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    1.How Ornithopters Fly Calculation Tools

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    wolfsniperplayer
    How Ornithopters Fly Calculation Tools

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    1.How Ornithopters Fly Calculation Tools

    Uploaded by

    wolfsniperplayer
    2 views2 pages
    How Ornithopters Fly Calculation Tools

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    How Ornithopters Fly Calculation Tools

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views2 pages

    1.How Ornithopters Fly Calculation Tools

    Uploaded by

    wolfsniperplayer
    How Ornithopters Fly Calculation Tools

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    19/09/2016 How Ornithopters Fly ­ Calculation Tools

    Calculation tools
    for ornithopter models
    There is no common calculation method for flapping wings. In
    every source of information different methods are being
    described.
    All Orni calculation tools given below are based on the
    calculation method specified in the handbook „How
    Ornithopters Fly“. Particularly, the power and the twisting of
    the wing at stationary flight situations can determinate with it.
    Furthermore, the calculation method permits an approximate
    quantitative specification of dynamics and aerodynamics of
    profiled flapping wings, at least. Primarily, the numerical
    comparison of various factors influencing of flapping wings.
    Profiled flapping wings and quasi­stationary flow conditions are Cover picture of the handbook
    presumed. Therefore, calculations only lead to useful results for
    a fast forward flight with a relatively low flapping frequency (large birds, flying with lift).
    The mathematical models are only executable with the respective software applications.

    „Orni 1“
    Simple calculation tool
    to describe the wing twisting
    The equations of the handbook are used in a small MS­EXCEL calculation tool:
    Download Orni 1 (format xls, with a short instruction in English rel. 3.4, 0.2 MB)
    Download Orni 1 (format xlsx, with a short instruction in English rel. 3.4, 0.1 MB)
    This tool primarily allows the calculation of wing twisting at given wing data.
    The additional calculation of data of the
    flying model is highly simplified. The
    detailed calculation of the force progression
    during a flapping cycle has been replaced
    by assuming a sinusoidal progression of the
    force. Thereby coupling of stroke motion
    and twisting remains unconsidered. Only
    the reference line (as gliding flight) and the
    Force progression
    in principle amplitude of the sine half­wave (in the
    center of each wing stroke) are calculated.
    With that, the area under the curve progression or the size of a force is Force calculation scheme for
    flapping wings
    calculable.

    „Orni 2“
    Calculation method for ornithopter models
    The basic calculation method of the handbook „How Ornithopters Fly“ is reconstructed step by step.
    Many of the itemised equations are generated with accompanying text, diagrams and pictures.
    The abidance of the operational range of the lift coefficient of the used airfoil is automatically warranted
    in the calculation tool. Also, the setting of balance of forces during flight happens in a simple way.
    Therefore, one can certainly achieve the flight data of the chosen model configuration.
    For the construction of a flapping wing model the calculation method describes various force and
    moment developments at the wing. Furthermore, the required power and ­ above all ­ the wing twisting
    along the span are being calculated.

    http://www.ornithopter.de/english/calculation.htm 1/2
    19/09/2016 How Ornithopters Fly ­ Calculation Tools

    The calculation tool was written (in German) with the software „Mathcad“.
    Because of the volume of data and pages it requires a little familiarisation.

    Web Page PDF file Spreadsheet


    for taking a look for printing for Mathcad­user

    Orni2 orni2.htm orni2.pdf orni2.xmcdz


    rel. 3.3 1.7 MB 317 KB 1.8 MB

    Airfoil CLARK­Y clark_y.htm clark_y.pdf clark_y.xmcdz


    rel. 1.2 270 KB 56 KB 257 KB

    Airfoil SD7062­PT sd7062pt.htm sd7062pt.pdf sd7062pt.xmcdz


    320 KB 60 KB 320 KB

    Crank drive k_antrieb.htm k_antrieb.pdf k_antrieb.xmcdz


    450 KB 110 KB 500 KB

    „Orni 3“
    Mathematical model for ornithopters
    This tool is based on the calculation tool Orni 2. Here, gliding and power flights of a flapping wing
    model can be analysed singly and in series.
    To calculate an ornithopter model it is specified by diverse input parameters at first. One of these is
    defined as an area variable. In the chosen data area one then receives the data of flight and drive, while
    automatically keeping the data of the airfoil and the balance of forces.
    Since there are only a few specifications included, the calculation tool Orni 2 beforehand should be
    known.
    The calculation tool was written with the software „Mathcad“ (in German).

    Web Page PDF file Spreadsheet


    for taking a look for printing for Mathcad­user

    Orni3 orni3.htm orni3.pdf orni3.xmcdz


    rel. 1.3 665 KB 130 KB 667 KB
    (use airfoil programs above­
    mentioned)
    The here listed calculation tools are too understood as open source software.
    Therefore, everybody is enabled to take an insight look in the calculation method.
    Everyone has the permission to relay, vary and particularly to correct and improve
    this source code.

    Comparison of the transport performance of a


    swan
    with flying models
    The flight performance of a mute swan is compared with the performances of a propeller and a flapping
    wing model.
    Download comparison.xlsx (Excel table, 28 kB)
    The mute swan consume the most energy. Particularly, this is due to the small efficiency of the muscles.
    Instead, the swan has the advantage that his body fat provides a relatively high density of energy storage.
    In the calculation tools flapping wing models are a little bit more effective than propeller models.
    Also the flapping wing model of the handbook is compared with an according propeller model.

    http://www.ornithopter.de/english/calculation.htm 2/2

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