Mekanisme Air

Water Softerner
1. The backwash phase removes dirt from the mineral tank. 2. Recharging the mineral tank
with sodium from the brine solution displaces calcium and magnesium, which is then washed
down the drain. 3. The final phase rinses the mineral tank with fresh water and loads the
brine tank so it's ready for the next cycle.
It's easy to forget how important water is in our lives. Of course we need it in our diet, but in
our homes, it's a tool — a fluid medium that carries material from one place to the next. And
one of the reasons it does this job well is that it's very good at holding things, either by
suspending them or dissolving them.
Unlike most tools, though, water doesn't come with an instruction manual. If it did, you'd
know why the dishes you thought were washed are covered with spots when dry, why the
water in your shower leaves a film on everything it touches, and why what you thought was
clean water has clogged up your plumbing system.
Calcium and magnesium in water both carry positive charges. This means that these
minerals will cling to the beads as the hard water passes through the mineral tank. Sodium
ions also have positive charges, albeit not as strong as the charge on the calcium and
magnesium. When a very strong brine solution is flushed through a tank that has beads
already saturated with calcium and magnesium, the sheer volume of the sodium ions is
enough to drive the calcium and magnesium ions off the beads. Water softeners have a
separate brine tank that uses common salt to create this brine solution.
In normal operation, hard water moves into the mineral tank and the calcium and
magnesium ions move to the beads, replacing sodium ions. The sodium ions go into the
water. Once the beads are saturated with calcium and magnesium, the unit enters a 3-phase
regenerating cycle. First, the backwash phase reverses water flow to flush dirt out of the
tank. In the recharge phase, the concentrated sodium-rich salt solution is carried from the
brine tank through the mineral tank. The sodium collects on the beads, replacing the calcium
and magnesium, which go down the drain. Once this phase is over, the mineral tank is
flushed of excess brine and the brine tank is refilled.
ACTIVATED ACRBON
During water filtration through activated carbon, contaminants adhere to the surface of these
carbon granules or become trapped in the small pores of the activated carbon (AMIRAULT
et al. 2003). This process is called adsorption. Activated carbon filters are efficient to remove
certain organics (such as unwanted taste and odours, micropollutants), chlorine, fluorine or
radon, from drinking water or wastewater. However, it is not effective for microbial
contaminants, metals, nitrates and other inorganic contaminants.
There are two basic types of water filters: particulate filters and adsorptive/reactive filters.
Particulate filters exclude particles by size, and adsorptive/reactive filters contain a material
(medium) that either adsorbs or reacts with a contaminant in water. The principles of
adsorptive activated carbon filtration are the same as those of any other adsorption material.
The contaminant is attracted to and held (adsorbed) on the surface of the carbon particles.
The characteristics of the carbon material (particle and pore size, surface area, surface
chemistry, etc.) influence the efficiency of adsorption.
HEATING HEAT EXCHANGER
A heat exchanger is a device that allows heat from a fluid (a liquid or a gas) to pass to a
second fluid (another liquid or gas) without the two fluids having to mix together or come into
direct contact. If that's not completely clear, consider this. In theory, we could get the heat
from the gas jets just by throwing cold water onto them, but then the flames would go out!
The essential principle of a heat exchanger is that it transfers the heat without transferring
the fluid that carries the heat.
In water purification systems heat exchangers are used in several applications:
1.To cool the purified water as it circulates through a distribution loop – The pumping power
builds up heat in the water, as does passage of the water through sterilizing or TOC removal
UVs. A heat exchanger with chilled water circulating through it will keep the process water
cool, typically at 70° F, to reduce the growth of bacteria.
2.To sanitize a distribution loop with hot water – Periodically a purified water distribution loop
and storage tank must be sanitized to kill bacteria. This can be done with ozone or
chemicals. An alternative is to heat sanitize the system with hot water at 176°F (80°C)
minimum. This eliminates chemical handling and the concerns about rinsing chemicals out of
the system. The water can be effectively heated and cooled with a shell and tube heat
exchanger using steam as the heat source, and chilled water as the cooling source.
3. To sanitize activated carbon tanks with hot water– Some industries use activated carbon
tanks to remove chlorine compounds, organics, and undesirable taste and odor from city
water prior to production. An effective method of sanitizing carbon tanks is by circulating hot
water at 180°F+ through the carbon bed. A heat exchanger can be used to heat water for
carbon sanitization using plant steam as a heat source.
4. To preheat water for a chemical process – Most chemical processes are more effective
when the chemical mixture is heated. This principle is used in almost all CIP (clean-in-place)
processes.
EDI
Water enters the EDI module, where an applied current forces ions to move through the
resins and across the membranes. These ions are collected into concentrate streams which
can then be put to drain or be recycled. The deionized product water can then be used
directly or undergo further treatment for enhanced water purity.
When the ions are moved through the resins and between the cation or anion selective
membranes, they are exchanged for H+ and OH- ions. Ions that become bound to the ion
exchange resins migrate to a separate chamber under the influence of an externally applied
electric field. This also produces the H+ and OH- ions necessary to maintain the resins in
their regenerated state. Ions in the separate chamber are flushed to waste.
The ion exchange beds in our EDI systems are regenerated continuously so that they do not
exhaust in the same way as ion exchange beds that are operated in batch mode.

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Water Softerner

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