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Globalization & Cultural Diversity
For Master Two Students Language & Culture
GLOBALIZATION
The process by which businesses or other organisations develop international influence or
start operating on an international scale
Migration Trade
Globalisation began with the establishment of human migratory paths, dating back to the
1st century BC. While trade among humans has existed for ages, the development of the
Silk Road is often recognized as one of the first significant instances of globalisation in
terms of cross-border trade
TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is "the movements of ideas, information, and images, and of people"
(Keohane and Nye 2000, p. 4).
Economic Globalisation
Spread of capitalism, an increase in market trading and exports, and the forming of global
economic policies.
Cultural Globalisation
The sharing and trading of cultural beliefs, traditions, and ideas. Examples of this include
the rise of K-Pop (Korean pop music)
Digital Globalisation
The sharing of data and information on digital platforms that speeds up and improves
how we connect to people around the world.
Financial Globalisation
The rise in global financial systems and the exchanging of money globally. Examples
include the global stock market
GLOBALAZATION AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Culture: A collection of characteristics, i.e. language, religion, history, institutions, etc.
The Cold War has led to culture becoming a significant and increasingly dominant
influence in global matters. What has contributed to the rising importance of culture?
1. Culture greatly impacts the economic outcomes of countries, communities, and

individuals.
2. Cultural beliefs shape national leaders' perceptions of policy issues, influencing

their solutions over time.
3. Culture shapes the social, economic, and military systems of nation-states

worldwide.
4. Culture serves as an important framework for international relations.
The USA's official viewpoint on globalisation is that it "has a profound impact on our
ability to promote cultural understanding among nations and to preserve and protect the
unique and diverse cultures of the world".
Cultural differences greatly impact foreign policy challenges. Effective foreign

policy should acknowledge, celebrate, and protect cultural diversity.
CONCLUSIONS
Globalization, closely linked to culture, reflects the notion that people and things around
the world are now more interconnected.
Cultural diversity includes the different human ways of life, such as values, beliefs,
languages, traditions, art, cuisine, family structures, and legal systems, showcasing the
richness of all societies.
Eastern Culture Western Culture
1. Harmony With Nature 1. Emphasize Progress

2. Religious Practices 2. Democracy
3. Traditional Customs. 3. Innovation
Outcomes of globalization
1. Each culture to develop independently,
2. Creating a new civilization and a new multicultural society.
Definition of Culture
"culture provides a 'view of the world' … (i) its images, beliefs, and values serve as the
framework or set of optical lenses by which individuals perceive, interpret, and evaluate
the physical and social universe, the realities and conditions that surround them, and the
events and developments that occur in the universe". Kolb (1978, p. 91)
Culture consists of the derivatives of experience, more or less organised, learned or

created by the individuals of a population, including those images or encodements and
their interpretations (meanings) transmitted from past generations, from contemporaries,
or formed by individuals themselves. T. Schwartz 1992; cited by Avruch 1998, p. 17)
The set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviours shared by a group of people, but
different for each individual, communicated from one generation to the next.
Matsumoto 1996, p. 16
Culture is to society what memory is to the person. It specifies designs for living that
have proven effective in the past, ways of dealing with social situations, and ways to
think about the self and social behaviour that have been reinforced in the past. It includes
systems of symbols that facilitate interaction (Geertz 1973), rules of the game of life that
have been shown to ‘work’ in the past. When a person is socialized in a given culture, the
person can use custom as a substitute for thought, and save time.
Triandis 1989, pp. 511–12
The Term Intercultural

Davies and Rey (1996) denoted that intercultural refers to 'inter’ and 'culture’; inter
means interaction, exchange and open. The term intercultural focuses on how individuals
from different backgrounds behave and interact with each other when they meet. This
results on intercultural contact
Difference between Cross-cultural and Intercultural

The terms intercultural and cross-cultural are used interchangeably. However, the two
terms are separate and refer to two different ideas. The term cross-cultural refers to
comparative studies of behaviour across different cultural settings; meanwhile,
intercultural refers to the interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds
within a particular context.
Intercultural Vs Cross Cultural
Intercultural Cross Cultural

Direct interaction between individuals Comparative study of communication
from different cultures across cultures
Focus on mutual understanding and Concentrates on analysing and
dialogue understanding cultural differences
Real-time, adaptive communication in Theoretical and research-based approach
diverse settings to cultural communication
Used in daily global interactions and Applied in academic research and global
international business strategy development

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Globalization & Cultural Diversity

For Master Two Students Language & Culture

1. Culture greatly impacts the economic outcomes of countries, communities, and

2. Cultural beliefs shape national leaders' perceptions of policy issues, influencing

3. Culture shapes the social, economic, and military systems of nation-states

4. Culture serves as an important framework for international relations.

Cultural differences greatly impact foreign policy challenges. Effective foreign

Eastern Culture Western Culture

1. Harmony With Nature 1. Emphasize Progress

Culture consists of the derivatives of experience, more or less organised, learned or

The Term Intercultural

Difference between Cross-cultural and Intercultural

Intercultural Cross Cultural

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