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UNIT - V IMPLICATIONS OF HOLISTIC UNDERSTANDING UHV-II

Q1. Define human values and explain its natural acceptance.

Introduction

Natural acceptance implies unconditional and total acceptance of the self, people and environment. It also
refers to the absence of any exception from others. Once we fully and truly commit our self on the basis of
natural acceptance, we feel a holistic sense of inner harmony, tranquillity and fulfilment.

Definition

Natural Acceptance is one's innate ability to determine what is right or wrong for themselves without
external conditioning or influences.

Based on our understanding of harmony, we participate in the larger order. Our participation at different
levels is our value. The identification of values is based on realization and understanding. The Value of the
human being is in the form of

I. Behaviour and II. Work.

I. Behaviour

Values of behaviour as the nine values in relationship

1. Trust 2.Respect 3.Affection 4. Care 5.Guidance


6. Reverence 7.Gratitude 8.Glory and 9.Love

II. Work
Working with material things, ensuring their right utilization, enrichment and protection is our value.
It results into prosperity for human being and preservation (enrichment, protection and right utilization) of
the rest of nature.
Consolidated List of Human Values
1. In the Self – Continuous happiness- Happiness, Peace, Satisfaction, Bliss
2. In Human Being- with Body- feeling of self-regulation in self, health in body
3. In Human-Human Relationship – Justice
(Established values- trust,… love + expressed values- … compassion)
4. In Human-Rest of Nature Relationship – Prosperity in human being, preservation (enrichment,
protection and right utilization) of rest of Nature
5. In Universal Human Order – participation in different systems -Perseverance, Brevity, Generosity,
Kindness, beneficence, Compassion.

The above feelings are naturally acceptable by the human being only possible through right
understanding only.
 Universal Values Naturally Emerging from the Right Understanding
 The human beings only need to understand it (and not to create it).
 The universal human values are manifestations of the truth of existence, i.e. co-existence, in various
dimensions of human participation in the existential order.
 These values are naturally acceptable to all human beings and conducive to human happiness (an
wellbeing of all).
 Only our ignorance leads to all the difficulties and confusions in appreciating and inculcating these
universal values.

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2. What do you understand by definitiveness of ethical human conduct? Why is this definitiveness
desirable? (Or) What do you mean by definitiveness of ethical human conduct? How can it be
ensured? (Or) What is ethical human conduct? Explain in terms of values, policies and character with
appropriate examples. (Or) what do you mean by definitiveness of ethical human conduct? How can it be
ensured?

Introduction
The right understanding gained through self-exploration also enables us to identify the definitiveness of
human conduct which may also be called the ethical human conduct. It is the same for all human beings.
So we are also able to understand the universality of ethical human conduct which is in consonance with the
universal human values.

Ethical conduct is the foundation of professional ethics it depends on three things, namely
1. Values
2. Policies Values are a part of our ethical conduct
3. Character
Meaning of Ethical Human Conduct
Ethical conduct refers to actions and decisions that are in line with moral principles and values, and that
promote the well-being of individuals and society as a whole.

Meaning of Definitiveness of ethical human conduct

The definitiveness of ethical human conduct refers to the degree of certainty or agreement about what
constitutes right or wrong behavior.

Definitiveness of ethical Human Conduct can be understood in terms of the following things.

Definitiveness of ethical Human


Conduct

III. Character
I. Values (Mulya) II. Policy (Niti)
(Charitra)

• Vlues in Self (jeevan • Policy for Economic Value • Character in Conjugal


Mulya) (Arhta Niti) Relationship/Marital
• Values in Human-Human relation (Sva purush, Sva
Relationship (Sambandh • Policy for Political Value nari)
Mulya) 9 Core Value. (Rajaya Niti)
• Value of a Human Being • Rightful Production,
into particpation in • Policy for Universal Acquization and
Universal Human Order Human Order (Dharma
(Manava Mulya) Utilization of Wealth (Sva
Niti)
• Values of Human Being in Dhana)
the Intraction with the
Rest of Nature (Vasthu • Kindness in Behaviour
Mulya) and Work ( Dayapurna)

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I. Values (Mulya)
Competence of living in accordance with universal human values or the participation of a unit in the larger
order- its natural characteristics or svabhava. The values of a human being can be enumerated as thirty, which
are listed below:
A. Values in self (Jivan Mulya)
1. Happiness (Sukha)
2. Peace (Shanti)
3. Satisfaction (Santosh)
4. Bliss (Ananda):
B. Values in Human - Human Relationship (Sambandh Mulya):
These are the following
Established - Values Expressed – Values

1. Trust (Visvasa) 1.Complementariness (Saujanyata)


2. Respect (Sammana) 2.Compliance (Sauhardra)
3. Affection (Sneha) 3.Commitment (Nistha)
4. Care (Mamta)
4.Generosity (Udarata)
5. Guidance (Vatsalya)
6. Reverence (Shraddha) 5.Spontaneity (Sahajata)
7. Glory (Gauruva) 6.Obedience (Pujyata)
8. Gratitude (Kritagyata) 7. Ease (Saralata)
9. Love (Prema) 8.Self-Restraint (Saumyata)
9.Unanimity (Ananyata)

Note:
What we need to have is the established value; the expressed value is a natural outcome.

C. Values of a Human Being in its Participation in Universal Human Order (Manav Mulya):

1. Perseverance After understanding the system, patiently participating in it.


2. Bravery Helping other in understanding and participating in system.
3.Generosity Using our mind, body and wealth in system
4. Kindness To give opportunity or thing to a person who have ability
5.Beneficence To prove ability to a person who have opportunity or thing
6.Campassion Providing both ability and thing to a person.

D. Values of Human Being in the Interaction with the Rest of the Nature (Vastu Mulya
1. Utility Value (Upyogita Mulya)
To prepare a physico-chemical object for nourish and protection
2. Artistic value (Kala Mulya)
To ensure the long lasting utility of the object.

II. Policy (Niti)


The decision (plan, program, implementation, results, evaluation) about the enrichment, protection and right
utilization of the resources i.e. self, body and wealth. It has three parts:
A) Economic Value (Artha Niti): enrichment of self, body and wealth
B) Political Value (Rajya Niti): protection of self, body and wealth
C) Policy for Universal Human Order (Dharma Niti): right utilization of self, body and
wealth

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III. Character (Charitra)


The definiteness of my desire, thought and selection gives definiteness to our living.
A) Character in Conjugal Relationship/Marital relation
B) Rightful Production, Acquisition and Utilization of We
C) Kindness in behaviour (people friendly) and work (eco friendly)

Q3. What do you mean by professional ethics? (Or) What do you mean by competence in professional
ethics? Elaborate with examples. (Or) What do you understand by competence in professional ethics?
Give two examples of its implications in industry.

Introduction
Developing ethical competence in the individual (profession) is the only effective way to ensure
professional ethics. The development of ethical competence is a long term process to be achieved through
appropriate value education.
a. Meaning of Professional ethics: It is to develop professional competence with ethical human conduct
b. Meaning of Ethical human conduct: It is the foundation of professional ethics

Professional ethics can be seen as the code of ethical conduct of the profession
Competence in professional ethics
Profession is a significant domain of human activity targeted towards participating in the larger order which
includes the society and nature around. It is a meaningful participation for each one in one or more of the five
domains of human endeavor needed for a harmonious society. Professional ethics concerns the moral issues
that arise because of the specialist knowledge that professionals attain, and how the use of this knowledge
should be governed when providing a service to the public.

Guidelines for how to interact with various levels of realities through the profession
It leads to making effort for fulfilment of some part of the human goal.
Entity (realities) Competence for
1. Human beings ------ Behaviour – mutual fulfillment
2. Rest of nature ------ Work – mutual prosperity
3. Maintenance, etc. ------ Service (seva)* – promotion of harmony
4. Societal systems ------ Participation in larger order – promotion of harmony

Service which promotes harmony in family society at all levels


Different Approaches to Ethics and Professional Ethics
Prevalent/Accepted Proposed
Prescriptive (Humane/compassionate)

Basis Assumptions (thought) Right Understanding of co-existence,


harmony and relationship

Feeling Opposition Relationship

Values Assumed values – based on Naturally acceptable values,


assumptions and opposition Wellbeing of all

Ethics:How to Mostly prescriptive, in the Details based on right understanding


interact with the form of do’s and don’ts (as described)- verifiable by everyone
world outside through a Basic agreements for order
in society
Way of ensuring Training, Discipline, Incentives Human Education, Self-discipline
in society and punishment Self-motivation

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Conclusion
Ethical conduct of profession implies the right utilization of one’s professional skills towards the
fulfillment of comprehensive human goal and thus, meaningfully participates in the larger order.

Q4. What do you mean by ’universal human order'? What is your vision of a universal human order?
Write in your own words. (Or) What do you mean by universal human order? What are its
implications?(or)
Introduction
Universal human order is a feeling of being related to every unit including human beings and other
entities of‘ nature. Having understood the comprehensive human goal, we are able to be in harmony not
only with human beings, but also with the rest of the nature. We are able to see that we are related to every
unit in nature and ensure mutual fulfillment in that relationship.
On the bases of understanding of harmony, we get the notion of an undivided society and universal
human order.
The universal human order will comprise of
I. The five dimensions of human endeavour (education, health etc) towards a fragmented society
II. The steps of organization from family to world family, each anchored in right understanding will
integrated in the following way
Family -> Family cluster -> village / community -> village cluster -> -> ->world family

I. The five dimensions of human Endeavour (education, health etc) towards a fragmented society

Human Goal

Systems / Dimensions of
Human Order
1. Education – Sanskar
2. Health – Self-regulation
3. Production – Work
4. Justice – Preservation
5. Exchange – Storage

In each of these dimensions, we can visualize a humane system, be it education, health, production,
exchange or justice and conceptualize a harmoniously functioning overall system.

II. The steps of organization from family to world family, each anchored in right understanding will
integrated in the following way
Scope –From Family Order to World Family Order (Universal Human Order)

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Family Village World


Family Village Nation
Cluster Cluster Family
Order Order Order
Order Order Order

Conclusion
As explained in the above, the right understanding provides us the vision for a holistic development and
humane society (universal human order).

Q5. What are the implications of value based living at all four levels of living? Explain. (Or) What
would be the pragmatic implications of value-based living at the four levels? Briefly
Answer
Pragmatic implications
It means it is the way of dealing with something based on practical considerations, rather than theriotical
one.
The implications of value based living can be understood in the following terms
1. At the level of the individual
Transition towards happiness and prosperity will take place at the individual level. It will instill self confidence,
spontaneous joyfulness, peace, contentment and bliss in the self, and also perseverance, bravery and generosity
in living of the individual.
2. At the level of the family
Mutual fulfillment in relationships, prosperity in the family, sustenance of joint families, family as the building
block of societal order in place of law enforcing bodies, respect for all without differentiation on the basis of
age, gender, caste, race, money, post, creed, etc.
3. At the level of the society
Fearlessness in the society, holistic systems for education, health, justice, production, exchange and storage,
harmony between nations, world growing as a family. Differentiations on the basis of body, physical facilites
and beliefs will be reduced.
4. At the level of nature
Co-existence of all units in nature, earth getting more and more suited for sustenance of all entities on the globe,
balance of seasons, proper development. The problems of pollution and resource depletion can be solved.

Q6. What is a holistic technology? Take any two such examples from the Indian tradition and
elaborate on them.(Or) Describe briefly the criteria for evaluation of holistic technology. Support
your answer with an example.
Introduction
The modern technologies and systems are all human inventions in response to the needs visualized under
the influence of the prevailing worldview. Accordingly, they have been designed and optimized to the
objective functions best suited to this world view.
In order to facilitate the development of holistic technologies and systems, it will be necessary to visualize
alternative objective functions and to formulate appropriate criteria for evaluation compatible with
comprehensive human goal.
Holistic approach
A holistic approach means to provide support that looks at the whole person, not just their mental health
needs. The support should also consider their physical, emotional, social and spiritual wellbeing.
Holistic technology
Holistic technology might also be used to describe technology that is designed for easy use for people and

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to fit in with their lives. This usage is uncommon; the term human-centric design is more common.

Holistic system is a Comprehensive approach that considers all


interconnected parts as a whole
Generally speaking, there are three broad criteria to guide the development of such technologies and
systems,
1. Catering to appropriate needs and lifestyles (Providing food and water for people)
2. People-friendly, and
3. Eco-friendly
Criteria for Technologies
1. Catering to real human needs (of both the body and the self)
2. Compatible with natural systems and cycles
3. Facilitating effective utilization of human body, animals, plants and other natural materials
4. Safe, user-friendly and conducive to health
5. Low cost and energy efficient
6. Producible with local resources and expertise as far as possible
7. Promoting the use of renewable energy resources
8. Enhancing human interaction and cooperation
9. Promoting decentralization
10. Enhanced Durability, life cycle and recyclability of products

Q7. What are the values in interaction of human beings with the material things? Give one example
of each. (Or) What is utility value and artistic value? How are both important in human life? Explain
with example. (Or) When there is no utility there is no scope for art too'. Explain.
Ans.
Competence of living in accordance with universal human values or the participation of a unit in the larger
order- its natural characteristics or svabhava. Values are a part of our ethical conduct. They are the natural
outcome of realization and right understanding, which are always definite. Values need not to be imposed
through fear, greed or blind belief.
The vastu mulya (values of Human Being in the Interaction with the Rest of the Nature) is the participation
of the human being with the rest of the nature.
I. Utility Value (Upyogita Mulya)
The participation of human being in ensuring the role of physical facility in nurture, protection and
providing means for the body.
For example
The utility value of a pen is that it aids in writing.
This provides a means to the body. Providing a cap to the pen so that the ink does not spill, a proper design
for holding of the pen while writing, etc. Preserve the utility of the pen.
II. Artistic value (kala mulva)
The participation of a human being in ensuring the role of physical facility to help and preserve its utility
(Right Utilization).
For example: Value of a Pen
The utility value of a pen is that it aids in writing.
Providing a cap to the pen so that the ink does not spill, a proper design for holding of the pen while
writing it is Artistic Value

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For example: Value of a shirt

Utility Value ----- A shirt has the utility that it protects the body. This is its utility value.
Artistic value ------ Designing the shirt so that it can be easily put on is the artistic value.

Q8. Critically examine the issues in professional ethics in the current scenario. (Or) List any five
unethical practices in profession today and the methods being tried to curb them.

Introduction
The unethical practices are rapidly increasing and their impact is also becoming far-reaching. Corruption
in multifarious manifestations is afflicting all the professions like a virus. Similarly, other unethical
practices are also proliferating and getting out of control. It appears as if human ingenuity is being
increasingly harnessed to devise newer and subtler ways to thwart the ethical conduct of profession, to
twist the laws and to beat the system.

Professional ethics
Professional ethics are principles that govern the behaviour of a person or group in a business
environment. Like values, professional ethics provide rules on how a person should act towards other
people and institutions in such an environment.

Issues in Professional Ethics – The Current Scenario


 The issues in professional ethics are becoming very complex in the current scenario.
 The unethical practices are rapidly increasing and their impact is also becoming far-reaching.
 As a result of this ‘epidemic’ of unethical practices, we are frequently coming across serious
scams, major economic offences, kickbacks in large scale purchases etc.

Some Salient Categories of Unethical Practices Today


 Corruption in multiple forms and at various levels
 Tax evasion, misappropriation and misuse of public funds
 Misuse of political power and bureaucratic authority
 Misleading propaganda, unethical advertisements and sales promotion
 Cut-throat competition
 Exploiting the weakness of consumers through various enticements, bewildering advertisements
 Adulteration and spurious production
 Endangering the health and safety of public at large
 Hoarding and over-charging etc.
Conclusion
As a result of this ’epidemic' of unethical practices, we are frequently coming across serious scams, major
economic offences and kickbacks in large scale purchases. Lapses on the part of big organizations in
ethical conduct of pro1‘ession have led to large scale disasters, such as Bhopal Gas Tragedy, the
Chernobyl Disaster, etc. endangering public life and prosperity, and causing serious degradation to
environment.
Q9. Give a critical review of the current management models in profession.
Introduction
Learning from the Systems in Nature and Traditional Practices If we really wish to gain an insight into the
holistic systems, we have a lot to learn from systems of nature and from traditional practices. With modern

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developments in science and technology, and their widespread application, an impression has grown that
the nature is primarily for exploitation as per the whims and fancies of human beings, the nature has to be
tamed/controlled and exploited for human enjoyment.
It is believed that the systems in nature are all primitive and have to be replaced by man-made
systems.
This is how one looks at 'development’. Similarly, it is also believed that the traditional practices are all
obsolete and have to be rejected outright.
This arrogant attitude towards nature and the traditional know-how has caused much damage to
humanity in recent times. It is high time we critically examine these beliefs and rectify them in the light of
right understanding.

In reality nature is not only for nourishes but also a learning ground

Criteria for Management Models


Primarily management models are to be relationship based, cooperative and ensuring justice in terms of
mutual fulfillment and not coercive and exploitative. Specifically,
 The whole unit working as a well-knit family
 Cooperative, motivational and mutually fulfilling
 Ensuring correct appraisal of human labour and skills
 Targeting employer-employee satisfaction as well as consumer satisfaction and not profit
maximization
 Sharing of responsibility and participative mode of management
 Continuous value addition (self-evolution) of the persons involved
 Effectively integrating individual competencies and complementarities
Conclusion
We will be in a better position to utilize our present day knowledge to augment the systems and make
them more effective, efficient and more suited to current needs. For example, we can learn a lot from the
traditional practices of eco-friendly agriculture techniques, watershed management, eco-restoration, herbal
formulations, preservation techniques, and artisanal practices and so on.

Q10. How do the current world views lead to contradictions and dilemmas in professional life? -
Explain.

Introduction
Dilemmas and contradictions in professional ethics arise when principles, values, or rules conflict, making it
difficult to decide the appropriate course of action. Below are key areas where such challenges commonly
occur:

Dilemmas and contradictions


1. Conflict between Ethical Principles
Professionals often face situations where core ethical principles clash.
For example:
a. Autonomy vs. Beneficence
In healthcare, a doctor may struggle between respecting a patient's right to refuse treatment (autonomy)
and the duty to provide care that benefits the patient (beneficence).
b. Confidentiality vs. Public Safety
A lawyer or therapist may face a dilemma about breaching client confidentiality to prevent harm to others.

2. Personal Values vs. Professional Responsibilities


A professional's personal beliefs may contradict their role’s ethical standards.
For example:
a. A journalist might grapple with whether to publish sensitive information that aligns with public
interest but could harm individuals.
b. A teacher may have to teach content that conflicts with their personal moral or religious beliefs.

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3. Competing Stakeholder Interests


Professionals often have to balance the interests of multiple parties
a. Corporate vs. Employee Rights
A manager might face pressure to enforce cost-cutting measures that harm employees but benefit
shareholders.
b. Client vs. Society
An engineer working on a controversial project (e.g., developing surveillance tools) may question the
societal impact versus fulfilling the client's needs.

4. Ambiguity in Ethical Guidelines


Professional codes of ethics sometimes lack clarity or offer conflicting advice.
a. Lawyers may struggle with determining the boundaries of aggressive advocacy versus ethical
onduct.
b. Scientists may face unclear ethical standards regarding the use of artificial intelligence or genetic
editing.

5. Pressure from External Factors


Situations may force professionals to compromise ethics
a. Financial Pressure
Accepting sponsorships or partnerships that may compromise objectivity (e.g., in academia or journalism).
b. Organizational Culture
Navigating workplaces that encourage unethical practices like discrimination or corruption.

6. Ethical Absolutism vs. Relativism


Professionals working in diverse cultures might encounter practices considered unethical in their home
culture but acceptable elsewhere.
For example:
A businessperson may struggle with the expectation to pay "facilitation fees" (bribes) in some countries,
despite ethical standards forbidding such actions.

Strategies for Addressing Ethical Dilemmas


1. Consult Ethical Codes
Refer to the professional organization’s guidelines for guidance.
2. Engage in Ethical Deliberation
Use frameworks like utilitarianism, deontology, or virtue ethics to evaluate actions.
3. Seek Peer Advice
Discuss with colleagues or supervisors to gain perspectives.
4. Transparency
Be open about the challenges and reasoning behind decisions to build trust.
5. Training and Reflection:
Regular ethics training and personal reflection can prepare professionals for future dilemmas.

Q11. Elaborate on the meaning of swatwa (innateness), swatantrata (self organization) and swarajya
(self expression). How are they related?
Answer

I. Swatva

Swatva means innateness of self – the natural acceptance of harmony. The word "innate" is defined
as originating in or derived from the mind . It is present in an individual by birth. When we identify our
innateness, we realize the difference between what we are and we really want to be.

Svatva means innateness of self i.e. the natural acceptance of harmony

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II. Swatantrata

Swatantrata means being self- organized – being in harmony with oneself. When we identify our
innateness, we establish a dialogue with our conscience, and it enables us to become self organized, i.e. we
attain harmony in our self. This is called swatantrata.

Swatantrata means being self organised i.e. being in harmony with oneself

III. Swarajya

Swarajya means self-expression, self- extension – living in harmony with others. When we identify our
innateness, what we really what to be and establish a dialogue within, it enables us to become self
organized, i.e. we attain harmony in our self. When we start living with this harmony, it starts expressing
itself through our harmonious behaviour towards others and towards our work, and it naturally leads to a
healthy participation with the surroundings. This is called swarajya.

Swarajya means self expression, self extension i.e. living in harmony with others

The following way Swatva, Swatantra and Swarajya are inter related

1. When we start exploring our svatva, in the process of self-verification and living accordingly, we are
attaining svatantrata and svarajya.
2. Exploring our svatva at different levels of our living helps us in getting rid of our preconceived notions,
Our dilemmas, contradictions and compulsions, either external or internal.
3. The more, we attain swatantrata or the self- organized state, the more we can live in harmony with
Others and we can also help others attain this state.
4. This leads to our participation in swarajya.
5. The effort towards ensuring orderliness in the society is possible and is sustained by ensuring orderliness
in ourselves.
6. Every mechanism to bring order in the society needs to be based on this. T
7. This is an important implication of right understanding when we go to make policies for nations and the
world.
Conclusion: By the above way Swatva, Swatantra and Swarajya are interrelated.
Q12. Describe the different Strategies for transition from the present state to Universal Human Order
(Or) Explain the Role of manager for transition from the present state to universal human order.
Introduction
Today we are generally trying to achieve happiness and prosperity by maximizing accumulation and
consumption of physical facilities. This effort is giving rise to many problems manifest today at the level of
individual, family, society and the nature.
These problems are:
1. At the level of individual
Rising problems of depression, anxiety, suicides, stress, insecurity, increasing health problems, lack of
confidence and conviction etc.
2. At the level of family
Breaking up of joint families, mistrust and disharmony in relationships, divorce, generation gap, dowry
deaths, neglect of older people etc.
3. At the level of society
Growing incidences of terrorism, violence, communalism, racial and ethnic struggle, corruption,
adulteration, exploitation, wars between nations, proliferation of lethal weapons etc. •
4. At the level of nature
Global warming, weather imbalances, depletion of mineral and energy resources, deforestation, soil
degradation etc.

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All the problems are a direct outcome of an incorrect understanding, our wrong notion about happiness and
prosperity and their continuity.

The implications of value based strategies can be understood in the following terms:
1. At the level of the individual
Achieve happiness, peace, contentment and bliss in the self, perseverance, bravery and generosity in living
of the individual. The individual get rid of the tensions, frustrations, depression, and other such situations
2. At the level of the family
Mutual fulfilment in relationships, prosperity in the family, sustenance of joint families, family as the
building block of societal order in place of law enforcing bodies, respect for all without differentiation on
the basis of age, gender, caste, race, money, post, creed, etc.
3. At the level of the society
Fearlessness in the society, holistic systems for education, health, justice, production, exchange and storage,
harmony between nations, world growing as a family. Differentiations on the basis of body, physical
facilities and beliefs will be reduced.
4. At the level of nature
Co-existence of all units in nature, earth getting more and more suited for sustenance of all entities on the
globe, balance of seasons, proper development. The problems of pollution and resource depletion can be
solved.

Strategy for transition from the present state to universal human order
(a) At the level of individual
(b) At the Society Level

Collective measures for prevention and removal of threats to the peace.


1. Promote the value based education for the ultimate betterment of society.
2. Framing positive agenda, mission statement, objectives, values and behaviours of the
business and service etc.
3. Sustainable development to Assigning the possible social role to its respective members
4. Promoting self awareness and enhancing healthy employer-employee relationship
and ultimately the human inter-relationship

Q13. How to identify and develop appropriate technologies for Management models and Production
system
The right understanding provides us the vision for a holistic development and humane society (universal
human order). Such a model will necessitate the visualization and development of appropriate technologies,
production systems and management models etc. which cater to the fulfilment of such a vision.

A Holistic Criteria for Evaluation


 Catering to appropriate needs and lifestyles
 Eco-friendly (cyclic / renewable and mutually enriching)
 People-friendly- ensuring self-development and mutual fulfillment in human beings
 User-friendly – safe, economical and enhancing human capability

In addition, these have to promote local self-sufficiency and optimal utilization of local resources and
expertise. As far as possible, priority should be for naturally available processes and systems. In the light of
these broad criteria, specific criteria for Evaluation can be broadly defined for the area of technologies,
production systems and management models as follows;

Criteria for Management Models


Primarily management models are to be relationship based, cooperative and ensuring justice in terms of
mutual fulfillment and not coercive and exploitative. Specifically,
 The whole unit working as a well-knit family
 Cooperative, motivational and mutually fulfilling

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 Ensuring correct appraisal of human labour and skills


 Targeting employer-employee satisfaction as well as consumer satisfaction and not profit
maximization
 Sharing of responsibility and participative mode of management
 Continuous value addition (self-evolution) of the persons involved
 Effectively integrating individual competencies and complementarities

Criteria for Production Systems


In determining the type of production systems, the key questions to be answered are:
 What to produce?
 How to produce?
 For whom to produce?
 How much to produce?
These questions (issues) have been discussed while studying about the harmony in society- human
goal and its fulfilment through different dimensions of the societal system.
So, the needs are to be characterized in consonance with the comprehensive human goal and they
have to be fulfilled through human systems defined there.
Conclusion
All these will be decided in the context of availability of local natural resources and expertise to cater to the
needs of the people for any given community.

Page 13 Prepared by R.Sita kumari

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