Metals and Non-metals

Metals: Physical properties of metals, chemical properties of metals and non-metal

oxide.

Metals are the elements that conduct heat and electricity and are malleable and
ductile. Examples are Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Gold (Au),
Platinum (Pt), Lead (Pb), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium
(Mg) etc.

Metals are the elements which form positive ions by losing electrons. Thus, metals
are known as Electropositive Elements.

Physical Properties of Metals

 Hardness: Most of the metals are hard, except alkali metals, such as
sodium, potassium, lithium, etc. are very soft metals. These can be cut
by using a knife.
 Strength: Most of the metals are strong and have high tensile strength.
Because of this, big structures are made using metals, such as copper
(Cu) and iron (Fe). (Except Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) which are
soft metals).
 State: Metals are solid at room temperature except for mercury (Hg).
 Sound: Metals produce ringing sound, so, metals are called Sonorous.
Sound of metals is also known as Metallic sound. This is the cause that
metal wires are used in making musical instruments.
 Conduction: Metals are a good conductor of heat and electricity. This is
the cause that electric wires are made of metals like copper and
aluminium.
 Malleability: Metals are malleable. This means metals can be beaten
into a thin sheet. Because of this property, iron is used in making big
ships.
 Ductility: Metals are ductile. This means metals can be drawn into thin
wire. Because of this property, a wire is made of metals.
 Melting and Boiling Point: Metals have generally high melting and
boiling points. (Except sodium and potassium metals which have low
melting and boiling point.)
 Density: Most of the metals have a high density.
 Colour: Most of the metals are grey in colour. But gold and copper are
exceptions.

Chemical Properties of Metals

1. Reaction with oxygen: Most of the metals form respective metal oxides when
reacting with oxygen.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
Examples:
Reaction of Potassium with Oxygen: Potassium metal forms potassium oxide when
reacts with oxygen.

Reaction of Sodium with Oxygen: Sodium metal forms sodium oxide when reacts
with oxygen.

Lithium, potassium, sodium, etc. are known as Alkali-metals. Alkali metals react
vigorously with oxygen.

Reaction of Copper metal with Oxygen: Copper does not react with oxygen at room
temperature but when burnt in air, it gives oxide.

Silver, gold and platinum do not combine with the oxygen of air even at high
temperature. They are the least reactive.

2. Reaction of metals with water: Metals form respective hydroxide and hydrogen
gas when reacting with water.
Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen
Most of the metals do not react with water. However, alkali metals react vigorously
with water.

Reaction of Sodium metal with Water: Sodium metal forms sodium hydroxide and
liberates hydrogen gas along with lot of heat when reacting with water.

Reaction of Calcium metal with Water: Calcium forms calcium hydroxide along with
hydrogen gas and heat when react with water.

Reaction of Magnesium metal with Water: Magnesium metal reacts with water
slowly and forms magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
When steam is passed over magnesium metal, magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas
are formed.

Reaction of Aluminium metal with Water: Reaction of aluminium metal with cold
water is too slow to come into notice. But when steam is passed over aluminium
metal, aluminium oxide and hydrogen gas are produced.
2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 2H2

Reaction of Zinc metal with Water: Zinc metal produces zinc oxide and hydrogen
gas when steam is passed over it. Zinc does not react with cold water.

Reaction of Iron with Water: Reaction of iron with cold water is very slow and comes
into notice after a long time. Iron forms rust (iron oxide) when reacts with moisture
present in the atmosphere. Iron oxide and hydrogen gas are formed by passing of
steam over iron metal.

Both calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are heavier than water but still float over
it: Both calcium and magnesium float over water surface because hydrogen gas is
evolved when these metals react with water. It is in the form of bubbles which stick
on the metal surface. Therefore, they float over it.

Other metals usually do not react with water or react very slowly. Lead, copper, silver
and gold do not react with steam. Thus, the order of reactivity of different metals
towards water may be written as :
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Ae > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Ag > Au

3. Reaction of metals with dilute acid: Metals form respective salts when reacting
with dilute acid.
Metal + dil. acid → Metal salt + Hydrogen

Reaction of Sodium metal with dilute hydrochloric acid: Sodium metal gives sodium
chloride and hydrogen gas when react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Reaction of Magnesium metal with dilute hydrochloric acid: Magnesium chloride
and hydrogen gas are formed when magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

Reaction of Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid: Zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas are
formed when zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid. This method is used in the
laboratory to produce hydrogen gas.

Hydrogen (H2) gas is not evolved when metal is treated with nitric acid (HNO3):
Nitric acid is strong oxidising agent and it oxidises the hydrogen gas (H2) liberated
into water (H2O) and itself get reduced to some oxide of nitrogen like nitrous oxide
(N2O)3 nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
Copper, gold, silver are known as noble metals. These do not react with water or
dilute acids.
The order of reactivity of metal towards dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid is
in the order;
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu > Hg > Ag

Metal Oxides
Chemical Properties: Metal oxides are basic in nature. The aqueous solution of
metal oxides turns red litmus blue.
Reaction of Metal oxides with Water: Most of the metal oxides are insoluble in
water. Alkali metal oxides are soluble in water. Alkali metal oxides give strong base
when dissolved in water.

Reaction of Sodium oxide with Water: Sodium oxide gives sodium hydroxide when
reacts with water.

Reaction of Potassium oxide with Water: Potassium oxide gives potassium

hydroxide when reacts with water.

Reaction of Zinc oxide and Aluminium oxide: Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide are
insoluble in water. Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide are amphoteric in nature. An
amphoteric substance shows both acidic and basic characters. It reacts with base
like acid and reacts with an acid like a base.
When zinc oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide, it behaves like an acid. In this
reaction, sodium zincate and water are formed.

Zinc oxide behaves like a base when reacts with acid. Zinc oxide gives zinc chloride
and water on reaction with hydrochloric acid.

In a similar way, aluminium oxide behaves like a base when reacts with acid and
behaves like acid when reacts with a base.
Aluminium oxide gives sodium aluminate along with water when reacts with sodium
hydroxide.

Aluminium oxide gives aluminium chloride along with water when it reacts with
hydrochloric acid.

Reactivity Series of Metals: The order of intensity or reactivity of metal is known as

Reactivity Series. Reactivity of elements decreases on moving from top to bottom in
the given reactivity series.
In the reactivity series, copper, gold, and silver are at the bottom and hence, least
reactive. These metals are known as Noble metals. Potassium is at the top of the
series and hence, most reactive.
Reactivity of some metals are given in descending order :
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu
4. Reaction of metals with solution of other metal salts: Reaction of metals with the
solution of other metal salt is displacement reaction. In this reaction, more reactive
metal displaces the less reactive metal from its salt.
Metal A + Salt of metal B → Salt of metal A + Metal B
Examples :
Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.

Similarly, aluminium and zinc displace copper from the solution of copper sulphate.

In all the above examples, iron, aluminium and zinc are more reactive than copper.
This is why they displace copper from its salt solution.
When copper is dipped in the solution of silver nitrate, it displaces silver and forms
copper nitrate.

In the reaction, copper is more reactive than silver and hence, displaces silver from
silver nitrate solution.
Silver metal does not react with copper sulphate solution because silver is less
reactive than copper and not able to displace copper from its salt solution.

Similarly, when gold is dipped in the solution of copper nitrate, no reaction takes
place because copper is more reactive than gold.

In similar way, no reaction takes place when copper is dipped in the solution of
aluminium nitrate because copper is less reactive than aluminium.

Non-Metals: Physical Properties of non-metals, chemical properties of non-metals,

non¬metal oxides, Reaction of metal and Non-metal, Ionic bonds and formation of
an ionic bond. Non-metals are the elements that do not conduct electricity and are
neither malleable nor ductile.
Examples: Carbon (C), Sulphur (S), Phosphorous (P), Silicon (Si), Hydrogen (H),
Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Neon (Ne) and Argon (Ar) etc.
Non-metals are the elements which form negative ions by gaining an electron. Thus,
non¬metals are also known as Electronegative Elements.
Physical properties of non-metals

 Hardness: Non-metals are not hard rather they are generally soft. But
the diamond is an exception; it is the hardest naturally occurring
substance.
 State: Non-metals may be solid, liquid or gas.
 Lustre: Non-metals have a dull appearance. Diamond and iodine are
exceptions.
 Sonority: Non-metals are not sonorous, i.e., they do not produce a
typical sound on being hit.
 Conduction: Non-metals are a bad conductor of heat and electricity.
Graphite which is allotrope of carbon is a good conductor of electricity
and is an exception.
 Malleability and ductility: Non-metals are brittle.
 Melting and boiling point: Non-metals have generally low melting and
boiling points.
 Density: Most of the non-metals have low density.
 Colour: Non-metals are in many colours.

Carbon in the form of graphite is non-metal which conduct electricity.

Iodine is non-metal which is lustrous having a shining surface.

Carbon in the form of diamond is a non-metal which is extremely hard.

Diamond is a non-metal which has a very high melting point and boiling point.

Chemical properties of Non-metals

1. Reaction of Non-metals with Oxygen: Non-metals form respective oxide when
reacting with oxygen.
Non-metal + Oxygen → Non-metallic oxide
When carbon reacts with oxygen, carbon dioxide is formed along with the production
of heat.

When carbon is burnt in an insufficient supply of air, it forms carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide is a toxic substance. Inhaling of carbon monoxide may prove fatal.

Sulphur gives sulphur dioxide when reacting with oxygen. Sulphur catches fire when
exposed to air.
When hydrogen reacts with oxygen it gives water.

Non-metallic Oxide: Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature. The solution of non-
metal oxides turns blue litmus red.
Carbon dioxide gives carbonic acid when dissolved in water.

Sulphur dioxide gives sulphurous acid when dissolved in water.

Sulphur dioxide gives sulphuric acid when reacts with oxygen.

2. Reaction of Non-metal with Chlorine: Non-metal gives respective chloride when

they react with chlorine gas.
Non-metal + Chlorine → Non-metal chloride
Hydrogen gives hydrogen chloride and phosphorous gives phosphorous trichloride
when reacting with chlorine.

3. Reaction of Non-metals with Hydrogen: Non-metals reactive with hydrogen to

form covalent hydrides.
Non-metal + Hydrogen → Covalent Hydride
Sulphur combines with hydrogen to form a covalent hydride is called Hydrogen
sulphide.

Nitrogen combines with hydrogen in presence of an iron catalyst to form covalent

hydride ammonia.
Non-metals do not react with water (or steam) to evolve Hydrogen gas.

Non-metals do not react with dilute acids.

4. Reaction of Metal and Non-metal: Many metals form ionic bonds when they react
with non-metals. Compounds so formed are known as Ionic Compounds.
Ions: Positive or negative charged atoms are known as ions. Ions are formed
because of loss or gain of electrons. Atoms form ions obtain by the electronic
configuration of the nearest noble gas.
Positive ion: A positive ion is formed because of the loss of electrons by an atom.

Following are some examples of positive ions:

Sodium forms sodium ion because of the loss of one electron. Because of the loss
of one electron, one positive charge comes over sodium.

Magnesium forms positive ion because of the loss of two electrons. Two positive
charges come over magnesium because of loss of two electrons.

Negative ion: A negative ion is formed because of the gain of an electron.

Some examples are given below :
Chlorine gains one electron in order to achieve a stable configuration. After the loss
of one electron, chlorine gets one negative charge over it forming chlorine ion.

Ionic Bonds: Ionic bonds are formed because of transfer of electrons from metal to
non¬metal. In this course, metals get positive charge because of transfer of
electrons and non-metal gets negative charge because of acceptance of electrons.
In other words, bond formed between positive and negative ion is called Ionic Bond.
Since, a compound is electrically neutral, so to form an ionic compound, negative
and positive both ions must be combined.

Some examples are given below:

Formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl): In sodium chloride, sodium is a metal (alkali
metal) and chlorine is a non-metal.
Atomic number of sodium = 11
Electronic configuration of sodium : 2, 8, 1
Number of electrons in outermost orbit = 1
Valence electrons = Electrons in outermost orbit = 1
Atomic number of chlorine = 17
Electronic configuration of chlorine : 2, 8, 7
Electrons in outermost orbit = 7
Therefore, valence electrons = ?

Sodium has one valence electron and chlorine has seven valence electrons. Sodium
requires losing one electron to obtain stable configuration and chlorine requires
gaining one electron in order to obtain stable electronic configuration. Thus, in order
to obtain stable configuration, sodium transfers one electron to chlorine. After loss
of one electron, sodium gets one positive charge (+) and chlorine gets one negative
charge after gain of one electron. Sodium chloride is formed because of transfer of
electrons. Thus, ionic bond is formed between sodium and chlorine. Since, sodium
chloride is formed because of ionic bond, thus, it is called Ionic compound. In similar
way, potassium chloride (KCl) is formed.

Properties of Ionic compound

 Ionic compounds are solid. Ionic bond has a greater force of attraction
because of which ions attract each other strongly. This makes ionic
compounds solid.
 Ionic compounds are brittle.
 Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because force of
attraction between ions of ionic compounds is very strong.
 Ionic compounds generally dissolve in water.
 Ionic compounds are generally insoluble in organic solvents; like
kerosene, petrol, etc.
 Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state.
 The solution of ionic compounds in water conduct electricity. This
happens because ions present in the solution of ionic compound
facilitate the passage of electricity by moving towards opposite
electrodes.
 Ionic compounds conduct electricity in the molten state.

Occurrence and Extraction of Metals: Minerals, ores, extraction of metals of least

reactivity, extraction of metals of middle reactivity, extraction of metals of high
reactivity, refining or purification of metals and corrosion.

Occurrence and Extraction of Metals:

Source of metal: Metals occur in Earth’s crust and in seawater; in the form of ores.
Earth’s crust is the major source of metal. Seawater contains many salts such as
sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, etc.
Mineral: Minerals are naturally occurring substances which have a uniform
composition.

Ores: The minerals from which a metal can be profitably extracted are called Ores.
Metals found at the bottom of reactivity series are least reactive and they are often
found in nature in free-state; such as gold, silver, copper, etc. Copper and silver are
also found in the form of sulphide and oxide ores.

Metals found in the middle of reactivity series, such as Zn, Fe, Pb, etc. are usually
found in the form of oxides, sulphides or carbonates.
Metals found at the top of the reactivity series are never found in free-state as they
are very reactive, example; K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al, etc.
Many metals are found in the form of oxides because oxygen is abundant in nature
and is very reactive.

Extraction of Metals: Metals can be categorised into three parts on the basis of their
reactivity: Most reactive, medium reactive and least reactive.
The three major steps involved in the extraction of a metal from its ore are

1. Concentration or enrichment of ores.

2. Conversion of concentrated ore into crude metal and,
3. Refining of impure or crude metal.
1. Concentration of Ores: Removal of impurities, such as soil, sand, stone, silicates,
etc. from mines ore is known as Concentration of Ores.
Ores which are mined often contain many impurities. These impurities are called
gangue. First of all, concentration is done to remove impurities from ores. The
concentration of ores is also known as enrichment of ores. Process of concentration
depends upon physical and chemical properties of ores. Gravity separation,
electromagnetic separation, froth flotation process, etc. are some examples of the
processes which are applied for concentration of ores.

2. Conversion of Concentrated Ore into Crude Metal

Conversion of metals ores into oxides: It is easy to obtain metals from their oxides.
So, ores found in the form of sulphide and carbonates are first converted to their
oxides by the process of roasting and calcination. Oxides of metals so obtained are
converted into metals by the process of reduction.

Roasting: Heating of sulphide ores in the presence of excess air to convert them into
oxides is known as Roasting.
 Calcination: Heating of carbonate ores in the limited supply of air to convert them
into oxides is known as Calcination.

Calcination Roasting

(i) It is done for carbonate ores. (i) It is done for sulphide ores.

(ii) Carbonates ores heated in the absence of oxygen. (ii) Sulphide ores are heated in the Presence of oxygen.

(iii) The CO2 gas is released and Metal oxide is

(iii) SO2 gas is released and Metal oxide is obtained.
obtained.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) heat−→− 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
ZnCO3(s) heat−→− ZnO(s) + CO2(g)

3. Reduction: Heating of oxides of metals to turn them into metal is known as

Reduction.
(i) Extraction of Metals of Least Reactivity: Mercury and copper, which belong to the
least reactivity series, are often found in the form of their sulphide ores. Cinnabar
(HgS) is the ore of mercury. Copper glance (Cu2S) is the ore of copper.
Extraction of Mercury Metal: Cinnabar (HgS) is first heated in air. This turns HgS
(mercury sulphide or cinnabar) into HgO (mercury oxide) by liberation of sulphur
dioxide. Mercury oxide so obtained is again heated strongly. This reduces mercury
oxide to mercury metal.

Extraction of Copper Metal: Copper glance (Cu2S) is roasted in the presence of air.
Roasting turns copper glance (ore of copper) into copper (l) oxide. Copper oxide is
then heated in the absence of air. This reduces copper (l) oxide into copper metal.

(ii) Extraction of Metals of Middle Reactivity: Iron, zinc, lead, etc. are found in the
form of carbonate or sulphide ores. Carbonate or sulphide ores of metals are first
converted into respective oxides and then oxides are reduced to respective metals.

Extraction of Zinc: Zinc blende (ZnS: zinc sulphide) and smithsonite or zinc spar or
calamine (ZnCO3: zinc carbonate) are ores of zinc. Zinc blende is roasted to be
converted into zinc oxide. Zinc spar is put under calcination to be converted into zinc
oxide.

Zinc oxide so obtained is reduced to zinc metal by heating with carbon (a reducing
agent).

Extraction of Iron from Haematite (Fe2O3): Haematite ore is heated with carbon to be
reduced to iron metal.

Extraction of Lead from Lead oxide: Lead oxide is heated with carbon to be reduced
to lead metal.

Reduction of Metal oxide by Heating with Aluminium: Metal oxides are heated with
aluminium (a reducing agent) to be reduced to metal. Following is an example:
Manganese dioxide and copper oxide are reduced to respective metals when heated
with aluminium.

Thermite Reaction: Ferric oxide; when heated with aluminium; is reduced to iron
metal. In this reaction, a lot of heat is produced. The thermite reaction is used in the
welding of electric conductors, iron joints, etc. such as joints in railway tracks. This is
also known as Thermite Welding (TW).

(iii) Extraction of Metals of High Reactivity: Metals of high reactivity; such as

sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, etc. are extracted from their ores by
electrolytic reduction. These metals cannot be reduced using carbon because
carbon is less reactive than them.
Electrolytic Reduction: Electric current is passed through the molten state of metal
ores. Metal being positively charged is deposited over the cathode.
Example: When an electric current is passed through molten state or solution of
sodium chloride, sodium metal gets deposited over the cathode.

Metals obtained from the process of electrolytic reduction are pure in form.

4. Refining or purification of metals: Metals extracted from various methods

contains some impurities, thus, they are required to be refined. Most of the metals
are refined using electrolytic refining.
Electrolytic Refining: In the process of electrolytic refining, a lump of impure metal
and a thin strip of pure metal are dipped in the salt solution of metal to be refined.
When an electric current is passed through the solution, pure metal is deposited over
a thin strip of pure metal
from a lump of impure metal. In this, impure metal is used as anode and pure metal
is used as a cathode.
Electrolytic Refining of Copper: A lump of impure copper metal and a thin strip of
pure copper are dipped in the solution of copper sulphate. Impure lump of metal is
connected with the positive pole and thin strip of pure metal is connected with
negative pole. When electric current is passed through the solution, pure metal from
anode moves towards cathode and is deposited over it. Impurities present in metal
are settled near the bottom of anode in the solution. Settled impurities in the solution
are called Anode Mud.

5. Corrosion: Most of the metals keep on reacting with the atmospheric air. This
leads to the formation of a layer over the metal. In the long run, the underlying layer
of metal keeps on getting lost due to conversion into oxides or sulphides or
carbonate, etc. As a result, the metal gets eaten up. The process is called Corrosion.

Rusting of Iron: Rusting of iron is the most common form of corrosion. When iron
articles like the gate, grill, fencing, etc. come in contact with moisture present in the
air, the upper layer of iron turns into iron oxide. Iron oxide is brown-red in colour and
is known as Rust. The phenomenon is called Rusting of Iron.
If rusting is not prevented in time, the whole iron article would turn into iron oxide.
This is also known as Corrosion of Iron. Rusting of iron gives a huge loss every year.

Prevention of Rusting: For rusting, iron must come in contact with oxygen and
water. Rusting is prevented by preventing the reaction between atmospheric
moisture and the iron article. This can be done by:
  Painting
 Greasing
 Galvanization
 Electroplating
 Alloying

6. Alloys: The homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-
metal is called Alloy.
Types of alloys :

 Ferrous alloys: An alloy in which iron (Fe) is present. For example :

manganese steel (Fe = 86% ; Mn = 13% ; C = 1%) and Nickle steel (Fe =
98% ; Ni = 2%).
 Non-ferrous alloys: An alloy does not contain iron. For example : Brass
(Cu = 80% ; Zn = 20%), and Bronze (Cu = 90% ; Sn = 10%).
 Amalgams: An alloy in which mercury (Hg) is present. For example
Sodium amalgams [Na(Hg)] and Zinc amalgams [Zn(Hg)].

Properties of an Alloy

 Alloys are stronger than the metal from which they are obtained.
 It is harder than the constituent metals.
 More resistance to corrosion.
 The melting point of alloys is lower than the constituent metals.
Example: Solder [Sn(80%) + Pb(50%)] has lower m. p. than Pb and Sn.
 The electrical conductivity of alloys is lower than the constituent metals.

Some examples of Alloys:

 Brass: [80% Cu + 20% Zn ]

 Bronze: [90% Cu + 20% Sn]
 Solder: [50% Pb + 50% Sn]
 Duralumin: [95% Al + 4% Cu + 0.5% Mg + 0.5 Mn]
 Steel: [99.95% Fe + 0.05% C]
 Stainless steel: [74% Fe + 18% Cr + 8% Ni]
 Magnesium: [95% Al + 5% Mg]
 German Silver: [60% Cu + 20% Zn + 20% Ni]
 Alloys of Gold: Pure gold is said to be of 24 carats. Gold is alloyed with a
small amount of silver or copper to make it hard.

Metals and Non-metals:

 Metals Non-metals

1. Non-metals generally occur in all the three forms of

1. Metals generally occur as hard solid substances.
matter- solid, liquid and gases.

2. Metals are malleable and ductile. 2. Non-metals are non-malleable and non-ductile.

3. Metals produce ringing sound on striking which is called

3. Non-metals do not show this sonorous property.
their sonorous property.

4. Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity

4. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. with the exception of graphite which is a good conductor

of heat and electricity.

Chemical Properties of Metals and Non-metals.

The reaction of metals with oxygen. Metals form their oxides when reacting with
oxygen.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
Metal oxides are basic in nature. Example, Reaction of Iron metal with oxygen When
iron reacts with moist air, it forms rust.

Rust is iron oxide. Articles made of iron, such as grills, fencing, etc. are getting
rusted because of reaction with moist air.
Iron (Fe) + Water (H2O) + Oxygen (O2) → Fe3O4n.H2O (Iron II, III) Oxide (Rust)
Rust is reddish brown in colour and is iron oxide. Iron oxide is basic in nature. It turns
red litmus blue.

Rusting of iron can be prevented:

  by galvanizing the iron articles with zinc coating.
 by painting and applying grease on the articles.

The reaction of Magnesium metal with oxygen: When magnesium is burnt in air, it
forms magnesium oxide. Burning in the air means reaction with oxygen.
Magnesium + Oxygen (O2) → MgO (Magnesium oxide)

Magnesium oxide forms magnesium hydroxide with water. The solution of

Magnesium oxide turns red litmus paper blue. This means magnesium oxide is basic
in nature.
MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2 (Magnesium Hydroxide)

The reaction of Non-metals with oxygen: Non-metals form their oxides when they
react with oxygen.
Non-metal + Oxygen → Non-metal oxide
Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature.
Example., Reaction of sulphur with oxygen.

When sulphur is burnt in air, it forms sulphur dioxide.

Sulphur + Oxygen (O2) → SO2 (Sulphur dioxide)

The solution of sulphur dioxide turns blue litmus paper red. Sulphur dioxide forms
sulphurous acid when dissolved in water. Thus, sulphur dioxide is acidic in nature.
SO2 + H2O → Sulphurous acid (H2SO3)

The reaction of carbon with oxygen—When carbon is burnt in air, it forms carbon
dioxide.
Carbon + Oxygen (O2) → CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

You can observe that when coal (carbon) is burnt it forms smoke, which contains
carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is acidic in nature. The solution of carbon dioxide in
water turns blue litmus paper red.
CO2 + H2O → Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

The reaction of Metals and Non-metals with water: Generally, metals form respective
hydroxides when they react with water.
Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide
The reaction of sodium metal with water: Sodium metal vigorously reacts with water
and forms sodium hydroxide along with a lot of heat.
Na + H2O → NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) + H2 (Hydrogen) + Heat

Non-metals generally do not react with water. Rather some non-metals which react
with air vigorously are stored in water. The reaction of metals and non-metals with
dilute acid. Metals give hydrogen gas when they react with dilute acid.
Metal + Acid → Hydrogen gas + Salt
The reaction of zinc with dilute acid. Zinc gives hydrogen gas along with zinc
chloride when it reacts with hydrochloric acid. Similarly, zinc gives hydrogen gas
along with zinc sulphate when it reacts with sulphuric acid. This method is used to
produce hydrogen gas in the laboratory.
Zn + H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) → ZnSO4 (Zinc sulphate) + H2 (Hydrogen)

The reaction of Aluminium with dilute acid. Aluminium gives hydrogen gas along
with aluminium chloride when it reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
2Al + 6HCl (Hydrochloric acid) → 2AlCl3 (Aluminium Chloride) + 3H2 (Hydrogen)

Copper does not react with dilute sulphuric acid even on heating, but it reacts with
concentrated sulphuric acid. Copper, silver and gold are considered as noble metals
as do not react with dilute acid.
Generally, non-metals do not react with dilute acid.

The reaction of metals and non-metals with the base. Metals give hydrogen gas
when they react with a base.
Metal + Base → Hydrogen gas + Salt
The reaction of aluminium metal with sodium hydroxide.
Al + NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) → NaAlO2 (Sodium aluminate) + H2 (Hydrogen)
Aluminium metal forms hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate when it reacts with
sodium hydroxide. Similarly, zinc gives sodium zincate and hydrogen gas when it
reacts with sodium hydroxide.

Displacement Reaction: When a more reactive metal reacts with the salt solution of
less reactive metal, more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its
solution.
Metal A + Salt Solution of metal B → Salt Solution of metal A + metal B
In the above equation, metal A is more reactive than metal B.
Example., When aluminium metal is dipped in the solution of copper sulphate, it
forms aluminium sulphate and copper.
Al + CuSO4 (Copper sulphate) → Al2(SO4)3 (Aluminium Sulphate) + Cu (Copper)
In the above reaction, aluminium is more reactive than copper, that is why it replaces
copper from the solution of copper sulphate.

Roasting and Calcination:

Roasting Calcination
1. It is done in case of sulphide ores. 1. It is done in case of carbonate ores.

2. In this, the ore is heated in the presence of air to 2. The carbonate ore is heated in the

convert it into oxide compound. absence of air to convert into oxide.

3. The gas given out is CO2 (carbon

3. The gas given out is SO2 (sulphur dioxide) gas.
dioxide) gas.

4.
4. Example:

Example:
When copper metal is dipped in the solution of aluminium nitrate, no reaction takes
place. Because copper is less reactive than aluminium.