Indian Standard

UNDER-DRAINAGEOFLINEDCANALSCODEOFPRACTICE /Second Revision )

UDC

626%23*91 : 626.34 : 006.76

BUREAU
MANAK

OF
BHAVAN,

INDIAN
9 BAHADUR

STANDARDS
SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHT 110002 August 1995

Price Groop 3

Irrigation

Canals and Canal Linings Sectional

Committee,

RVD 13

FOREWORD Thus Indian Standard ( Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after draft finalized by the Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee had been approved the River Valley Division Council. the by

Where a lined canal crosses areas subject to seasonal high ground water or where the soil is sufficiently water tight to prevent the free draining of the seepage or leakage from the canal, suitable under drainage should be provided to protect the lining. Where the sub-grade is free draining but the area is pressure sufficient to damage the lining may subject to high ground water, excessive hydrostatic develop when the canal is empty or the water level in the canal is relatively low and ground water level is high. A similar situation may occur in areas where the canal is lined for reasons other than to prevent seepage and leakage from the canal. The accumulation of water in the soil surrounding the canal may result in localised high ground water table, which during a period of rapid drawdown of water level in canal may produce damaging hydrostatic back pressure. The water accumulated by means of the under-drainage arrangements used, should be disposed off preferably by means of natural drainage or if this is not available, by use of pressure release valves, into the canal. This standard was published in 1968 and revised in 1983. This revision has been prepared in the light of experience gained during last six years. In this revision the principal modifications made are in respect of giving specific recommendations for various situations of water table position and type of subgrade. Details of specification for pressure release valves have also been excluded in this revison. For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ). The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

IS 4558 : I995

Indian Standard

UNDER-DRAINAGEOFLINEDCANALSCODEOFPRACTICE (Second
1 SCOPE 1.1 This standard covers drainage of lined canals. methods for under-

Revision )
4 NECESSITY 4.-l Drainage

1.2 This standard does not drainage of canals in expansive given in IS 9451 : 1994.

cover undersoils which is

arrangements should be such that the pressure on lining does not increase beyond tha safe limit. Recommended provisions for various conditions are given in 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4. 4.2 Water Table Below Canal Bed Level

2 REFERENCES The following Indian Standards adjuncts to this standard: JS No.

are necessasy

a) Subgrade free

4985 : 1988 Specification for UPVC pipes for potable water supply 9451 : 1994 Guidelines for lining of canals in expansive soils
3 VARIOUS CONDiTlONS OF WATER TABLE AND TYPES OF SUBGRADE 3.1 The drainage arrangements to be provided would depend mainly upon the position of the water table and the type of subgrade. 3.2 The water

draining--- In this eondition there will be no time lag in the dissipation of drawdown pore pressure in the backfill and, as such, no drainage arrangement will be necessary. draining - In this condition because of poor draining subgrade, the backfill will get saturated in course of time due to seepage of water through joints and cracks, and should drawdolvn occur, pressure will build up behind the lining. This will necessitate a well designed drainage arrangement. practically impervious As in 4.2(b) backfill wi!l get saturated in course of time and in drawdown coiidition, excessive pressure will build up behind the lining. In this situation the subgrade should be removed to a depth of 600 mm and replaced by sand, murram or suitable pervious material and a well designed drainage arrangement would be necessary. Subgrade

b) Subgradepoor

table

may have

the following

positions: a) Below canal bed level, b) Between canal bed and full supply and c) Above canal full supply level. 3.3 The types: subgrade may be of the level,

following

Free draining - Soil comprising gravel with sand, or sandy soil having permeability greater than IO-4 cm/set, that is, K > 10-4 cm/set. Poor draining -

4.3 Water Table Between Bed and FSL, and Subgrade Either Free Draining, Poor Draining or Practically Impervious

fine clay lo-*

very Soil comprising sand, admixlure of sand, silt and or soil having permeability between cm/set and 10-b cm/set, that is, cm/set < K < IO-4 cm/set.

Practically impervious - Soil comprising homogeneous clays with permeability less than 10-S cm/set, that is, K < 10-e cm/sac.

In this case, the soil behind the lining will remain submerged up to the level of the water table, and in saturated condition above the water table as in 4.2(a) or 4.2(b). The lining will, therefore, be subject to hydrostatic pressure. Well designed drainage arrangements will, therefore, be necessary. However, if subgrade is practically impervious, it should be removed to a depth of 600 mm and replaced by sand, murram or suitable pervious material.

IS .4558: 1995 4.4 Water Table Above Canal FSL and Subgrade ( see 7 ) Sides -

Either Free Draining, Practically Impervious

Poor

Draining

or

with pressure relief ( see 8 ) should be provided. Pressure relief valves in ( see 8 ) filled with filter should be provided.

valves

In this case, pressures on canal lining will be larger. Therefore, elaborate drainage arrangements will be required. However, inth;as;a;E subgrade, practically impervious should be removed to a depth of 600 mm and replaced by sand, murram or suitable pervious material. 5 METHODS OP UNDER-DRAINAGE 5.1 Filter Below Lining 5.1.1 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade
Free Draining

pockets material

5.2.3 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade

Provisions similar to 5.2.2 should be provided. 5.2.4 Water Table Between Canal Bed and FSL,
and Subgrade Free Draining, Practically Impervious Poor Draining or

Provisions similar to 5.2.2 should be provided. 5.2.5 Water Table Above Canal FSL and Subgrade
Free Drainhg, Impervious Bed Poor Draining or Practically

As mentioned is required.

in 4.2(a) no drainage arrangement

5.1.2 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade Poor Draining In this case 150 to 200 mm thick layer designed filter should be provided.
Practically Impervious

of well
Sides -

Longitudinal and transverse ( see 7 ) with pressure relief ( see 8 ) should be provided.

drains valves

5.1.3 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade After removal of subgrade and its replacement by suitable pervious material, as mentioned in 4.2(c), no additional filter need be provided.
and Subgrade Free Draining, Practically Impervious

Transverse drains ( see 7 ) with pressure relief valves ( see 8 ) should be provided.

7 LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE DRAINS 7.1 Longitudinal Drains The section of the drain should be trapezoidal with bottom width 500 mm, depth 525 mm and sides as steep as practicable. The drain should be carefully filled up to the bottom of the lining with graded filter with pipe as shown in Fig. 1 and properly compacted so as to form an even bedding for lining. The pipe may be asbestos cement pipe or PVC pipe. It should be perforated. Usually 150 mm dia pipes are used. The perforations/holes should be 12 mm in diameter and should be done by drilling. On an average there should be a minimum of 100 perforations/holes per metre length of pipe and the perforations/holes in adjacent rows should be staggered. The pipe should be properly shrouded with suitable filter. The number of longitudinal drains should depend on the bed width of canal. In the bed of canal, at least one drain for every 10 m width should be provided. The drains should be placed symmetrically with reference to the centre line of canal. Care should be taken that get clogged during lining. 7.2 Transverse Drains Transverse drains, where necessary, should be provided in the bed and on the side slopes up to free board level. Section of transverse drains 3 the filter does not

5.1.4 Water Table Between Canal Bed and FSL

Poor Draining or

In free draining, as also in poor draining subgrade, 150 mm to 200 mm thick layer of well designed filter as in 4.3 should be provided. However, in case of practically impervious subgrade provisions similar to 5.1.3 should be made.

5.1.5 Water

Table Above Subgrade Free Draining, Practically Impervious 111free draining

Canal FSL and Poor Draining or

subgrade, 150 mm to 200 mm thick, while in poor draining subgrade, 200 mm to 300 mm thick, layer of well designed filter should be provided. in case of practically impervious However, subgrade provisions similar to 5.1.3 should be made. 5.2 Pressure Relief Arrangements 5.2.1 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade Free Drarning
No pressure relief arrangement Poor Draining Bed -

is required.

5.2.2 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade Longitudinal and transverse drains

IS 4558 : 1995
TOP OF LINING 7 TAR PAPER TO OF FILTER PREVFNT DURiNG CLOGGING LINING FILTER MATERIAL BOTTOM LINING HFORATED AC /PVC t5Q TO 300 /

OF LININ,,, PIP

FILTER

150 TO 30 GRAVEL GRAVEL OF FM 5 TO 20 mm SUBGRADE

.GHADED

GRADED COARSE SAND

I-5 OR ABO

OR

SrEEPER

All dimensionsin millimetres. FIG. 1 TYPICAL SECTIONOF LONGITUDANA-L/TRANSVERSE DRAIN ( PRESSURE RELIEFVALVE NOT SHOWN )

should be same as that of longitudinal drains shown in Fig. 1. The drain should be carefully filled up to the bottom of the lining with graded filter as shown in Fig. 1 and properly compacted so as to form an even bedding for lining. The pipe may be asbestos cement pipe or PVC pipe. It should be perforated. Usually 150 mm dia pipes are used. The perforations/holes should be 12 mm in diameter and should be done by drilling. On an average there should be a minimum of 100 perforation/holes per metre length of pipe and the perforations/holes in adjacent rows should be staggered. The pipe should be properly shrouded with suitable filter.
500

Spacing of transverse drains should depend on the size, location and efficiency of pressure relief valves. However, in general, transverse drains should be provided at 10 m interval. Care should be taken clogged during lining. 8 PRESSURE RELIEF that filter does (PRV) not get

VALVES

8.1 Pressure relief valves should be provided on drains, if such the longitudinal/transverse drains are provided ( see Fig. 2 ), and on slopes, if there are no transverse drains, the PRV may be provided in pockets filled with graded filter underneath the lining. Pockets

TO 1000 mm

PRV LOCATIONS (IN CASE NO TRANSVERSE DRAIN ON SLOPE 1

RSE

DRAIN

IN

PRV LOCATION ( IN CASE SVERSE DRAINS ON SLOPESI

LONGITUDINAL

DRAI
TRANSVERSE DRAIN ON SLOPE

FIG. 2 ARRANGEMENTSHOWING DRAINS AND PRV LOCATIONS 3

IS 4558 .: 1995

may be square with sides of 600 mm or cylindrical with diameter 600 mm. Pockets on slopes should be excavated with their sides at right angles to the slope. The perforated PVC housing pipe for the PRV should be 750 mm long for sides and 430 mm long for bed and should conform to class-2 of IS 4985 : 1988. It should be placed in the centre of the pocket. Graded filter as shown in Fig. 3 should then be carefully placed in the pocket and compacted to form an even bedding for canal lining. Perforations in the housing pipe should be as shown in Fig. 4. 8.2 Placing of PRVs
8.2.1

provided on the sides. The first row should be about 50 cm above curve line and top row at 50 cm to 100 cm below full supply level. If the water depth is less than l-5 m, one row should be adequate. Valves in adjacent rows should be staggered. 8.2.2 Spacing In general, one pressure relief valve for every 100 ma should be provided in the canal bed; while on the sides, one pressure relief valve for every 40 rns should be provided. However, the spacing should be decided on this general consideration, keeping in view the site conditions.

Rows
row at every 4 m should be

In general, one

PRVSOmmQ-7;

TOP OF LINING GRADiD GRAVEL GRAVEL \20 TO 40 5 TO 20

50TTOM OF LINING

GRADED

COARSE SAND OF F M l-5 OR ABOVE

160 mm 0 D PVC HOUSING _/ PIPE (PERFORATED)

All dimensions FIG*

in millimetres.

3 PRV POCKETON SLOPS

IS 4558 : 1995
LANGE OF PRV FLANGE OF HOUSING PI

I-

-!x

OD

8 ROWS

ALONG PERIPHERY EQUIDISTANT \

P
R Y HOUSING PIP

12 ROWS ALONG PERIPHE EQUIDISTANT _-~-

PERFORATED

CAP

/IDETAIL A

END CAP

_ FIG.

All dimensioix

in millimetres.

4 ~IBTAIL OF PERFORATIONS IN

PRV HOUSING PIPE ( DETAIL OF PRV NOT SHOWN )

Bnreao of Indira Standards BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country. Copyright BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form without the prior-permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS. Review of Indian Standards Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition. This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot No: RVD 13 (63).

Amendments lssaed Amend No.

Since

PUbliCatiOD

Date of Issue

Text Affected

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STANDARDS

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