] in the
presence of both electric field E→ and magnetic field B→. Obtain the condition
under which the particle moves undeflected through the fields.
(b) A rectangular loop of size l × b carrying a steady current I is placed in a uniform
magnetic field B→. Prove that the torque τ⃗ acting on the loop is given
by τ⃗ =m⃗ ×B→, where m→ is the magnetic moment of the loop.
45 (a) State the principle of the working of a moving coil galvanometer, giving its
labelled diagram.
(b) “Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily
increase its voltage sensitivity.” Justify this statement
(c) Outline the necessary steps to convert a galvanometer of resistance RG into an
ammeter of a given range.
46 State Biot-Savart law, giving the mathematical expression for it.
Use this law to derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a circular coil
carrying current at a point along its axis.
How does a circular loop carrying current behave as a magnet?
47 (a) Derive an expression for the force between two long parallel current carrying
conductors.

(b) Use this expression to define S.I. unit of current.

(c) A long straight wire AB carries a current I. A proton P travels with a speed v,
parallel to the wire, at a distance d from it in a direction opposite to the current as
shown in the figure. What is the force experienced by the proton and what is its
direction?
48 (a) With the help of a diagram, explain the principle and working of a moving coil
galvanometer.
(b) What is the importance of a radial magnetic field and how is it produced?
(c) Why is it that while using a moving coil galvanometer as a voltmeter a high
resistance in series is required whereas in an ammeter a shunt is used?
49 (a) Two straight long parallel conductors carry currents I 1 and I2 in the same
direction. Deduce the expression for the force per unit length between them.
Depict the pattern of magnetic field lines around them.
(b) A rectangular current carrying loop EFGH is kept in a uniform magnetic field as
shown in the figure.
(i) What is the direction of the magnetic moment of the current loop?
(ii) When is the torque acting on the loop
(A) maximum,
(B) zero?
50 (a) Using Biot-Savart’s law, derive an expression for the magnetic field at the
centre of a circular coil of radius R, number of turns N, carrying current i.
(b) Two small identical circular coils marked 1, 2 carry equal currents and are
placed with their geometric axes perpendicular to each other as shown in the
figure. Derive an expression for the resultant magnetic field at O.
51 (a) A small compass needle of magnetic moment ‘m’ is free to turn about an axis
perpendicular to the direction of uniform magnetic field ‘B’. The moment of inertia
of the needle about the axis is ‘I’. The needle is slightly disturbed from its stable
position and then released. Prove that it executes simple harmonic motion. Hence
deduce the expression for its time period.
(b) A compass needle, free to turn in a vertical plane orients itself with its axis
vertical at a certain place on the earth. Find out the values of
1. horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and
2. angle of dip at the place.
52 (a) A metallic rod of length l is moved perpendicular to its length with velocity v in
a magnetic field B→ acting perpendicular to the plane in which rod moves. Derive
the expression for the induced emf.
(b) A wheel with 15 metallic spokes each 60 cm long, is rotated at 360 rev/min in a
place normal to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field. The angle of
dip at that place is 60°. If the emf induced between rim of the wheel and the axle is
400 mV, calculate the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at the place.
How will the induced emf change, if the number of spokes is increased?
53 (a) Explain the meaning of the term mutual inductance. Consider two concentric
circular coils, one of radius r1 and the other of radius r2 (r1 < r2) placed coaxially
with centres coinciding with each other. Obtain the expression for the mutual
inductance of the arrangement.
(b) A rectangular coil of area A, having number of turns N is rotated at ‘f
revolutions per second in a uniform magnetic field B, the field being perpendicular
to the coil. Prove that the maximum emf induced in the coil is 2πf. (
54 Define mutual inductance of a pair of coils and write on which factors does it
depend.
A square loop of side 20 cm is initially kept 30 cm away from a region of uniform
magnetic field of 0.1 T as shown in the figure. It is then moved towards the right
with a velocity of 10 cm s-1 till it goes out of the field.
55 (a) State Lenz’s law. Use it to predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation
given below :

(b) A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h.

(i) Estimate voltage difference developed between the ends of the wing having a
span of 25 m if the earth’s magnetic field at the location has a magnitude of 5 ×
10-4 T and dip angle is 30°.
(ii) How will the voltage developed be affected if the jet changes its direction from
west to north?
56 (a) Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. units.
(b) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids
of same length wound one over the other.
(c) In an experiment, two coils c1 and c2 are placed close to each other. Find out
the expression for the emf induced in the coil ct due to a change in the current
through the coil c2.
57 A metallic rod of length l and resistance R is rotated with a frequency v, with one
end hinged at the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular
metallic ring of radius l, about an axis passing through the centre and
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field B
parallel to the axis is present everywhere.
(a) Derive the expression for the induced emf and the current in the rod.
(b) Due to the presence of the current in the rod and of the magnetic field, find the
expression for the magnitude and direction of the force acting on this rod.
(c) Hence obtain the expression for the power required to rotate the rod.
58 (a) Describe a simple experiment (or activity) to show that the polarity of emf
induced in . a coil is always such that it tends to produce a current which opposes
 the change of magnetic flux that produces it.
(b) The current flowing through an inductor of self inductance L is continuously
increasing. Plot a graph showing the variation of
(i) Magnetic flux versus the current
(ii) Induced emf versus dI/dt
(iii) Magnetic potential energy stored versus the current.
59 (a) Starting from the expression for the Lorentz magnetic force acting on the free
charge carriers of a conductor moving in a perpendicular magnetic field, obtain the
expression for the motional emf induced.
(b) Hence deduce the expressions for the power delivered by the source and the
power dissipated as Joule heat.
60 (a) Show that in an a.c. circuit containing a pure inductor, the voltage is ahead of
current by π/2 in phase.
(b) A horizontal straight wire of length L extending from east to west is falling with
speed v at right angles to the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field B.
(i) Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the wire.
(ii) What is the direction of the emf?
(iii) Which end of the wire is at the higher potential?
61 State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Figure shows a rectangular
conductor PQRS in which the conductor PQ is free to move in a uniform magnetic
field B perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The field extends from x = 0 to x =
b and is zero for x > b. Assume that only the arm PQ possesses resistance r.
When the arm PQ is pulled outward from x = 0 to x = 2b and is then moved
backward to x = 0 with constant speed v, obtain the expressions for the flux and
the induced emf. Sketch the variations of these quantities with distance 0 ≤ x ≤

2b.
62 (a) State Lenz’s law. Give one example to illustrate this law. “The Lenz’s law is a
consequence of the principle of conservation of energy.” Justify this statement.
(b) Deduce an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids
but having different radii and different number of turns.
63 Figure shows a rectangular conducting loop PQSR in which arm RS of length ‘l’ is
movable. The loop is kept in a uniform magnetic field ‘W directed downward
perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The arm RS is moved with a uniform speed
‘v’.

Deduce an expression for

(i) the emf induced across the arm ‘RS’,
(ii) the external force required to move the arm, and
(iii) the power dissipated as heat.
64 (a) Prove that an ideal capacitor in an ac circuit does not dissipate power.
(b) An inductor of 200 mH, capacitor of 400 f and a resistor of 10 Q are connected
in series to ac source of 50 V of variable frequency. Calculate the
(i) angular frequency at which maximum power dissipation occurs in the circuit and
the corresponding value of the effective current, and
 (ii) value of Q-factor in the circuit.
65 (a) Prove that the current flowing through an ideal inductor connected across a.c.
source, lags the voltage in phase by π2.
(b) An inductor of self inductance 100 mH, and a bulb are connected in series with
a.c. source of rms voltage 10 V, 50 Hz. It is found that effective voltage of the
circuit π4. Calculate the inductance of the inductor used and average power
dissipated in the circuit, if a current of 1 A flows in the circuit.
66 In the given circuit, calculate
(a) the capacitance of the capacitor, if the power factor of the circuit is unity,
(b) the Q-factor of this circuit. What is the significance of the Q-factor in a.c.
circuit? Given the angular frequency of the a.c. source to be 100/s. Calculate the
average power dissipated in the circuit.

67 (a) Draw a labelled diagram of an ac generator.

Obtain the expression for the emf induced in the rotating coil of N turns each of
cross-sectional area A, in the presence of a magnetic field B→.
(b) A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long extending from east to west is falling
with a speed 5.0 ms-1 at right angles to the horizontal component of the Earth’s
magnetic field, 0.3 × 10-4 Wb m-2. Find the instantaneous value of the emf induced
in the rod.
68 A device ‘X’ is connected to an ac source V = V0 sin cot. The variation of voltage,
current and power in one cycle is shown in the following graph:
(a) Identify the device ‘X’.
(b) Which of the curves A, B and C represent the voltage, current and the power
consumed in the circuit? Justify your
answer.

(c) How does it impedance vary with frequency of the ac source ? Show
graphically.
(d) Obtain an expression for the current in the circuit and its phase relation with ac
voltage.
69 (a) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up transformer. Obtain the ratio of secondary
to primary voltage in terms of number of turns and currents in the two coils.
(b) A power transmission line feeds input power at 2200 V to a step-down
transformer with its primary windings having 3000 turns. Find the number of turns
in the secondary to get the power output at 220 V.
70 (a) Draw a labelled diagram of AC generator. Derive the expression for the
instantaneous value of the emf induced in the coil.
(b) A circular coil of cross-sectional area 200 cm 2 and 20 turns is rotated about the
vertical diameter with angular speed of 50 rad s -1 in a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude 3.0 × 10-2 T. Calculate the maximum value of the current in the coil.
71 Draw an arrangement for winding of primary and secondary coils in a transformer
with two coils on a separate limb of the core.
 State the underlying principle of a transformer. Deduce the expression for the ratio
of secondary voltage to the primary voltage in terms of the ratio of the number of
turns of primary and secondary winding. For an ideal transformer, obtain the ratio
of primary and secondary currents in terms of the ratio of the voltages in the
secondary and primary voltages.
Write any two reasons for the energy losses which occur in actual transformers.
72 Discuss how Faraday’s law of e.m. induction is applied in an ac-generator for
converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Obtain an expression for the instantaneous value of the induced emf in an ac
generator. Draw graphs to show the ‘phase relationship’ between the
instantaneous
(i) magnetic flux (ϕ) linked with the coil and
(ii) induced emf (ε) in the coil. ‘
73 (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-down transformer. State the priciple of its
working.
(ii) Express the turn ratio in terms of voltages.
(iii) Find the ratio of primary and secondary currents in terms of turn ratio in an
ideal transformer
(iv) How much current is drawn by the primary of a transformer connected to 220
V supply when it delivers power to a 110V – 550 W refrigerator?
74 (i) Write the function of a transformer. State its principle of working with the help of
a diagram. Mention various energy losses in this device.
(ii) The primary coil of an ideal step up transformer has 100 turns and
transformation ratio is also 100. The input voltage and power are respectively 220
V and 1100 W. Calculate
(a) number of turns in secondary
(b) current in primary
(c) voltage across secondary
(d) current in secondary
(e) power in secondary
75 (i) An a.c. source of voltage V = V0 sin ωt is connected to a series combination of L,
C and R. Use the phasor diagram to obtain expressions for impedance of the circuit
and phase angle between voltage and current. Find the condition when current will
be in phase with the voltage. What is the circuit in this condition called?
(ii) In a series LR circuit XL = R and power factor of the circuit is P 1. When capacitor
with capacitance C such that XL = XC is put in series, the power factor becomes P 2.
Calculate P1/P2.
76 (a) Draw a schematic arrangement for winding of primary and secondary coil in a
transformer when the two coils are wound on top of each other.
(b) State the underlying principle of a transformer and obtain the expression for
the ratio of secondary to primary voltage in terms of the
(i) number of secondary and primary windings and
(ii) primary and secondary currents.
(c) Write the main assumption involved in deriving the above relations.
(d) Write any two reasons due to which energy losses may occur in actual
transformers.
77 (a) Draw a labelled diagram of a.c. generator and state its working principle.
(b) How is magnetic flux linked with the armature coil changed in a generator?
(c) Derive the expression for maximum value of the induced emf and state the rule
that gives the direction of the induced emf.
(d) Show the variation of the emf generated
versus time as the armature is rotated with respect to the direction of the
magnetic field.
78 (a) A series LCR circuit is connected to an a.c. source of variable frequency. Draw a
suitable phasor diagram to deduce the expressions for the amplitude of the current
and phase angle.
(b) Obtain the condition at resonance. Draw a plot showing the variation of current
with the frequency of a.c. source for two resistances R 1 and (R1 > R2). Hence define
the quality factor, Q and write its role in the tuning of the circuit.
79 (a) Draw a schematic sketch of an ac generator describing its basic elements. State
briefly its working principle. Show a plot of variation of
(i) Magnetic flux and
(ii) Alternating emf versus time generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic
field.
(b) Why is choke coil needed in the use of fluorescent tubes with ac mains?
80 (a) Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the principle and working of a
transformer. Deduce the expression for its working formula.
(b) Name any four causes of energy loss in an actual transformer.
81 (a) An ac source of voltage v = v0 sin ωt is connected across a series combination
of an inductor, a capacitor and a resistor. Use the phasor diagram to obtain the
expression for
(i) impedance of the circuit and
(ii) phase angle between the voltage and the current.
(b) A capacitor of unknown capacitance, a resistor of 100 Ω and an inductor of self-
inductance L = (4/π2) henry are in series connected to an ac source of 200 V and
50 Hz. Calculate the value of the capacitance and the current that flows in the
circuit when the current is in phase with the voltage.
82 (a) A voltage V = V0 sin ωt applied to a series LCR circuit drives a current i = i 0 sin
ωt in the circuit. Deduce the expression for the average power dissipated in the
circuit.
(b) For circuits used for transporting electric power, a low power factor implies
large power loss in transmission. Explain.
(c) Define the term ‘wattless current’.
83 State the working of a.c. generator with the help of a labelled diagram.
The coil of an a.c. generator having N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a
constant angular velocity to. Deduce the expression for the alternating emf
generated in the coil.What is the source of energy generation in this device?
84 Derive an expression for the impedance of a series LCR circuit connected to an AC
supply of variable frequency.
Plot a graph showing variation of current with the frequency of the applied voltage.
Explain briefly how the phenomenon of resonance in the circuit can be used in the
tuning mechanism of a radio or a TV set.
85 (i) With the help of a labelled diagram, describe briefly the underlying principle and
working of a step-up transformer.
(ii) Write any two sources of energy loss in a transformer.
(iii) A step up transformer converts a low input voltage into a high output voltage.
Does it violate law of conservation of energy? Explain.
86 Draw a schematic diagram of a step-up transformer. Explain its working principle.
Deduce the expression for the secondary to primary voltage in terms of the
number of turns in the two coils. In an ideal transformer, how is this ratio related to
the currents in the two coils? How is the transformer used in large scale
transmission and distribution of electrical energy over long distances?
87 A series LCR circuit is connected to an a.c. source having voltage v = v m sin ωt.
Derive the expression for the instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to
the applied voltage.
Obtain the condition for resonance to occur. Define ‘power factor’. State the
conditions under which it is
(i) maximum and
(ii) minimum.
88 Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic elements of an a.c.
generator. State its underlying principle. Show diagrammatically how an
alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field. Write
the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the rotating loop.
89 (a) Derive the relationship between the peak and the rms value of current in an
a.c. circuit.
(b) Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, working of a step-up
transformer. A step-up transformer converts a low voltage into high voltage. Does
it not violate the principle of conservation of energy? Explain.
90 (a) Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a series LCR circuit
connected to a.c. source in which the phase difference between the voltage and
the current in the circuit is 0.
(b) Define the quality factor in an a.c. circuit. Why should the quality factor have
high value in receiving circuits? Name the factors on which it depends.
91 Explain briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic principle of the
working of an a.c. generator.
In an a.c. generator, coil of N turns and area A is rotated at v revolutions per
second in a uniform magnetic field B. Write the expression for the emf produced.
A 100-turn coil of area 0.1 m2 rotates at half a revolution per second. It is placed in
a magnetic field 0.01 T perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil. Calculate
the maximum voltage generated in the coil.
92 An a.c. source generating a voltage v = v m sin ω t is connected to a capacitor of
capacitance C. Find the expression for the current, i, flowing through it. Plot a
graph of v and i versus tat to show that the current is π/2 ahead of the voltage. A
resistor of 200Ω and a capacitor of 15.0 µF are connected in series to a 220 V, 50
Hz a.c. source. Calculate the current in the circuit and the rms voltage across the
resistor and the capacitor. Is the algebraic sum of these voltages more than the
source voltage? If yes, resolve the paradox.