Wiki

Wiki
A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ WI-kee) is a form of hypertext publication on the internet

which is collaboratively edited and managed by its audience directly
through a web browser. A typical wiki contains multiple pages that can
either be edited by the public or limited to use within an organization for
maintaining its internal knowledge base.
Editing display showing MediaWiki markup language
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki 3/12/24, 14 48
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A photo of the MediaWiki homepage,
a wiki software
Wikis are powered by wiki software, also known as wiki engines. Being a
form of content management system, these differ from other web-based
systems such as blog software or static site generators in that the content
is created without any defined owner or leader. Wikis have little inherent
structure, allowing one to emerge according to the needs of the users.[1]
Wiki engines usually allow content to be written using a lightweight
markup language and sometimes edited with the help of a rich-text editor.
[2]
There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and
part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines
are free and open-source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit
control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing
rights may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may
permit access without enforcing access control. Further rules may be
imposed to organize content. In addition to hosting user-authored content,
wikis allow those users to interact, hold discussions, and collaborate.[3]
There are hundreds of thousands of wikis in use, both public and private,
including wikis functioning as knowledge management resources, note-
taking tools, community websites, and intranets. Ward Cunningham, the
developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described wiki
as "the simplest online database that could possibly work".[4] "Wiki"
(pronounced [wiki][note 1]) is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick".[5][6][7]
The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki-based

website, as well being one of the internet's most popular websites, having
been ranked consistently as such since at least 2007.[8] Wikipedia is not a
single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one
pertaining to a specific language. The English-language Wikipedia has the
largest collection of articles, standing at 6,919,097 as of December 2024.
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[9]
Characteristics
Ward Cunningham
In their 2001 book The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web,
Cunningham and co-author Bo Leuf described the essence of the wiki
concept:[10][11]
"A wiki invites all users—not

just experts—to edit any page
or to create new pages within
the wiki website, using only a
standard 'plain-vanilla' Web
browser without any extra
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add-ons."
"Wiki promotes meaningful
topic associations between
different pages by making
page link creation intuitively
easy and showing whether an
intended target page exists or
not."
"A wiki is not a carefully crafted
site created by experts and
professional writers and
designed for casual visitors.
Instead, it seeks to involve the
typical visitor/user in an
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ongoing process of creation
and collaboration that
constantly changes the
website landscape."
Editing
Source editing
Some wikis will present users with an edit button or link directly on the
page being viewed. This will open an interface for writing, formatting, and
structuring page content. The interface may be a source editor, which is
text-based and employs a lightweight markup language (also known as
wikitext, wiki markup, or wikicode), or a visual editor. For example, in a
source editor, starting lines of text with asterisks could create a bulleted
list.
The syntax and features of wiki markup languages for denoting style and
structure can vary greatly among implementations. Some allow the use of
HTML and CSS,[12] while others prevent the use of these to foster
uniformity in appearance.
Example of syntax
A short section of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland rendered in wiki
markup:
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Output
shown
Wiki markup Equivalent in HTML
to
readers
"Take some "Take some more <a "Take

more href="/wiki/Tea" some
[[tea]]," the title="Tea">tea</a>,"
more
March Hare the March Hare said to
said to Alice, very earnestly. tea," the
Alice, very March
earnestly. "I've had Hare said
nothing
"I've had yet," Alice replied in to Alice,
'''nothing''' an offended tone, "so I very
yet," Alice can't take more." earnestly.
replied in an
offended "You mean you can't "I've had
tone, "so I take less," nothing
can't take said the Hatter. "It's yet," Alice
more." very easy to take
replied in
more than
an
"You mean you nothing."
can't take offended
''less''," tone, "so I
said the can't take
Hatter. "It's
more."
very easy to
take ''more'' "You
than
mean you
nothing."
can't take
less," said
the
Hatter.
"It's very
easy to
take more
than
nothing."
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Visual editing
While wiki engines have traditionally offered source editing to users, in
recent years some implementations have added a rich text editing mode.
This is usually implemented, using JavaScript, as an interface which
translates formatting instructions chosen from a toolbar into the
corresponding wiki markup or HTML. This is generated and submitted to
the server transparently, shielding users from the technical detail of
markup editing and making it easier for them to change the content of
pages. An example of such an interface is the VisualEditor in MediaWiki,
the wiki engine used by Wikipedia. WYSIWYG editors may not provide all
the features available in wiki markup, and some users prefer not to use
them, so a source editor will often be available simultaneously.
Version history
Some wiki implementations keep a record of changes made to wiki pages,
and may store every version of the page permanently. This allows authors
to revert a page to an older version to rectify a mistake, or counteract a
malicious or inappropriate edit to its content.[13]
These stores are typically presented for each page in a list, called a "log"
or "edit history", available from the page via a link in the interface. The list
displays metadata for each revision to the page, such as the time and date
of when it was stored, and the name of the person who created it,
alongside a link to view that specific revision. A diff (short for "difference")
feature may be available, which highlights the changes between any two
revisions.
Edit summaries
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The edit history view in many wiki implementations will include edit
summaries written by users when submitting changes to a page. Similar to
the function of a log message in a revision control system, an edit
summary is a short piece of text which summarizes and perhaps explains
the change, for example "Corrected grammar" or "Fixed table formatting
to not extend past page width". It is not inserted into the article's main
text.
Navigation
Traditionally, wikis offer free navigation between their pages via hypertext
links in page text, rather than requiring users to follow a formal or
structured navigation scheme. Users may also create indexes or table of
contents pages, hierarchical categorization via a taxonomy, or other forms
of ad hoc content organization. Wiki implementations can provide one or
more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such
index pages, such as a backlink feature which displays all pages that link
to a given page. Adding categories or tags to a page makes it easier for
other users to find it.
Most wikis allow the titles of pages to be searched amongst, and some
offer full text search of all stored content.
Navigation between wikis
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Visualization of the collaborative work
in the German wiki project Mathe für
Nicht-Freaks
Some wiki communities have established navigational networks between

each other using a system called WikiNodes. A WikiNode is a page on a
wiki which describes and links to other, related wikis. Some wikis operate a
structure of neighbors and delegates, wherein a neighbor wiki is one which
discusses similar content or is otherwise of interest, and a delegate wiki is
one which has agreed to have certain content delegated to it.[14] WikiNode
networks act as webrings which may be navigated from one node to
another to find a wiki which addresses a specific subject.
Linking to and naming

pages
The syntax used to create internal hyperlinks varies between wiki
implementations. Beginning with the WikiWikiWeb in 1995, most wikis
used camel case to name pages,[15] which is when words in a phrase are
capitalized and the spaces between them removed. In this system, the
phrase "camel case" would be rendered as "CamelCase". In early wiki
engines, when a page was displayed, any instance of a camel case phrase
would be transformed into a link to another page named with the same
phrase.
While this system made it easy to link to pages, it had the downside of
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requiring pages to be named in a form deviating from standard spelling,
and titles of a single word required abnormally capitalizing one of the
letters (e.g. "WiKi" instead of "Wiki"). Some wiki implementations attempt
to improve the display of camel case page titles and links by reinserting
spaces and possibly also reverting to lower case, but this simplistic
method is not able to correctly present titles of mixed capitalization. For
example, "Kingdom of France" as a page title would be written as
"KingdomOfFrance", and displayed as "Kingdom Of France".
To avoid this problem, the syntax of wiki markup gained free links, wherein
a term in natural language could be wrapped in special characters to turn
it into a link without modifying it. The concept was given the name in its
first implementation, in UseModWiki in February 2001.[16] In that
implementation, link terms were wrapped in a double set of square
brackets, for example [[Kingdom of France]]. This syntax was
adopted by a number of later wiki engines.
It is typically possible for users of a wiki to create links to pages that do

not yet exist, as a way to invite the creation of those pages. Such links are
usually differentiated visually in some fashion, such as being colored red
instead of the default blue, which was the case in the original
WikiWikiWeb, or by appearing as a question mark next to the linked words.
History
Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu

International Airport
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WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki.[17] Ward Cunningham started developing it
in 1994, and installed it on the Internet domain c2.com on March 25, 1995.
Cunningham gave it the name after remembering a Honolulu International
Airport counter employee telling him to take the "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" bus
that runs between the airport's terminals, later observing that "I chose
wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for 'quick' and thereby avoided
naming this stuff quick-web."[18][19]
Cunningham's system was inspired by his having used Apple's hypertext

software HyperCard, which allowed users to create interlinked "stacks" of
virtual cards.[20] HyperCard, however, was single-user, and Cunningham
was inspired to build upon the ideas of Vannevar Bush, the inventor of
hypertext, by allowing users to "comment on and change one another's
text."[2][21] Cunningham says his goals were to link together people's
experiences to create a new literature to document programming patterns,
and to harness people's natural desire to talk and tell stories with a
technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to "authoring".
[20]
Wikipedia became the most famous wiki site, launched in January 2001
and entering the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In the early
2000s, wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as collaborative
software. Common uses included project communication, intranets, and
documentation, initially for technical users. Some companies use wikis as
their collaborative software and as a replacement for static intranets, and
some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group learning. On
March 15, 2007, the word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English
Dictionary.[22]
Alternative definitions
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the word "wiki" was used to refer to
both user-editable websites and the software that powers them, and the
latter definition is still occasionally in use.[1]
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By 2014, Ward Cunningham's thinking on the nature of wikis had evolved,
leading him to write[23] that the word "wiki" should not be used to refer to
a single website, but rather to a mass of user-editable pages or sites so
that a single website is not "a wiki" but "an instance of wiki". In this
concept of wiki federation, in which the same content can be hosted and
edited in more than one location in a manner similar to distributed version
control, the idea of a single discrete "wiki" no longer made sense.[24]
Implementations
The software which powers a wiki may be implemented as a series of
scripts which operate an existing web server, a standalone application
server that runs on one or more web servers, or in the case of personal
wikis, run as a standalone application on a single computer. Some wikis
use flat file databases to store page content, while others use a relational
database,[25] as indexed database access is faster on large wikis,
particularly for searching.
Hosting
Wikis can also be created on wiki hosting services (also known as wiki
farms), where the server-side software is implemented by the wiki farm
owner, and may do so at no charge in exchange for advertisements being
displayed on the wiki's pages. Some hosting services offer private,
password-protected wikis requiring authentication to access. Free wiki
farms generally contain advertising on every page.
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Trust and security
Access control
The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are readers, authors,
wiki administrators and system administrators. System administrators are
responsible for the installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the
container web server. Wiki administrators maintain content and, through
having elevated privileges, are granted additional functions (including, for
example, preventing edits to pages, deleting pages, changing users'
access rights, or blocking them from editing).[26]
Controlling changes
History comparison reports highlight

the changes between two revisions of
a page.
Wikis are generally designed with a soft security philosophy in which it is

easy to correct mistakes or harmful changes, rather than attempting to
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prevent them from happening in the first place. This allows them to be very
open while providing a means to verify the validity of recent additions to
the body of pages. Most wikis offer a recent changes page which shows
recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame.[27] Some
wikis can filter the list to remove edits flagged by users as "minor" and
automated edits.[28] The version history feature allows harmful changes to
be reverted quickly and easily.[13]
Some wiki engines provide additional content control, allowing remote

monitoring and management of a page or set of pages to maintain quality.
A person willing to maintain pages will be alerted of modifications to them,
allowing them to verify the validity of new editions quickly.[29] Such a
feature is often called a watchlist.
Some wikis also implement patrolled revisions, in which editors with the
requisite credentials can mark edits as being legitimate. A flagged
revisions system can prevent edits from going live until they have been
reviewed.[30]
Wikis may allow any person on the web to edit their content without having
to register an account on the site first (anonymous editing), or require
registration as a condition of participation.[31] On implementations where
an administrator is able to restrict editing of a page or group of pages to a
specific group of users, they may have the option to prevent anonymous
editing while allowing it for registered users.[32]
Trustworthiness and
reliability of content
Critics of publicly editable wikis argue that they could be easily tampered
with by malicious individuals, or even by well-meaning but unskilled users
who introduce errors into the content. Proponents maintain that these
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issues will be caught and rectified by a wiki's community of users.[2][17]
High editorial standards in medicine and health sciences articles, in which
users typically use peer-reviewed journals or university textbooks as
sources, have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis.[33] Wiki
implementations retaining and allowing access to specific versions of
articles has been useful to the scientific community, by allowing expert
peer reviewers to provide links to trusted version of articles which they
have analyzed.[34]
Security
Trolling and cybervandalism on wikis, where content is changed to
something deliberately incorrect or a hoax, offensive material or nonsense
is added, or content is maliciously removed, can be a major problem. On
larger wiki sites it is possible for such changes to go unnoticed for a long
period.
In addition to using the approach of soft security for protecting

themselves, larger wikis may employ sophisticated methods, such as bots
that automatically identify and revert vandalism. For example, on
Wikipedia, the bot ClueBot NG uses machine learning to identify likely
harmful changes, and reverts these changes within minutes or even
seconds.[35]
Disagreements between users over the content or appearance of pages

may cause edit wars, where competing users repetitively change a page
back to a version that they favor. Some wiki software allows administrators
to prevent pages from being editable until a decision has been made on
what version of the page would be most appropriate.[3]
Some wikis may be subject to external structures of governance which

address the behavior of persons with access to the system, for example in
academic contexts.[25]
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Harmful external links
As most wikis allow the creation of hyperlinks to other sites and services,
the addition of malicious hyperlinks, such as sites infected with malware,
can also be a problem. For example, in 2006 a German Wikipedia article
about the Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a malicious
website, and users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed
the link had their systems infected with the worm.[3] Some wiki engines
offer a blacklist feature which prevents users from adding hyperlinks to
specific sites that have been placed on the list by the wiki's administrators.
Communities
Applications
The home page of the English

Wikipedia
The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the World
Wide Web[36] and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of
traffic.[37] Other large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb, Memory Alpha,
Wikivoyage, and previously Susning.nu, a Swedish-language knowledge
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base. Medical and health-related wiki examples include Ganfyd, an online
collaborative medical reference that is edited by medical professionals and
invited non-medical experts.[38] Many wiki communities are private,
particularly within enterprises. They are often used as internal
documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some companies
use wikis to allow customers to help produce software documentation.[39]
A study of corporate wiki users found that they could be divided into
"synthesizers" and "adders" of content. Synthesizers' frequency of
contribution was affected more by their impact on other wiki users, while
adders' contribution frequency was affected more by being able to
accomplish their immediate work.[40] From a study of thousands of wiki
deployments, Jonathan Grudin concluded careful stakeholder analysis and
education are crucial to successful wiki deployment.[41]
In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis,

estimated that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at
least 50% of companies by 2009.[42] Wikis can be used for project
management.[43][44] Wikis have also been used in the academic
community for sharing and dissemination of information across
institutional and international boundaries.[45] In those settings, they have
been found useful for collaboration on grant writing, strategic planning,
departmental documentation, and committee work.[46] In the mid-2000s,
the increasing trend among industries toward collaboration placed a
heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in
collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in
the classroom.[3]
Wikis have found some use within the legal profession and within the
government. Examples include the Central Intelligence Agency's
Intellipedia, designed to share and collect intelligence assessments,
DKosopedia, which was used by the American Civil Liberties Union to
assist with review of documents about the internment of detainees in
Guantánamo Bay;[47] and the wiki of the United States Court of Appeals
for the Seventh Circuit, used to post court rules and allow practitioners to
comment and ask questions. The United States Patent and Trademark
Office operates Peer-to-Patent, a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on
finding prior art relevant to the examination of pending patent applications.
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Queens, New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on the
design and planning of a local park. Cornell Law School founded a wiki-
based legal dictionary called Wex, whose growth has been hampered by
restrictions on who can edit.[32]
In academic contexts, wikis have also been used as project collaboration

and research support systems.[48][49]
City wikis
A city wiki or local wiki is a wiki used as a knowledge base and social
network for a specific geographical locale.[50][51][52] The term city wiki is
sometimes also used for wikis that cover not just a city, but a small town or
an entire region. Such a wiki contains information about specific instances
of things, ideas, people and places. Such highly localized information
might be appropriate for a wiki targeted at local viewers, and could
include:
Details of public
establishments such as public
houses, bars, accommodation
or social centers
Owner name, opening hours
and statistics for a specific
shop
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Statistical information about a
specific road in a city
Flavors of ice cream served at
a local ice cream parlor
A biography of a local mayor
and other persons
Growth factors
A study of several hundred wikis in 2008 showed that a relatively high
number of administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce
growth;[53] access controls restricting editing to registered users tends to
reduce growth; a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user
registration; and that a higher ratio of administrators to regular users has
no significant effect on content or population growth.[54]
Legal environment
Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in
correcting, editing, and compiling the finished product, can also cause
editors to become tenants in common of the copyright, making it
impossible to republish without permission of all co-owners, some of
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whose identities may be unknown due to pseudonymous or anonymous
editing.[3] Some copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an
open content license. Version 2 of the GNU Free Documentation License
includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing, and Creative Commons
licenses are also popular. When no license is specified, an implied license
to read and add content to a wiki may be deemed to exist on the grounds
of business necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki.
Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on
the wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as
banning copyright infringers) that they could have exercised to stop
copyright infringement, they may be deemed to have authorized
infringement, especially if the wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights
or obtains a direct financial benefit, such as advertising revenue, from
infringing activities.[3] In the United States, wikis may benefit from Section
230 of the Communications Decency Act, which protects sites that
engage in "Good Samaritan" policing of harmful material, with no
requirement on the quality or quantity of such self-policing.[55] It has also
been argued that a wiki's enforcement of certain rules, such as anti-bias,
verifiability, reliable sourcing, and no-original-research policies, could pose
legal risks.[56] When defamation occurs on a wiki, theoretically, all users of
the wiki can be held liable, because any of them had the ability to remove
or amend the defamatory material from the "publication". It remains to be
seen whether wikis will be regarded as more akin to an internet service
provider, which is generally not held liable due to its lack of control over
publications' contents, than a publisher.[3] It has been recommended that
trademark owners monitor what information is presented about their
trademarks on wikis, since courts may use such content as evidence
pertaining to public perceptions, and they can edit entries to rectify
misinformation.[57]
Conferences
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Active conferences and meetings about wiki-related topics include:
Atlassian Summit, an annual

conference for users of
Atlassian software, including
Confluence.[58]
OpenSym (called WikiSym
until 2014), an academic
conference dedicated to
research about wikis and open
collaboration.
SMWCon, a bi-annual
conference for users and
developers of Semantic
MediaWiki.[59]
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TikiFest, a frequently held
meeting for users and
developers of Tiki Wiki CMS
Groupware.[60]
Wikimania, an annual
conference dedicated to the
research and practice of
Wikimedia Foundation projects
like Wikipedia.
Former wiki-related events include:
RecentChangesCamp (2006–
2012), an unconference on
wiki-related topics.
RegioWikiCamp (2009–2013),
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a semi-annual unconference
on "regiowikis", or wikis on
cities and other geographic
areas.[61]
See also
Internet
portal
Comparison of wiki software

Content management system
CURIE
Dispersed knowledge
List of wikis
Mass collaboration
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Universal Edit Button
Wikis and education
Notes
1. The realization of the

Hawaiian /w/ phoneme
varies between [w] and [v],
and the realization of the
/k/ phoneme varies
between [k] and [t], among
other realizations. Thus,
the pronunciation of the
Hawaiian word wiki varies
between ['wiki], ['witi],
Page 24 of 81
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['viki], and ['viti]. See
Hawaiian phonology for
more details.
References
1. Mitchell, Scott (July 2008),

Easy Wiki Hosting, Scott
Hanselman's blog, and
Snagging Screens (https://
msdn.microsoft.com/en-u
s/magazine/cc700339.asp
x) , MSDN Magazine,
archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20100316192
702/https://msdn.microsof
Page 25 of 81
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702/https://msdn.microsof
t.com/en-us/magazine/cc7
00339.aspx) from the
original on March 16, 2010,
retrieved March 9, 2010
2. "wiki" (https://www.britanni
ca.com/EBchecked/topic/1
192819/wiki) ,
Encyclopædia Britannica,
vol. 1, London:
Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 2007, archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2
0080424074513/https://w
ww.britannica.com/EBchec
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ked/topic/1192819/wiki)
from the original on April
24, 2008, retrieved
April 10, 2008
3. Black, Peter; Delaney,
Hayden; Fitzgerald, Brian
(2007), Legal Issues for
Wikis: The Challenge of
User-generated and Peer-
produced Knowledge,
Content and Culture (http
0121222125337/https://el
aw.murdoch.edu.au/archive
s/issues/2007/1/eLaw_lega
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s/issues/2007/1/eLaw_lega
l%20issues%20for%20wiki
s.pdf) (PDF), vol. 14, eLaw
J., archived from the
original (https://elaw.murdo
ch.edu.au/archives/issues/
2007/1/eLaw_legal%20iss
ues%20for%20wikis.pdf)
(PDF) on December 22,
2012
4. Cunningham, Ward (June
27, 2002). "What is a Wiki"
(https://www.wiki.org/wiki.c
gi?WhatIsWiki) .
WikiWikiWeb. Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/2
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sWiki) from the original on
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5. "Hawaiian Words; Hawaiian
to English" (https://www.m
auimapp.com/moolelo/hwn
wdshw.htm) .
mauimapp.com. Archived (
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b/20080914154748/http
s://www.mauimapp.com/m
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Wikipedia, 3.5 million
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7. Andrews, Lorrin (1865), A
dictionary of the Hawaiian
language to which is
appended an English-
Hawaiian vocabulary and a
chronological table of
remarkable events (https://
archive.org/details/dictiona
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archive.org/details/dictiona
ryofhawa00andrrich/) ,
Henry M. Whitney, p. 514,
ve.org/web/20140815064
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retrieved June 1, 2014
8. "Alexa Top Sites" (https://w
ww.alexa.com/topsites) .
Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20150302173
920/https://www.alexa.co
m/topsites) from the
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m/topsites) from the
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Retrieved December 1,
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Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Wiki&oldid=1259659917"
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November 2024, at 10:54 (UTC). •
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A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ WI-kee) is a form of hypertext publication on the internet

Editing display showing MediaWiki markup language

The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki-based

"A wiki invites all users—not

"Take some "Take some more <a "Take

Navigation between wikis

Some wiki communities have established navigational networks between

Linking to and naming

It is typically possible for users of a wiki to create links to pages that do

Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu

Cunningham's system was inspired by his having used Apple's hypertext

History comparison reports highlight

Wikis are generally designed with a soft security philosophy in which it is

Some wiki engines provide additional content control, allowing remote

In addition to using the approach of soft security for protecting

Disagreements between users over the content or appearance of pages

Some wikis may be subject to external structures of governance which

The home page of the English

In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis,

In academic contexts, wikis have also been used as project collaboration

Atlassian Summit, an annual

Comparison of wiki software

1. The realization of the

1. Mitchell, Scott (July 2008),

Ebersbach, Anja (2008), Wiki:

Mader, Stewart (2007),

Exploring with Wiki (https://ww

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