Boiler Assigment 1 Hhh

1.
Demineralizing (DM) Water Plant

Working Principle:
The Demineralization (DM) Water Plant's Operating Principle
The DM plant works on the basis of ion exchange, in which hydrogen (H⁺) and hydroxide
(OH⁻) ions are added to water to replace unwanted ions (minerals and salts). The result of these
ions exchanging is clean water (H2O). By removing the minerals that cause hardness and
conductivity, this method produces the high-purity water needed for boilers.
Steps For the Ion Exchange Process's:

Cation Exchange Process:
A cation exchange resin charged with hydrogen ions (H⁺) is passed through by the water.
H⁺ ions from the resin replace positively charged ions in the water, such as calcium (Ca²⁺),
magnesium (Mg²⁺), sodium (Na⁺), and iron (Fe²⁺).
Reaction
Example : 2R-H+Ca^2+ →R2Ca+2𝐻^+
(In this case, R stands for the resin molecule.)

Anion Exchange process:
Water passes through an anion exchange resin charged with hydroxide ions (OH⁻) following
cation exchange.
OH⁻ ions take the place of negatively charged ions such as chloride (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), and
bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻).
Reaction
Example: R-OH +Cl^- → R-Cl+𝑂𝐻^-
Mixture to Create Pure Water:
Pure water (H₂O) is created when the OH⁻ ions from the anion exchange and the H⁺ ions from
In response: 𝐻^++𝑂𝐻−→𝐻2𝑂
the cation exchange join.
Resin Regeneration:
The cations and anions from the water eventually fill the resins to saturation. They regenerate
themselves in order to regain their capacity. An acid, such as HCl, is used to replenish H+ ions in
cation resin.
Regenerating anion resin involves adding more OH⁻ ions using a base (such as NaOH).
The Chemistry at Play:

Reaction of Cation Exchange: 2R-H+Ca2^+→R2Ca+2𝐻^+
Reaction of Anion Exchange: R-OH+Cl^-→R-Cl+𝑂𝐻^-

Pure water (H₂O) is created when the H⁺ and OH⁼ ions generated from these exchanges mix.
Flow Chart Parts:
unprocessed water source
Filters for multimedia
Exchange units for cations and anion
Unit with mixed beds (optional)
Acid and base storage tanks for regeneration
measuring the conductivity and pH using meters
Application:
- Used to supply high-purity feedwater to boilers, preventing corrosion and scaling that could reduce
boiler efficiency and lifespan.
2. Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plant

How Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plants Operate
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a pressure-driven procedure that uses a semi-permeable membrane to
filter out dissolved salts, minerals, and contaminants from water. The idea is to reverse the
osmosis process, which is the natural movement of water over a membrane from an area of low
solute concentration to one of high solute concentration. By applying external pressure, RO
removes dissolved contaminants from water by forcing it to move from a location of high
concentration (salty water) to one of low concentration (clean water).
The Methodical Operation of RO:

First Intervention:
Raw water is pre-treated to get rid of big particles, chlorine, and other things that can harm the
RO membrane.
Membrane scaling and clogging are avoided with the use of filters and antiscalants.
Elevated-Pressure Pump:
In order to overcome the natural osmotic pressure, the pre-treated water is pumped using a high-
pressure pump.
To push the water through the semi-permeable barrier, this is necessary.
RO Membrane Disturbance:
The semi-permeable membrane, which keeps out germs, salts, minerals, and other pollutants, lets
just water molecules pass through as the pressurized water passes through it.
The cleaned water that seeps through the barrier is called permeate.
The concentrated stream of rejected salts and contaminants that do not cross the membrane is
known as brine or concentrate.
Following Treatment:
A post-treatment may be applied to the permeate water to correct pH and eliminate any
remaining pollutants or gasses.
This stage guarantees that the water satisfies the necessary quality requirements, including those
for boiler feed water.
Keeping track of and storing:
Tanks are used to hold the cleaned water for later usage.
The system keeps an eye on important metrics like pH and conductivity to make sure the water
quality is preserved.
The Chemical Processes in RO:
Function of Semi-Permeable Membranes:
Ions like Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻ cannot flow through the membrane.
Because water molecules are so tiny, they can fit through the membrane's holes.
Comparing Osmosis with Reverse Osmosis
Osmosis: A natural mechanism that transfers water from a low solute concentration to a high
concentration.
Reverse Osmosis: By applying pressure, water reverses the natural process of moving
from a high solute concentration to a low concentration.
Flow Chart Parts:
Untreated water is supplied via the raw water tank.
Filters used before treatment: Take out suspended solids.
Dosing method: To stop scaling, add antiscalants.
High-pressure pump: To counteract osmotic pressure, raise water pressure.
Brine and pure water are separated using a RO membrane.
Tank for product water: Holds the cleaned water.
The concentrated brine is released through the reject stream outlet.
Applications: To stop scale and corrosion brought on by dissolved salts, RO is frequently used to
treat boiler feed water.
In order to produce high-purity water, it is also used in desalination plants, wastewater treatment
facilities, and pharmaceutical enterprises.

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1.

Demineralizing (DM) Water Plant

Steps For the Ion Exchange Process's:

(In this case, R stands for the resin molecule.)

Mixture to Create Pure Water:

The Chemistry at Play:

Reaction of Anion Exchange: R-OH+Cl^-→R-Cl+𝑂𝐻^-

2. Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plant

The Methodical Operation of RO:

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