RCI Chapter 4 Slabs

Chapter 4
Limit state design of Slabs

LX ≥ 4h
4.1 Design of One way Solid Slabs
4.2 Design of One Way Ribbed Slabs
4.3 Design & Analysis of Two Way Solid Slabs
Yohannes K.
October 2019
1
4.1 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs
 Slabs can be classified as one way solid slabs, two
way solid slabs, flat slabs and ribbed slabs
A slab subjected to predominantly uniformly distributed
loads may be considered to be one way spanning and
hence called one way solid slab if either:
(a) It posses two free (unsupported ) and sensibly
parallel edges or
(b) If it is the central part of a sensibly rectangular slab
supported on four edges with the longest span to
shortest span ratio greater than 2 (i.e. Ly/Lx >2)
2
Figure 4.1.0 3
Two way solid slab: A rectangular one supported on four
edges with beams with the longest span to shortest span
ratio is less than or equal to 2 (i.e. Ly/Lx ≤2)
Flat Slab: is a slab supported on columns without beams.

The analysis if flat slab can be carried out using
Equivalent frame method.
Ribbed or Waffled Slab : is a slab with topping or flange

supported by closely spaced ribs.
4
6m 6m
2m S1 S2 2m
2m
4m S3 S4
6m 4m
Figure 4.1.1
5
• For slab S1 & S2 in Figure 4.1.1 , Ly = 6m and Lx = 2m
Ly/Lx =6m/2m = 3 > 2 :Therefore, both slabs are one way.
• For slab S3 in Figure 4.1.1 , Ly = 6m and Lx = 4m
Ly/Lx =6m/4m = 1.5 ≤ 2 :Therefore, slab is Two way.
• For slab S1 in Figure 4.1.2, Ly = 5m and Lx = 3m
Ly/Lx =5m/3m = 1.67 ≤ 2 :Therefore, slab is Two way
(However load will be transferred in one direction and this
slab should be treated as one way)
Class Work :
Classify slab S4 in figure 4.1.1 as one way or two way if
possible. (2 min)
6
Figure 4.1.2
7
One way solid slab systems can be designed as if they
are simply supported or continuous beams over their
shortest span lengths.
 Two way solid slab systems can be analyzed using

empirical method, coefficient method (EBCS2/1995) or
equivalent frame method or any other relevant method.
For slabs with irregular shapes, with openings or with

complex discontinuities and support conditions, it is
better to use Yield line method of analysis to get more
reasonable stress resultants. This will be covered in your
upcoming courses of reinforced concrete structures.
8
Distribution of Concentrated loads
The width of slab which maybe assumed to be effective in
carrying a concentrated load maybe taken as follows:
(1) For solid slabs, the effective width may be taken as the
sum of the load width and 2.4x(1-x/L) where x is the
distance from the nearer support to the section under
consideration and L is the span.
(2) For other slabs, except where specially provided for,
the effective width will depend on the ratio of the
transverse and longitudinal flexural rigidities of the
slab. When these are approximately equal, the value
for the effective width as given for solid slabs may be
used, but as the ratio decreases a smaller value shall be
taken.
9
The minimum value which need be taken, however, is the
load width plus 4x/L(1 -x/L) meters where x and L are as
defined in (1) above so that, for a section at mid-span, the
effective width is equal to 1.0 meter plus the
load width.
(3) Where the concentrated load is near an unsupported
edge of a slab the effective width shall not exceed the value
in (1) or (2) above as appropriate, nor half that value plus the
distance of the center of the load from the unsupported
edge (y1) (see Fig. 4.1.3).
(b +2.4x(1−x/L))
≤ , for solid slabs
0.5 ((b +2.4x(1−x/L)) +
(b + 4x/L(1 −x/L))
≤ , ℎ
0.5 (b + 4x/L(1 −x/L))+
10
Figure 4.1.3
11
Minimum Requirements for slabs: EBCS2/1995
Minimum Thickness of slabs:
1) The following minimum thicknesses shall be adopted in
design:
 60 mm for slabs not exposed to concentrated loads (e.g
inaccessible roofs).
80 mm for slabs exposed mainly to distributed loads.
100 mm for slabs exposed to light moving concentrated
loads (e.g. slabs accessible to light motor vehicles)
120 mm for slabs exposed to heavy dynamic moving
loads (e.g. slabs accessible to heavy vehicles)
150 mm for slabs on point supports (e.g. flat slabs)
12
Minimum Flexural Reinforcements:
2) The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the
main reinforcement shall be at least equal to 0.2.
3) The geometrical ratio of main reinforcement in a
slab shall not be less than:
= 0.5/
Maximum Spacing of Flexural Reinforcements:
4) The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not
exceed the smaller of 2h or 350 mm
5) The spacing between secondary bars shall not
exceed 400 m
13
Design procedures of one way solid slabs:
Step 1: Cross sectional dimensions (b& h)
Take a depth (d) which fulfills the minimum thickness
requirements of slabs and check for the minimum depth
required for serviceability requirement.
Take width, b =1m = 1000 mm (design is per unit width)
Step 2: Load Analysis
Determine Mmax
Step 3: Determine km and kS
= =
14
Step 4: Design main Reinforcements (As)
∗
, =
∗ 1000 ∗
, = =
2ℎ 2
, ≤
350
Step 5: Design Distribution bars (Ast)
≥ 0.2
∗ 1000 ∗
, = =
, ≤ 400
15
Example 1: one way Solid slab - Simply Supported
Design the following typical one way solid slab to carry

live load of 2 kN/m2. Use materials C-20 Concrete and Ø8
mm bars having fyk = 300 Mpa.
6m 8m
1.7m
2.6m S1 S2
Figure 4.1.4
16
Necessary data:
Clean cover, CC = 15 mm
Clear Floor height = 3m
Additional DL to be considered (floor & Wall Finish)
Ceiling plaster = 2cm thick
Terrazzo floor tile = 2 cm thick
Cement screed (mortar) = 5cm thick
External HCB = 20cm thick
Internal HCB (partition) = 10cm thick
Consider an additional DL of 8.0353 kN/m acting on the
partition wall on slab S2 (i.e. excluding partition load)
Density of terrazzo, cement mortar & plaster = 23 kN/m3
Density of Rectangular hollow blocks (HCB) = 14 kN/m3
17
Step 1: Material Properties
− 20 ∶
20
= = 16
1.25
0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 16
= = = 9.07
1.5 1.5
. ∗ . ∗
= = = 0.89
. .
− 300 :
300
= 300 & = = = 260.87
1.15 1.15
18
Step 2: Determine the depth of the section
Effective depth of solid slab, :
0.6f l
≥ 0.4 +
400 β
l = shortest span = 2.6 m =2600 mm
β can be taken similar to simply supported beams = 20
0.6 ∗ 300 2600
≥ 0.4 + = 110.5 mm
400 20
Over all depth of the slab , assuming Ø8mm main rebars :
8
= 110.5 + 15 + = 129.5
2
Provide = 130 mm, Actual d = 111 mm 19
Step 3: Loads on the Slab
Live Load:
=2 /
Dead Load:
1.7 0.1 3 14 + (8.0353)(1.7)
,= = 1.00
8 ∗ 2.6
= 1.00 /
ℎ = 0.13 ∗ 25 = 3.25 /
= 0.02 ∗ 23 = 0.46 /
= 0.02 ∗ 23 = 0.46 /
= 0.05 ∗ 23 = 1.15 /
Total DL = 6.32 kN/m2 20

, F = 1.3 + 1.6
F = 1.3 6.32 + 1.6 2 = 11.4 / 2
Since the design is per unit width, F = 11.4

W = 11.4 kN/m
2.6 m
11.4 ∗ 2.6
= = = 9.6
8 8
Step 4: Determine km and kS
9.6
1.0
= = = 28
0.111 21
From Table No-1a of EBCS-2/1995 /Part 2, the
corresponding values of for = 28.0 and C-20 &
S300 material grade is, = 4.06 ( )
Step 5: Design main Reinforcements (As)

∗ 4.06 ∗ 9.6
= = = 353.0
0.111
1000 ∗ 50.3
, = = 142.5
353
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 130 = 260
, ≤
350
Provide Ø8mm bars @c/c 140 mm
22
Step 6: Design Distribution bars (Ast)
= 0.2 = 0.2 353 = 50.6
1000 ∗ 50.3
, = = 994.07
50.6
, ≤ 400
Provide Ø8mm bars @c/c 400 mm distribution

reinforcements.
23
Example 2: one way Solid slab – Continuous span
Design the floor slab system which consists of one way
slab framed by beams. The load consists of LL = 5 kN/m2
and load from partition = 3 kN/m2. Materials used are C-
25 concrete and steel having fyk = 300 Mpa. Assume bw =
250 mm
3m 4m 3.5 m
8m S1 S2 S3
Figure 4.1.4 24
Thank You!
25
Chapter 4
LX ≥ 4h
4.2 4.3 Design & Analysis of Two Way Solid Slabs
1
Chapter 4
4.2 4.3 Design & Analysis of Two Way Solid Slabs
2
4.2 Design of One-Way Ribbed Slabs
 In one way ribbed slab, the supporting beams called
joists or ribs are closely spaced.
 The ribbed floor is formed using temporary or
permanent shuttering (form work) while the hollow
block floor is generally constructed with block made
of clay tiles or with concrete containing light weight
aggregate.
 This type of floor is economical for buildings where
there are long spans and light or moderate live loads
such as in hospitals and apartment buildings.
3
Genera Requirements
• Because joists are closely spaced, thickness of slab
(topping),
40
≥
• The topping shall be provided with a reinforce. mesh

providing in each direction a X-sectional area not less
than 0.001 of the section of the slab.
• Min. reinforcement to be provided for joists include two
bars, where one is bent near the support and the other
straight.
, ≥ 70
• For Ribs , ≤4 , excluding topping
• Rib spacing is generally less than 1.0 m. 4
• In case of rib spacing larger than 1 m, the topping
need to be designed as if supported on slab ribs (i.e. as
one way solid slab between the ribs).
• If the span of the ribs exceeds 6 m, transverse ribs
may be provided.
• When transverse ribs are provided, the center to
center distance shall not exceed 20 times the overall
depth of the ribbed slab.
• The transverse ribs shall be designed for at least half
the values of maximum moments and shear force in
the longitudinal ribs.
• The girder supporting the joist may be rectangular or T-
beam, with the flange thickness equal to the floor
thickness. 5
Girders
6
Ribs
Girders
7
Ribs
Girders
8
Ribs
Girders
9
Ribs
Girders
10
Topping
Ribs
Girders
11
12
Girder
Topping
Lg
Ribs
Ribs
Girder Columns
13
Girder
Ribs
Girder 14
Girder
Ribs
Girder 15
Girder
Ribs
Girder 16
Girder
Ribs
Girder 17
Girder
Ribs
Ribs
Girder 18
Girder
Ribs
Ribs
Girder 19
Girder
Topping
Ribs
Girder 20
Girder
Topping
Lg
Ribs
Ribs
Girder Columns
21
Procedure for design of a floor system of
ribbed slab:
1) Thickness of topping and ribs assumed based on
minimum requirements.
2) Loads may be computed on the basis of center line
of the spacing of joists.
3) The joists are analyzed as continuous T-beams
supported by girders.
4) Determine flexural reinforcement and consider
minimum provision in the final solution.
5) Provide the topping or slab with reinforcement as
per temperature and shrinkage requirement.
6) Design the girder as a beam. 22
EBCS 2 – provisions:
Web-Flange Connections-EBCS2/1995-Page 45
Calculation of longitudinal shear per unit length
(a) For flange in compression
−
= … … … … . . (4.1)
2
(b) For flange in Tension
−
= . … … … … (4.2)
2
Where;
As = The area of the longitudinal steel in the effective
flanges outside the projection of the web in to the slab
Asw = The area of the longitudinal steel inside the slab
within the projection of the web into the slab. 23
24
Resistance to inclined Compression & Diagonal
Tension
The resistance to inclined compression per unit
length, (VRD1) shall be computed as:
= 0.25 ∗ ∗ ℎ … … … … . … (4.3)
Where ℎ is the total thickness of the flange.
The resistance to Diagonal tension per unit length,
(VRD2) shall be computed as:
= 0.50 ℎ + … … … . . (4.4)
Where is the are of transverse reinforcement per

unit length, perpendicular to the web-flange interface.25
In computing the diagonal tension per unit length, If
at the section with = , the flange is
subjected to a tensile force, the concrete
contribution 0.50 ℎ in equation (4.4) should be
neglected.
The cross sectional area of the transverse flexural

reinforcement which crosses the interface between
web and flange can be taken into account in
calculating . If this reinforcement is not sufficient
as determined in Eq. 4.4 , then additional
reinforcements shall be provided.
26
Example 1: Ribbed Slab
A typical interior panel of a hotel floor with arrangements for
dining is to be built as ribbed floor using hollow blocks,
specially fabricated for this purpose. The joists are to be
supported at the ends on RC girder as shown in the figure. The
span of the girder is 7 m and center to center girder spacing =
5.5 m. The joists are spaced at 550 mm. The toppings are 50
mm thick and the joists depth below toppings may range
between 220 mm to 230 mm. The loads include LL= 3 kN/m2,
superimposed DL from partitions, finishing and blocks = 5
kN/m2. Materials used include C30 concrete and steel having
characteristic strength of 300 MPa with class I works. Assume
bwj = 150 mm, bwg = 400 mm and column size = 400 mm × 400
mm. Design the typical interior panel. For the joists of such
an interior panel, consider maximum support moment as
(wl2/11) and maximum mid span moment as (wl2/16) for
simplicity to reduce the work of analysis part.
27
28
− 30 ∶
30
= = 24
1.25
0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 24
= = = 13.6
1.5 1.5
. ∗ . ∗
= = = 1.165
. .
− 300 :
300
= 300 & = = = 260.87
1.15 1.15
29
Step 2: Design the joists and topping
Effective depth of joist or rib, :
0.6f l
d ≥ 0.4 +
400 β
l =c/c span of joist = 5.5 m =5500 mm
β can be taken similar to flat slab = 24
0.6 ∗ 300 5500
d ≥ 0.4 + ≥ 194.79 ≈ 195 mm
400 24
Over all depth of the joist , D assuming Ø14mm joist main rebars
& Ø6mm ties:
14
D = 195 + 15 + + 6 = 223
2
Provide D = 225 mm 30
Overall depth of the joist: D ≤ 4 ,
D ≤ 4 150 = 600
D = 225 mm ≤ 4 150 = 600 ….. !
Thickness of slab (topping), :
40
≥ 1
10
40
≥ 1
550 − 150 = 40
10
= 50 ≥ 40 ……… !
31
Step 3: Loads on the joists
DL = (0.05 * 0.55 * 25) + (0.225 * 0.15 * 25) = 1.53 kN/m
DL from partitions etc = 5 * 0.55 = 2.75 kN/m
LL given in the problem = 3 * 0.55 = 1.65 kN/m
Design load = 1.3(1.53 + 2.75) + 1.6(1.65) = 8.2 kN/m
For interior spans of continuous joists,
Mmax at support = wl2/11 = (8.2 * 5.52)/11 = 22.55 kN-m.
Mmax at mid span = wl2/16 = (8.2 * 5.52)/16 = 15.5 kN-m
Vmax = wl/2 = (8.2 * 5.5) / 2 = 22.55 kN
Step 4: Effective depth check

22.55 ∗ 10
d = = = 193.5
0.2952 0.2952 ∗ 150 ∗ 13.6
d provided = 195 mm ≥ 193.5 mm … … . . ok!
32
Step 5: Design of mid span section of an interior span as T
beam
l 5500
b = b + = 150 + = 1250
5 5
C/c distance between the joists = 550 mm
Therefore, b = 550 mm
Eff. depth of the T section, d = dj + hf = 195 + 50 = 245 mm
Assuming the NA to fall in the flange,

Mu = 0.8 x be fcd (d – 0.4x)
15.5 * 106 = 0.8x (550)(13.6)(245 – 0.4x)
Or x2 – 612.5x + 6475.6 = 0
On solving the above quadratic equation,
x = 10.76 mm < hf = 40 mm
Therefore, NA falls within the flange
33
0.8 0.8 ∗ 10.76 ∗ 550 ∗ 13.6
= = = 246.82
260.87
246.82
Ø14 , = = = 1.6
∅ (14)
4 4
Provide 2Ø14 mm diameter rods in the mid section of the
interior span.
Step 6: Design of support section of an interior span as a
rectangular beam
Overall depth D = d+CC+Øl+ ØS =245+15+14/2+6 = 273 mm
Provide Overall depth D = 275 mm
Revised Effective depth, d = 275-15-14/2-6 = 247 mm
Breadth b = 150 mm and Mmax = 22.55 kNm
34
M = 0.2952
M = 0.2952 150 247 13.6 10 = 36.74
M = 36.74 > 22.55
∴
2
= 1− 1−
2 ∗ 22.55 ∗ 10 13.6
= 1− 1− = 0.0105
150 ∗ 247 ∗ 13.6 260.87
= 0.0105 ∗ 150 ∗ 247 = 389.025 mm

35
389.025
Ø14 , = = = 2.52
∅ (14)
4 4
Provide 3Ø14 mm diameter rods at the top in the
support.
ℎ :
389.025 ∗ 260.87
= = = 62.18
0.8 0.8 ∗ 150 ∗ 13.6
Limiting depth of NA: = 0.45

= 0.45 ∗ 247 = 111.15 > 62.18
∴ ℎ .
36
Step 7: Design for Shear:
The critical section for shear is considered at “d” distance
from the face of the support, for the interior span of the
continuous beam.
VMax = 22.55 kN
Vsd =18.885 kN
d
2.303 m
2.75 m
37
The critical section = {(5.5 – 0.4) / 2 } – 0.247 = 2.303
m from the mid span
Maximum shear force at the support, Vmax:
Vmax = 22.55 kN
Shear force at the critical section, Vsd:
2.75 2.303
; =
22.55
2.303 ∗ 22.55
= = 18.885
2.75
= 0.25 ∗ ∗ ∗
= 0.25 13.6 150 247 10 = 125.97
= 125.97 ≫ = 18.885 …… !
38
= 1 + 50 ≤ 2.0
3 ∗ ∗ 14 /4
= = = 0.0125
150 ∗ 247
= 1 + 50 = 1 + 50[0.0125] = 1.62 ≤ 2.0 Ok!

H = .
= 1.62 − = 1.62 − 0.247 = 1.376 ≥ 1.0 Ok!

H = .
Therefore, = 0.25 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
= 0.25(1.165)(1.62)(1.376)(150)(247)10 = 24.05
39
= − , There is no need to provide stirrups
, >
however, the minimum required shall be provided.
Minimum shear reinforcement:
0.4 0.4
= = = 1.33 ∗ 10
300
Consider 6 mm diameter stirrups with 2 legs;
∗6
=2 = 56.55
4
56.55
= , = = = 283.46
∗ 150 ∗ 0.00133
Check for maximum spacing:
2 2
= 125.97 = 83.98 >
3 3
∴ = 0.5 = 0.5(247) = 123.5 ≤ 300
Therefore, provide Ø6mm stirrups @c/c 120 mm. 40
Step 8: Transverse Reinforcements at topping
Cross sectional area of the topping
= 50 ∗ 1000 = 50,000
Based on EBCS-2/1995: = 0.001

= 0.001 ∗ 50,000 = 50
Reinforcement in a unit width (i.e. 1m)

28.27 ∗ 1000
Ø6 , = = 565.4
50
According to EBCS-2:1995, Max. spacing for secondary
reinforcements shall not be greater than 400 mm.
Therefore, provide Ø6mm rebars @c/c 400 mm in both directions.

41
Step 9: Longitudinal shear-Flange in compression (page 45,
article 4.5.5. EBCS 2)
Compression under max. span moment
= 15.5
. ℎ , = 22.55
= 0.45 = 0.45 ∗ 245 = 111.15
& = – 0.4 = 247 – 0.4(111.15) = 202.54
= 550 , = 150
Longitudinal shear for flange in compression,
− 550 − 150 22.55 ∗ 1000
= =
2 2 ∗ 550 202.54
= 40.486 /
42
= 0.25 ∗ ∗ℎ
= 0.25 13.6 50 = 170 /
= 170 > 40.486

∴ ℎ
= 0.50 ℎ +
is Spacing of reinforcement in the topping perpendicular

to the web-flange interface = 400mm
is Area of reinforcement per unit length perpendicular
to the web-flange interface
Ø ∗ 1000 28.27 ∗ 1000
= = = 70.69 /
400
43
70.69 260.87
= 0.50 1.165 50 +
400
= 29.125 + 46.1 = 75.225 > 40.486
∴
Step 10: Longitudinal shear-Flange in Tension (page 45,
article 4.5.5. EBCS 2)
Tension under max. support moment, Mmax = 22.55 kNm
. ℎ , = 22.55
= 0.45 = 0.45 ∗ 245 = 111.15
= – 0.4 = 247 – 0.4(111.15) = 202.54
= 3Ø14 = 3 ∗ 154 = 462
= 2Ø14 = 2 ∗ 154 = 308
44
Longitudinal shear for flange in Tension,
− 462 − 308 22.55 ∗ 1000
= =
2 2 ∗ 462 202.54
= 18.556 /
= 0.25 13.6 50 = 170 > = 18.556
∴ ℎ
70.69 260.87
= = = 46.1
400
= 46.1 > = 18.556
∴
45
Thank You!
46
Chapter 4
LX ≥ 4h
4.3 Design & Analysis of Two Way Solid Slabs
1
4.3.1 General
 Slabs can be classified as one way solid slabs, two
way solid slabs, flat slabs and ribbed slabs (Fig 4.3.1)
A slab subjected to predominantly uniformly distributed
loads may be considered to be one way spanning and
hence called one way solid slab if either:
(a) It posses two free (unsupported ) and sensibly
parallel edges or
(b) If it is the central part of a sensibly rectangular slab
supported on four edges with the longest span to
shortest span ratio greater than 2 (i.e. Ly/Lx >2)
2
Figure 4.3.1 3
Two way solid slab: A rectangular one supported on four
edges with beams with the longest span to shortest span
ratio is less than or equal to 2 (i.e. Ly/Lx ≤2)
Flat Slab: is a slab supported on columns without beams.

The analysis if flat slab can be carried out using
Equivalent frame method.
Ribbed or Waffled Slab : is a slab with topping or flange

supported by closely spaced ribs.
4
6m 6m
2m S1 S2 2m
2m
4m S3 S4
6m 4m
Figure 4.3.2
5
• For slab S1 & S2 in Figure 4.3.2 , Ly = 6m and Lx = 2m
Ly/Lx =6m/2m = 3 > 2 :Therefore, both slabs are one way.
• For slab S3 in Figure 4.3.2 , Ly = 6m and Lx = 4m
Ly/Lx =6m/4m = 1.5 ≤ 2 :Therefore, slab is Two way.
• For slab S1 in Figure 4.3.3, Ly = 5m and Lx = 3m
Ly/Lx =5m/3m = 1.67 ≤ 2 :Therefore, slab is Two way
(However load will be transferred in one direction and this
slab should be treated as one way)
Class Work :
Classify slab S4 in figure 4.3.2 as one way or two way if
possible. (2 minutes)
6
Figure 4.3.3
7
One way solid slab systems can be designed as if they
are simply supported or continuous beams over their
shortest span lengths.
 Two way solid slab systems can be analyzed using

empirical method, coefficient method (EBCS2/1995) or
equivalent frame method or any other relevant method.
For slabs with irregular shapes, with openings or with

complex discontinuities and support conditions, it is
better to use Yield line method of analysis to get more
reasonable stress resultants. This will be covered in your
upcoming courses of reinforced concrete structures.
8
4.3.2 Distribution of Concentrated loads
The width of slab which maybe assumed to be effective in
carrying a concentrated load maybe taken as follows:
(1) For solid slabs, the effective width may be taken as the
sum of the load width and 2.4x(1-x/L) where x is the
distance from the nearer support to the section under
consideration and L is the span.
(2) For other slabs, except where specially provided for,
the effective width will depend on the ratio of the
transverse and longitudinal flexural rigidities of the
slab. When these are approximately equal, the value
for the effective width as given for solid slabs may be
used, but as the ratio decreases a smaller value shall be
taken.
9
Figure 4.3.4
10
The minimum value which need be taken, however, is the
load width plus 4x/L(1 -x/L) meters where x and L are as
defined in (1) above so that, for a section at mid-span, the
effective width is equal to 1.0 meter plus the
load width.
(3) Where the concentrated load is near an unsupported
edge of a slab the effective width shall not exceed the value
in (1) or (2) above as appropriate, nor half that value plus the
distance of the center of the load from the unsupported
edge (y1) (see Fig. 4.3.4).
(b +2.4x(1−x/L))
≤ , for solid slabs
0.5 ((b +2.4x(1−x/L)) +
(b + 4x/L(1 −x/L))
≤ , ℎ
0.5 (b + 4x/L(1 −x/L))+
11
4.3.3 Analysis & Design of Two
Way Solid Slabs : EBCS-2/1995
12
4.3.3 Analysis & Design of Two Way Solid Slabs
1) The type of slab dealt with here is one composed of
rectangular panels supported at all four edges by walls or
beams stiff enough to be treated as unyielding. This may
be assumed to be the case if the requirements for the
ratio between the depth of a beam and its span are in
accordance with Fig. A-2.
(2) These methods are intended for slabs with uniformly
distributed loads. If a slab is subjected to concentrated or
line loads, in addition to a uniform load, these can
generally be treated by considering them as equivalent
uniform loads using approximate rules, provided that the
sum of the non-uniform loads on a panel does not exceed
20 percent of the total load.
13
L
Wall
h
L Beam
L h
h ℎ
≥ 2.5
L ℎ
2.5
h
≥
Figure A-2: ℎ
2.5
Support for Two-Way Slabs 1.5
14
4.3.4 Individual Panel Moments
Moments for individual panels with edges either simply
supported or fully fixed are calculated as:
= + ……..( . )
Where;
= is the design moment per unit width at the point of
reference
= is the coefficient given in Table A-I as function of aspect
ratio / and support conditions
= is the uniformly distributed design permanent load
= is the uniformly distributed design live load
= is the shorter span of the panel
= is the longer span of the panel 15
The Critical span and support moments in both directions will
therefore be:
= +
= +
= +
= +
Subscripts for moments and moment coefficients ( ) have the
following meanings:
= support
= field (span)
= direction of shorter span
= direction of longer span
The Notations for different critical moments and edge members are shown
in Fig. A-3. Division of slab into middle and edge strips is illustrated in Fig.
A-4. 16
3
Figure A-3 Notations for Critical Moments

17
The positive moment coefficients in Table A-1 may be derived from
the following equations. The negative moment coefficients are
taken as 4/3 times the positive moment coefficients for the same
direction.
+ + .
= ………( . )
= ………( . )
+ + +
= − + + +
where is the number of discontinuous edges ( ≤ ≤ ) and

, , & are the ratios of negative moment capacity at edges
1 to 4, respectively, to the span moment capacity in the same
direction and take values of 4/3 for continuous edges or zero for
discontinuous edges.
18
19
Method I:
(1) Method I may be used:
(a) When differences between initial support moments are less
than 20 percent of the larger moment
−
∗ ≤ %
(b) only for internal structures where the live load does not
exceed 2.5 times the permanent load( ≤ . ) or 0.8 times
the dead load for external structures ( ≤ . ).
In other cases either Method II or other more accurate methods
shall be used.
(2) When Method I is used, dimensioning is normally carried out
either using:
(a) Initial moments directly, or
(b) based on the average initial moment at the support.
25
Method II:
(1) In this method consideration of the effects of changes of
support moments is limited to the adjacent spans. Since no
effects on neighboring support sections need be
considered, only a simple balancing operation is required at
each edge and no iterative process is involved.
(2) The procedure for applying Method II, is as follows:
(a) Support and span moments are first calculated for
individual panels by assuming each panel to be fully
loaded. This is done by using the coefficients given in
Table A-I as described in Section A.3.2.
(b) The unbalanced moment is distributed using the
moment distribution method. The relative stiffness of
each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross
moment of inertia divided by the smaller span.
26
If the support moment is decreased, the span moments
and are then increased to allow for the changes of
support moments. This increase is calculated as being equal to
the change of the support moment multiplied by the factors
given in Table A-2. If a support moment is increased, no
adjustment shall be made to the span moments.
∆ = adjustment moment
∆ = ∆
∆ = ∆
, = +∆
, = +∆
Where and are coefficients obtained from Table A-2.
27
28
4.3.6 Elastic Values of Support Moments
(1) The above methods give average values of support
moments. In cases where maximum elastic moments
should be considered (e.g. in watertight structures),
elastic theory must be used.
29
4.3.7 Loads on Supporting Beams
(1) The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs
spanning in two directions at right angles supporting
uniformly distributed loads may be assessed from the
following equations.
= + … … . (4.8)
= + … … . (4.9)
(2) Table A-3 gives values of load transfer coefficients. The
assumed distribution of the load on a supporting beam is
shown in Fig. A-5.
(3) The design load on a beam determined in accordance
with (1) and (2) above, may be taken as the maximum
shear in the slab at the center of support.
30
31
4.3.8 Detailing of Two Way Solid Slabs
Minimum Thickness of slabs:
1) The following minimum thicknesses shall be adopted in
design:
 60 mm for slabs not exposed to concentrated loads (e.g
inaccessible roofs).
80 mm for slabs exposed mainly to distributed loads.
100 mm for slabs exposed to light moving concentrated
loads (e.g. slabs accessible to light motor vehicles)
120 mm for slabs exposed to heavy dynamic moving
loads (e.g. slabs accessible to heavy vehicles)
150 mm for slabs on point supports (e.g. flat slabs)
32
Minimum Flexural Reinforcements:
2) The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main
reinforcement shall be at least equal to 0.2.
3) The geometrical ratio of main reinforcement in a slab
shall not be less than:
= 0.5/
Maximum Spacing of Flexural Reinforcements:
4) The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not
exceed the smaller of 2h or 350 mm
5) The spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed
400 mm
33
4.3.9 Design procedures of Two- way solid slabs:
Step 2: Cross sectional dimensions (b& h)
Take a depth (d) which fulfills the minimum thickness requirements of
slabs and check for the minimum depth required for serviceability
requirement.
Take width, b =1m = 1000 mm (design is per unit width)
Step 3: Determine Loads on each panel
g = 1.3g & = 1.6 , Total load = (g + )
Step 4: Individual Panel Moments
= (g + = (g +
= (g + = (g +
, , and can be obtained from Table A1 or from
equation 4.6 & equation 4.7
34
Step 5: Selecting Method of Analysis
Method I: Simple Averaging Vs Method II: Moment redistribution
M −M
∗ 100 ≤ 20% , M > M
M
we can use Method I, if
q ≤ 2.5g , for internal structures
q ≤ 0.8g , for External structures
Step 6: Adjustment for Support Moments
Depends on step 5 and if we can use simple averaging ∶
M +M
M =
2
Step 7: Adjustment for span (field) moments
∆ = ∆ & , = +∆
∆ = ∆ & , = +∆
35
Step 8: Design & Detailing of the panels
Check the depth provided for :
= <
0.2952
If the above condition is fulfilled, determine reinforcement using:
2
= 1− 1− ∗
0.5 ∗ 2ℎ
= = = ≤
350
Step 9: Load Transferred on beams

= +
= + 36
Example 1: Two-Way Solid Slab - Residential
Design the floor slab system shown in the figure below. All external
walls are 20cm thick HCB walls and internal walls (partition walls)
are 10cm thick HCB walls. The building is meant for residential
purpose with ground and first floors. The clear floor to slab ceiling
height of both floors is 3m. Consider 3cm thick cement screed, 6mm
ceramic tile and 1.5cm thick ceiling plaster finishes to the floor slab.
Materials to be used: C-25 Concrete & S-300 Reinforcing Steel
Diameter of main bars (∅ ) = 8 (in both directions)
Clean cover to nearby rebar ( ) = 15
Unit weight of Concrete = 25 kN/m3
Unit weight of Cement Screed & Ceiling Plaster = 23 kN/m3
Unit weight of Ceramic Tiles = 16 kN/m3
Unit weight of 10cm or 20cm HCB Walls = 10 kN/m3 37
Figure 4.3.3
38
− 25 ∶
25
= = 20
1.25
0.85 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 20
= = = 11.33
1.5 1.5
. ∗ . ∗
= = = 1.0315
. .
− 300 :
300
= 300 & = = = 260.87
1.15 1.15
39
Step 2: Determine the depth of the section
Beams shall be made to span along all the grids shown.
Four slab panels (S1, S2, S3 and S4) shall be considered.
Column locations shall be taken as shown in the drawing.
1 2 3
3m 5m
A
3m
3m
S1 S2
B
4m
4m
S3 S4
C
3m 5m 40
Effective depth ( ) for slab S1:
: L = 3m & L = 3m
Aspect ratio (span ratio) = L /L =3m/3m = 1
0.6f l
≥ 0.4 +
400 β
L = L = shortest span = 3 m =3000 mm
To find β , S1 can be considered as end span.
For L / L = 1, β =40 (Table 4.4 Below)
0.6 ∗ 300 3000
≥ 0.4 + = .
400 40
41
: L = 3m & L = 5m
Aspect ratio (span ratio) = L /L = 5m/3m = 1.6667
For L / L = 1, β =40
For L / L = 2, β =30
For L / L = 1.6667, β =33.333 (by interpolation)
0.6 ∗ 300 3000
≥ 0.4 + = .
400 33.333
42
: L = 3m & L = 4m
For L / L = 1, β =40
For L / L = 2, β =30
0.6 ∗ 300 3000
≥ 0.4 + = .
400 36.6667
43
: L = 4m & L = 5m
For L / L = 1, β =40
For L / L = 2, β =30
0.6 ∗ 300 4000
≥ 0.4 + = .
400 37.5
44
Take = 100 for all slabs.
Overall depth of the slab, D:
∅ 8
D = d + + ∅ + = 100 + 15 + 8 + = 127
2 2
Provide an overall depth of D = 130 mm > 80 mm Ok!
Step 3: Loads on each panel (at 1st floor level)
Live Load:
Live load on the slab (Residential) = 2 kN/m2
Dead Load:
130 mm RC Slab = 0.13(1m)(25) = 3.25 kN/m2
30 mm cement screed = 0.03 (23) = 0.69 kN/m2
6 mm ceramic tile = 0.006 (16) = 0.096 kN/m2
15 mm Ceiling plaster = 0.015 (23) = 0.345 kN/m2
Total = 4.381 kN/m2
45
In slab S2 there is a partition wall for a length of 3m.
Weight per m2 of the partition wall: = 0.1 10 + 2 0.015 23
= 1.69 kN/m
Total weight of partition: = 3 3 1.69 = 15.21 kN
Percentage of partition load in the total load:
1.3(15.21)
= ∗ 100
1.3 15.21 + 4.381 5 3 + 1.6[ 2 5 3 ]
19.773
= ∗ 100 = 12.9% < 20%
153.2025
Hence this load can be distributed in the slab.
Distributed area load = 15.21/(5 ∗ 3) = 1.014 / 2
Design loads:
1, 3 4: = 1.3 4.381 + 1.6 2 = . /
2: = 1.3 4.381 + 1.014 + 1.6 2 = . / 46
Step 4: Individual Panel Moments
Slab S1: Support Condition = 4 (From table A1-page 111-EBCS-2)
3
=4 =3 ℎ , = =1
3
= 0.047 = 0.036
= 0.047 = 0.036
For S1, g + q = 8.9 kN/m2
= + = 0.047 8.9 3 = 3.7647

= + = 0.036 8.9 3 = 2.8836
= + = 0.047 8.9 3 = 3.7647
= + = 0.036 8.9 3 = 2.8836
47
Slab S2: Support Condition = 4 (From Table A1)
5
=3 =5 ℎ , = = 1.6667
3
For / = 1.5, = 0.078
For / = 1.75, = 0.087
For / = 1.667, = 0.084 (interpolation)
Using the same procedures, the coefficients will be:
= 0.084 = 0.063 = 0.047 = 0.036
= + = 0.084 10.2 3 = 7.7112
= + = 0.063 10.2 3 = 5.7834
= + = 0.047 10.2 3 = 4.3146
= + = 0.036 10.2 3 = 3.3048
48
4
=3 =4 ℎ , = = 1.3333
3
For / = 1.3, = 0.069
For / = 1.4, = 0.074
= 0.0707 = 0.0523 = 0.047 = 0.036
= + = 0.0707 8.9 3 = 5.6631
= + = 0.0523 8.9 3 = 4.1918
= + = 0.047 8.9 3 = 3.7647
= + = 0.036 8.9 3 = 2.8836
49
5
=4 =5 ℎ , = = 1.25
4
For / = 1.2, = 0.063
For / = 1.3, = 0.069

= 0.066 = 0.049 = 0.047 = 0.036
= + = 0.066 8.9 4 = 9.3984
= + = 0.049 8.9 4 = 6.9776
= + = 0.047 8.9 4 = 6.6928
= + = 0.036 8.9 4 = 5.1264
50
Step 5: Selecting Method of Analysis
Consider S1 and S2:
1 2 3
3m 5m
A
= 2.8836
= 3.3048
=4.3146
3m
S1 S2
= 3.7647
B
Moment in S1: = 3.7647
Check the % = %∆
4.3146 − 3.7647
%∆ = ∗ 100 = 12.75% < 20%
4.3146
51
Considering S3 & S4:
6.6928 − 5.6631
%∆ = ∗ 100 = 15.39% < 20%
6.6928
1 3m 2 5m 3
B
= 6.6928
4m
S4
S3
= 5.6631
C
52
1 2
3m Considering S1 & S3:
A
Moment in S1:
= 3.7647
Moment in S3:
3m
S1 = 3.7647
In those panels, the moment
= 3.7647 along the common support on
B either side it is the same (No
adjustment required)
= 3.7647
3.7647 − 3.7647
%∆ = ∗ 100
3.7647
4m
S3
∆ = 0% < 20%
= 3.7647
C
53
2 3
Considering S2 & S4: 5m

A
Moment in S2:
3m
= 7.7112 S2
Moment in S4:
= 7.7112
= 9.3984
B
= 9.3984
9.3984 − 7.7112
%∆ = ∗ 100%
9.3984 S4
4m
∆ = 17.95% < 20%
C
54
M −M
∗ 100 ≤ 20% , M > M
M
,
q ≤ 2.5g , for internal structures
q ≤ 0.8g , for External structures
In checking the adjustments for support moments, it has been seen
that the percentage difference in moments along the common
supports b/n S1&S2, S3&S4, S1&S3 and S2&S4 is less than 20 %.
∗ 100 ≤ 20% … … . ℎ ……...…. !

= ≤ 0.8 = 0.8 4.381 = . ………….… !
To check the second criteria, there are two different DL groups on
all panels (i.e. 4.381 kN/m2 on S1, S3 & S4 and 5.395 kN/m2 on S2.
Taking the worst case, = 4.381 / , the second criteria is
also satisfied and hence Method I (Simple Averaging) can be used
to find the final moments.
55
Step 6: Adjustment for Support Moments
Support between S1 & S2:
4.3146 + 3.7647
= = 4.04
2
6.6928 + 5.6631
= = 6.178
2
3.7647 + 3.7647
= = 3.7647
2
9.3984 + 7.7112
= = 8.555
2 56
1 2 3
3m 5m
A
= 2.8836
4.04
2.8836
3m
S1 S2
4.04
3.7647 8.555
B
3.7647 8.555
6.178
4m
4.1918
S4
S3
6.178
= 2.8836
C
57
Step 7: Adjustment for span (field) moments
Moment diagram along panel S1 and S2:
4.3146
4.04
3.7647
S1 S2
= 3.3048
Decrease = 5.7834 Increase
For panel S1 , as there is a decrease in filed moment,

adjustment for field moment is not necessary.
58
For panel S2, the span moment increases, after
determining the final support moment. Here, adjustment
for field has to be done.
For slab S2, / = 5/3=1.6667
∆ = 4.3146 − 4.04 = 0.2746
From Table A-2, select the appropriate diagram
/
1.6 0.295 0.083
1.7 0.285 0.074
1.6667 0.2883 0.077
Interpolated
∆ = ∆ = 0.077 0.2746 = 0.0211

∆ = ∆ = 0.2883 0.2746 = 0.0792 59
Moment diagram along panel S3 and S4 :
6.6928
6.178
5.6631
S3 S4
= 5.1264
Decrease = 6.9776
Increase

60
For panel S4, the span moment increases, after determining the
final support moment. Here, adjustment for field moment has to be
done.
For slab S4, / = 5/4=1.25
∆ = 6.6928 − 6.178 = 0.5148
/
1.2 0.338 0.172
1.3 0.325 0.135
1.25 0.3315 0.1535
Interpolated
∆ = ∆ = 0.1535 0.5148 = 0.0790

∆ = ∆ = 0.3315 0.5148 = 0.1707 61
Moment diagram along panel S2 and S4 :
9.3984
8.555
7.7112
S2 S4
= 6.9776
Decrease = 5.1264
Increase

62
For panel S4, the span moment is increasing as the final adjusted
support moment is decreased from the original. Hence, adjustment
for field moment is required.
For slab S4, / = 5/4=1.25
∆ = 9.3984 − 8.555 = 0.8434
/
1.2 0.344 0.364
1.3 0.373 0.350
1.25 0.3585 0.3570
Interpolated
∆ = ∆ = 0.3585 0.8434 = 0.3023
∆ = ∆ = 0.3570 0.8434 = 0.3011
63
Final Field (Span) Moments
:
M = 2.8836 kNm
M = 2.8836 kNm
:
M = 5.7834 + 0.0792 = 5.8626 kNm
M = 3.3048 + 0.0211 = 3.3259 kNm
:
M = 4.1918 kNm
M = 2.8836 kNm
:
M = 6.9776 + 0.1707 + 0.3023 = 7.451 kNm
M = 5.1264 + 0.0790 + 0.3011 = 5.507 kNm
64
1 2 3
3m 5m
A
2.8836 5.8626
4.04
2.8836
3.3259
3m
S1 S2
4.04
3.7647 8.555
B
3.7647 8.555
6.178
4m
5.507
S4
4.1918
S3
6.178
2.8836 7.451
C
65
Step 8: Design & Detailing of the panels
It can be recalled that the effective depth was determined based on
top layer of tension reinforcements for positive bending and the
selection of the depth of the slab is initially intended to satisfy
serviceability requirements. This must be checked against the
minimum depth of the section required to sustain the given loads
being under reinforced.
EBCS2/1995 [Page-110] says that if Method I (Simple averaging) is
used during adjusting the support moments, dimensioning may be
normally carried out either using:
(a) Initial moments directly, or
(b) based on the average initial moment at the support.
Maximum initial direct moment (S4), = 9.3984 kNm
Average initial moment at the support (S2&S4), = 8.555 kNm
66
Depth check for Maximum Moment, :
= 9.3984 & = 8.555 m
9.3984 10
= = = 53.01
0.2952 0.2952 ∗ 1000 ∗ 11.33
8.555 10
= = = 50.57
0.2952 0.2952 ∗ 1000 ∗ 11.33
53.01 < = 100 …….. !
Section can be under reinforced.
2
= 1− 1− ∗
67
2 8.555 10 11.33
= 1− 1− ∗ = 0.00341
1000 100 11.33 260.87
0.5 0.5
= = = 0.0016 < = 0.00341
300
= = 0.00341 1000 100 = 341
Spacing of 8mm Ø rebars:
8
∗ π(1000)
4
= = = 147.41
341
Provide Ø8mm slab reinforcements @c/c 145 mm
Check for maximum Spacing:
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 130 = 260
, ≤
350
= 145 < = 260 ………… !
68
Step 9: Load Transferred on beams
There are 12 supported beams in this typical floor System.
Determine the load transferred on beam 1A1B and beam B2B3.
(Assignment: #4)
1 2 3
3m 5m
A
A1A2 A2A3
1A1B
2A2B
3m
3A3B
3m
S1 S2
B
B1B2 B2B3
3B3C
1B1C
2B2C
4m
4m
S3 S4
C1C2 C2C3
C
3m 5m 69
Thank You!
70

RCI Chapter 4 Slabs

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Chapter 4

Limit state design of Slabs

Flat Slab: is a slab supported on columns without beams.

Ribbed or Waffled Slab : is a slab with topping or flange

 Two way solid slab systems can be analyzed using

For slabs with irregular shapes, with openings or with

Step 3: Determine km and kS

Design the following typical one way solid slab to carry

Total DL = 6.32 kN/m2 20

Since the design is per unit width, F = 11.4

Step 5: Design main Reinforcements (As)

Provide Ø8mm bars @c/c 400 mm distribution

• The topping shall be provided with a reinforce. mesh

Where is the are of transverse reinforcement per

The cross sectional area of the transverse flexural

Step 4: Effective depth check

Assuming the NA to fall in the flange,

= 0.0105 ∗ 150 ∗ 247 = 389.025 mm

Limiting depth of NA: = 0.45

= 1 + 50 = 1 + 50[0.0125] = 1.62 ≤ 2.0 Ok!

= 1.62 − = 1.62 − 0.247 = 1.376 ≥ 1.0 Ok!

Based on EBCS-2/1995: = 0.001

Reinforcement in a unit width (i.e. 1m)

Therefore, provide Ø6mm rebars @c/c 400 mm in both directions.

= 170 > 40.486

is Spacing of reinforcement in the topping perpendicular

Flat Slab: is a slab supported on columns without beams.

Ribbed or Waffled Slab : is a slab with topping or flange

 Two way solid slab systems can be analyzed using

For slabs with irregular shapes, with openings or with

Figure A-3 Notations for Critical Moments

where is the number of discontinuous edges ( ≤ ≤ ) and

If the above condition is fulfilled, determine reinforcement using:

Step 9: Load Transferred on beams

= + = 0.047 8.9 3 = 3.7647

Using the same procedures, the coefficients will be:

Considering S2 & S4: 5m

∆ = 17.95% < 20%

∗ 100 ≤ 20% … … . ℎ ……...…. !

For panel S1 , as there is a decrease in filed moment,

∆ = ∆ = 0.077 0.2746 = 0.0211

For panel S3 , as there is a decrease in filed moment,

∆ = ∆ = 0.1535 0.5148 = 0.0790

For panel S2 , as there is a decrease in filed moment,

53.01 < = 100 …….. !

Section can be under reinforced.

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